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07 July 2008, Volume 18 Issue 1

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A STUDY ON THE LIFE TABLE AND DYNAMICS OF THREE FINLESS PORPOISE POPULATIONSIN THE CHINESE WATERS

YANG Guang，ZHOU Kaiya，GAO An li，CHANG Qing

1998, 18(1):  1-7. 

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　 A study was conducted on the static life table, reproduction, and population dynamics off in less porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) from the Yangtze River population, Yellow Sea population, and South China Sea population. Static life tables of three populations were constructed, which gave rise to“L ”-shape survivorship curves. Death curve and death rate curve, showing some fluctuations, were different among populations. The sex ratios of all three populations were not different with 1:1 significantly.The R₀ and λ of all three populations were less than 1, w hereas the r_m of them were less than 0, indicating that the population numbers of three populations will decrease in the future. It is necessary to enhance the conservation of f in less porpoise populations.

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OBSERVATIONS ON DEFENDING BEHAVIORS OF THE GOLDEN TAKIN

ZENG Zhigao, SONG Yan ling

1998, 18(1):  8-14. 

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Observations on defending behaviors of golden takin (Budorcas tax icolor) were conducted whenever it is possible in the Foping National Natural Reserve in the Shaanxi Province located in 33°32′～ 33°43′N , 107°40′～ 107°55′E。Four basic ways of defending，behaviors were recorded, in general detecting, alerting, alarming, and defending, from 31 solitary and 41 groups of takins encountered in the field from August 1995 to August 1996.
Takins detect dangers from their visual, olfactory, and auditory sen se, but they much more relay on their hearing ability comparing to visual and olfactory sense (28 vs.12) since they inhab it in the forests. The golden takins are very sensitive to any unusual sounds and object ives and show an alert ing behavior in w h ich they stand still and erect their ears. Duration of alert ing behavior was 18126±18108 s (n= 34). All individuals can make a strong noise, sound like“fu- - ”, from their nose andöor make an action to deliver alarm signals when they encounter enemies, but alarm s from calves, yearlings,and two year subadults are often ignored by others with in the samegroup. Defending behavior is composed of 5 specific behaviors, getting closer, threat, attack, antipredation, and flight. Among 72 cases of encountering takins in the field, 69of them are running away. Takins w ill sometimes leave their home range for a while (from a few hours to 22 days) and travel as long as 5 kilometers about when they are threatened, but they will come back after. Group splitting can be ob served if the group is formed by more than 10 individuals when they take flight. The possibilities of group splitting will be increase as the group size getting larger. Takins will show an antipredation behavior if calves are in the groups when they are threatened in the field. The solitary takin is more dangerous than those in group.


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HABITAT SELECTION BY RED PANDA IN MABIAN DAFENDING RESERVE

WANGWei, WEI Fuwen,　HU Jinchu, FENG Zuo jian,　YANG Guang

1998, 18(1):  15-20. 

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The habitat selection by red pandas (Ailurus fulgens ) was studied in Mabian Dafengding Reserve, Sichuan province from July 1991 to November 1992. Eight ecological factors such as vegetation type, food availability, sheltering, aspect, slope, slope position, human distu rbance and source of water were selected to be analyzed by quantificat ion theory Ⅰand Ⅱ. The results showed as follows.
1. Among eight ecological factors mentioned above, the main factors notably influenced on habitat selection of red pandas were vegetation, source of water and human disturbance. The secondary factors were sheltering, slope and bam boo density. The random factors were slope position and aspect.
2. Optimal habitat of red pandas in Mabian were mixed b roadleaved and deciduous forest, distance from human disturbance greater than 1 000 m; distance from water source less than 250 m.

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TIME BUDGET AND BEHAVIOR OF FOREST MUSK DEER DURING LACTATION

DU Weiguo, SHENG Helin

1998, 18(1):  21-26. 

