Abstract:

Spatiotemporal niche differentiation plays a crucial role in shaping resource utilization and survival strategies of endangered species coexisting with sympatric species. To explore these patterns between golden snub‑nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) and wild boars (Sus scrofa) in the Baihe National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, we conducted continuous monitoring using 80 infrared camera traps arranged in a 500 m × 500 m grid from June 2022 to May 2023. Over the monitoring period, a total of 25 818 effective camera trap days were recorded, yielding 544 independent and valid photographic detections of Sichuan golden snub‑nosed monkeys and 770 detections of wild boars. Our results revealed a high degree of temporal overlap in daily activity (Δ₄ ≥ 0.724), yet significant differences in activity patterns were observed across spring, autumn, and winter (P ≤ 0.011). Seasonal activity intensity on the ground varied markedly: wild boars were more active during summer (16.3% vs.5.7%, P < 0.001), whereas monkeys exhibited higher activity in winter (20.5% vs.29.2%, P = 0.001). Spatially, their 95% kernel density ranges showed extensive overlap, nearly encompassing the wild boar’s distribution (≥ 88.9%), but overlap within the 50% core areas decreased significantly, reaching the lowest level in winter (23.8%). Golden snub‑nosed monkeys generally occupied higher elevations compared to wild boars, except during summer (P < 0.001). Multi‑species occupancy models indicated consistently low probabilities of wild boar‑exclusive occupancy (≤ 16.44%), higher probabilities of monkey‑exclusive occupancy (≥ 26.60%), and substantial co‑occupancy across all seasons (≥ 40.85%). The probabilities of wild boar exclusivity and co‑occurrence exhibited seasonal variation, influenced by factors such as distance to settlements, elevation, and slope. Collectively, these findings highlight distinct spatiotemporal niche partitioning between golden snub‑nosed monkeys and wild boars, which may mitigate interspecific competition and provide critical insights for the conservation management of endangered species in sympatric systems.

Key words: Sympatry, Rhinopithecus roxellana, Sus scrofa, Temporal niche partitioning, Spatial niche partitioning

摘要：

濒危物种与同域物种在时空生态位上的分化特征直接影响其资源获取与生存策略。为探究四川白河国家级自然保护区川金丝猴（Rhinopithecus roxellana）与野猪（Sus scrofa）的时空分化，本研究于2022年6月至2023年5月采用500 m × 500 m网格法布设80台红外相机，对这两种食性相似的物种进行连续监测，分析其时空分布及生态位关系，揭示其在资源利用与生存策略上的分化特征。本次监测累计25 818个有效相机工作日，分别拍摄川金丝猴和野猪的独立有效照片544张和770张。结果显示，二者日活动时间高度重叠（Δ₄ ≥ 0.724），但春、秋、冬三季活动曲线差异显著（P ≤ 0.011）；夏季野猪地面活动强度显著高于川金丝猴（16.3% vs.5.7%，P < 0.001），冬季则相反（20.5% vs.29.2%，P = 0.001）。空间利用上，95%核密度范围重叠几乎覆盖野猪的分布（≥ 88.9%），但在50%核心活动区重叠比例明显下降，冬季最低（23.8%）。除夏季外，川金丝猴的活动海拔均显著高于野猪（P < 0.001）。多物种占域模型预测显示，不同季节野猪独占概率始终较低（≤ 16.44%），川金丝猴独占概率较高（≥ 26.60%），二者共域概率普遍较大（≥ 40.85%），且野猪独占和二者共域受距最近居民点距离、海拔和坡度等因子的季节性影响。研究表明，白河国家级自然保护区的川金丝猴与野猪在时空生态位上存在分化，从而降低资源重叠带来的潜在竞争，为濒危物种共存机制研究与保护管理提供了科学依据。

关键词: 同域分布, 川金丝猴, 野猪, 时间分化, 空间分化