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Time budget and behavior of penned forest musk deer during lactation were studied. To meeting the energy require during lactation, mothers showed several behavior adaption: (1) Increased feeding time; (2) Improved feeding efficiency; (3) Decreased the level of movement. The mother investment, such as: suckling time (Y = 18.757-1.872X , R = 0.827, P < 0.01) , alert tim e (Y = 46.399- 3.427X , R = 0.947, P <0.001) , licking time (Y = 12.013- 1.925X , R = 0.920, P < 0.01) decreased as the fawns'age increased.

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A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF SOME CHARACTERS OF BLUE SHEEP POPULATION ECOLOGY IN SPRING

WANG Xiaoming, LIMing, TANG Shaoxiang, LIU Zhixiao

1998, 18(1):  27-33. 

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　The population of blue sheep (P seudors nayaur) was studied in Helan mountain,China between April and May 1996. 808 blue sheep were observed during the study period. The blue sheep was mainly crepuscular animal in spring, two activity peaks were from 05: 00 to 09:00 and from 17:00 to 20:00, respectively. The average herd size of blue sheep was 5.6 individuals. The largest herd we saw was 30 individuals, and the smallest was 2 individuals. The blue sheep herds can be divided into three types: male herds, femal herds and mixed herds. The population density of blue sheep was 3.6 individual / km², the 656 blue sheep classified for sex and age, the ratio of adult males to females was 1:1.36, and the ratio of adult females to youngs was 1:0.43. We collected 52male skulls with forns in the field and determined the age by growth ring of horn s. According to these skulls, the major natural death for the male blue sheep was found between 6.5～10.5 years old, and 9.5 years old was a peak. Hunting pressure was one of major threat to the blue sheep surrival.

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HEMATOLOGICAL AND BLOOD BIOCHEM ICAL REFERENCE VALUES OFWOLVES

XIAO Xianghong, GAO Zhongxin ,WANG Liping

1998, 18(1):  34-41. 

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The hematological and blood biochemical indices of wolf (Canis lupus) were determined. There was no sexual difference between indices of both sexes (P > 0.05). The percent of eosinophils and AMS were significant higher than that of other canids (dog, fox and raccoon dog). There was a correspondence between the higher AMS volume and physio logical feature which is that wolf needs glucose at it s energy to support strong activities.


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SEASONAL REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES IN MALE PLATEAU PIKA (OCHOTONA CURZONIAE)

LI Ziwei, SUN Ruyong, DU Jizeng

1998, 18(1):  42-49. 

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　　Annual changes of the reproductive activity in adult male plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) , a small endemic mammal in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, were investigated from January to December, 1991. All of the animals were killed and decapitated during the night (23:00～24:00) and the plasma, pineal glands, testes epididymis, seminal vesicles, deferent ducts were collected and used for biochemical, and histo logical studies. Significant changes associated with seasonal cycles were found. (1) In February～early April, the restoration phase, the weights of testes, epididymides and deferent ducts were increased; the process of spermatogenesis was strengthened and testosterone level in plasma was increased, but the pineal weight and its melatonin content were decreased. (2) During them iddle of April～late May, the sexually active phase, a significant elevation of gonadal activity was observed. In this period, gonadal weights were increased, spermatogenesisw as completed, pineal weights were decreased and melatonin contents were fluctuated at a low level. These results suggested the increasing in sexual activity as well as in the ability of testosterone secretion. (3) A striking reduction of test icular activity appears in June～August. In th is inhibition phase, gonadal weight, process of spermatogenesis, plasma testo sterone level were decreased while the pineal weight and pinealmelatonin content were increased. (4) During September～January, the sexually quiescent phase, declining in weights of testes and epididymides, arrest of spermatogenesis, decreasing of plasma testosterone concent ration, fluctuating in pineal weights and increasing in pinealmelatonin level were observed. Our findings indicated that the male pikas under natural conditions exhibited an annual reproductive cycle. A possible relationship between pineal activity and reproductive function was also suggested.

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THE COMPARATIVE STUDY ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INDEXES OF STRIPED FIELD MOUSE(APODEMUS AGRARIUS) IN EASTERN CHINA

YANG Yanhui, LU Haoquan

1998, 18(1):  50-53. 

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There is a great controversy about the classification of subspecies of the striped field mouse (A podemus agrarius) in eastern China. Both morphological and biochemical comparisons were conducted on the animal from three sites, eastern China. The difference of hair color and back stripe clarity between three populations is obvious. The coefficience of some basic measurements also indicate a subspecies divergence between Changchun and Yixing. Results of polyacrylamide gel vertical plate electrophoresis analysis on several isozymes, muscle and serum protein also suggest that there are three subspecies of the striped mouse ( A .a.grarius1.mantchuricus; A .a.pallidier; A.a.ningpoensis)

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STUDIES ON THE MITOCHONDRIAL DNA RESTRICTION MAP AND RFLP OF BANDICOTAINDICA

LI Jingjing,WEN Shuoyang, QI Genxian, XIE Yiqua, PEN Tongxu

1998, 18(1):  54-59. 

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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA ) samples from 9 individuals of Bandicota indica captured from 3 different sites in Guangdong province were digested individually with each of the following 13 restriction endonucleases Apa I、Bam H I、Bcl I、Bgl I、Cla I、Eco RI、Eco RV、Hind III、P st I、Pvu II、Sac I、Sca I and Xba I for RFLP analysis. All 31 fragements and 16 restriction morphs were recognized , the samples from differentsites were grouped into three mt DNA halotypes which could be distinguished by Pvu II ,Hind III and Apa I, indicating the mtDNA polymorphism with in B. indica . Restriction map was made by the double-enzyme digestion method and it would be very helpful to the study of the phylogentic relation ships among different species in the Murida. There were significant differences in RFLP of mtDNA among B. ind ica , rat and mouse, B. indica might have closer relationship with rat than that with mouse.

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PROGRESSES IN THE STUDIES OF 6-MBOA EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTION IN SMALL MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES

LIU Likuan,LIU Jike,　SU Jianping

1998, 18(1):  60-67. 

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The progress in the studies of 6-MBOA effects on reproduct ion for small mammalian herbivores was reviewed in this paper. 6-MBOA in food plant can trigger reproductive effort and regulate reproductive performance of small mammalian herbivores. Studies in laboratory and field suggested that reproductive development of mammalian herbivores has positive responses to food derived 6-MBOA information, and this information can promote reproductive development of individuals. There exists 6-MBOA informational transfer between mother and offspring, and mature female ingested 6-MBOA could transfer the information to their offsprings during the periods of gestation and lactation. Reproductive development of offspring can make appropriate physiological responses to maternal transferred information of 6-MBOA , and these response degrees depend upon maternal received 6-MBOA. Offspring received 6-MBOA information from mother could override the reproductive suppression caused by short photoperiod. Facing the environments with fluctuation in weather conditions and unpredictability of food resources, the opportunistic reproductive individuals regulated their reproductive effort based on acquired 6-MBOA information from their mothers and food plants.

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ON THE ANATOMY OF THE MALE GENITAL SYSTEM IN THE BEIJI(LIPOTES VEXILLIFER)AND FINLESS PROPOISE(NEOPHOCAENA PHOCAENOIDES)

WANG Kexiong, LIU Renjun

1998, 18(1):  68-70. 

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INFLUENCE OF ENERGY DENSITY AND PROTEIN LEVEL OF CONCENTRATED FEED ON GROWTH OF SIKA DEER

WANG Feng,　JIN Shundan,　GAO Xiuhua,　YANG Fuhe, WANG Ping,　HAO Fuchang

1998, 18(1):  71-73. 

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THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF HYPOTHALAMIC GNRH ON MICROTUS OECONOMUS AND THE EFFECT OF HYPOXIA

XIONG Zhong, DU Jizeng, SHI Xiao jun

1998, 18(1):  74-75. 

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