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07 July 2008, Volume 15 Issue 3

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GE0GRAPHICAL VARIAT10NS 0F SKULL AM 0NG THE P0PULAT10NS 0F NEOPHOCAENA IN CHINESE WATERS

GAO Anli， ZHOU Kaiya

1995, 15(3):  161-169. 

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Geographical variations of skull among the Yangtze，Yellow Sea and South China
Sea populations of the finless porpoise，Neophocaena phocaenoides，in Chinese waterswere studied using 42 skull measurements based on 144 specimens (40 from Yangtzepopulation，59 from Yellow Sea population and 45 from South China Sea population)deposited in the Cetacean Research Laboratory，Nanjing Normal University．The t-testand covariance analysis(Tab．2)demonstrated that：Condylobasal length in the adultsof the Yangtze population was shorter than that of the other two populations (Fig．1)．The South China Sea population had shorter rostrum length (Fig． 2a)，but it had thelargest width of rostrum，the Yangtze population had the second，and the Yellow Seapopulation had the smallest (Fig． 2b)．The Yellow Sea population was smaller in thewidth of premaxillaries，zygomatic，preorbital (Fig． 2c) and postorbital. The Southchina Sea population had more teeth on maxillaries while the Yellow Sea population hadmore teeth on mandibles．Tooth number of the Yangtze population was relatively smaller．The South China Sea population had also larger width of pterygoids(Fig．2d)and interior nares，but smaller orbital length and preorbital length of lacrima1．The Yangtzepopulation had longer temporal fossa and periotic，wider occipital condyles．
The discriminant analysis(Tab．3，Fig．3)showed that：1)Difference in the skull
measurements among the three Chinese populations was demonstrated even for
neonates；2)Difference between the South China Sea population and the other two waslarger than that between the Yangtze and Yellow sea populations．3)The rostrumlength and rostrum width valued by previous authors were not the optimal group ofskull characters to distinguish the Chinese populations．Generally，the difference in theskull among different geographical populations was represented by a number of variables．Although we have distinguished the populations using a few external measurements (reported in another paper)，we could not do it using a few skull characters． Itimplies that in the course of population evolution，the osteologieal adaptation of Neophocaena took place at a slower rate than the external morphology did．

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THE STUDY 0N THE GIANT PANDA’S INTESTINAL FL0RA

ZHANG Zhihe, HE Guangxin，WANG Xingling，Zhong Shunlong，ZHANG Anju，LI Guanghan

1995, 15(3):  170-175. 

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Intestinal flora of 13 giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)，kept at Chengdu zoo and Chengdu Research Baseof Giant Panda's Breeding,have been detected and shown
to be quite different from other animals．The results show that the predominant bacteria were Eschericha coil，followed by Streptococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus SP. ，While detection rate and quantity of anaerobes were relatively low. Meanwhile，the authors also disscused the relationships between the results and giant panda's diseases as well asits significance in degestive physiology．

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0BSERVATIONS 0N THE ST0MACH 0F RHINOPITHECUS ROXELLANAE

CHEN Jiaji, LU Tong, LIU Jiansui, HUANG Zirong, CAO Fuyuan, LI Kedong

1995, 15(3):  176-180. 

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This paper deals with the stomach of R．roxellanae．The stomach of R．roxellanae forms an S-shfiped curve．The first part from the fundus ventriculi to the first flexure is about 15cm．in length，the second part from the first flexure to the second，about 9cm ，the third part from the second flexure to the pylorus，the pars pylorica，about 7cm．The fundus is divided into two parts termed the saccus cecus sinister and the saccus cecus dexter．The latter is subdivided into the anterior，middle，and posterior parts．The stomach has two longitudinal bands along the greater and lesser cuvature respectively． The bands cause two rows of sacculations(haustra)，the caliber of which gradually decreases from the fundus to 2nd flexure．The canalis ventriculi beginsat the cardia and passes along the lesser cuvature to end at the second flexure．The mucous membrane around the cardia is glandless．the rest of the mucous membrane is glandular．The foveolae gastricae are clear．Besides ，the divisions function，case of formation and terms about some structures have been descussed．

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TAX0N0MY 0F MUSK-DEER,GENUS MOSCHUS

Colin P．Groves

1995, 15(3):  181-197. 

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Based on the characteristics of external and skull morphology, and used in a multivariate analysis for measturements of skull and dental,the classification of genus Moschus in China and its adjacent areas(especially Himalaya area)have been reviewed in the present paper．The result of the review indicates that the genus may be divided into five or six species :(1)M ．moschiferus(with three subspecies,i．e．moschiferus,parvipes and sachalinensis);(2)M.moschiferus (with flve subspecies,i．e．berezovskii，anhuiensis,caobangis,yunguiensis and bijiangensis (3)M. fuscus(Wich one subspecies and one incertae sedis form,i．e．fuscus and Mt.Everest from);(4)M ．chrysogaster(with two subspecies , i．e．chrysogastr and sifanicus);(5)M ．1eucogaster(with one subspecies and two incertae sedis form , i．e．1eucogaster，Zangmu／Khumjung form and Kulu form);(6)?M．cupreus(or as M.leucogaster cupreus).


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A PRELIM INARY STUDY OF THE GROUPING BEHAVI0R FOR SEMI-FREE RANGING MILU(ELAPHURUS DAVIDIANUS)

LU Jun，YU Changqing，DING Yuhua，SHEN Hua

1995, 15(3):  198-202. 

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The grouping behavior of semi-free ranging Milu (Elaphurus davidianus)was observed from April，1988 to November，1990 in Dafeng Milu Reserve，Jiangsu Province．The Milu was more sociable than other deer according to 81 cycles of observation,group size of the deer tended to increase with the total number of the population．The Milu group changes in various months and in different habit at types.The five group types found in Milu groups included cow-calf group，male group，mixed group，male-calf group and calf group．The mixed group was main group type for the Milu and the group could division into four subtypes．The male group was more stable than other groups．The Milu groups varies largely between the rutting and non-rutting periods．

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WINTER FOOD-HABITS OF MONGOLIAN GAZELLA IN HULUN-BEIR GRASSLAND

GAO Zhongxin，JIN Kun，MA Jianzhang，CHEN Huahao

1995, 15(3):  203-208. 

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Winter food-habits of Mongolian gazella(Procapra gutturosa)and inquire into using relationship of food resources between mongolian gazella and domestic sheeps was studied with the microhistological analysis technique of feces in Hulun-beir grassland from 1993-1994 winter．
The results showed that 21 species (genera)plants are used by mongolian gazella through the winter,gramineae constitute 74.8% ,fabaceae constitute 12.1% , 22 species (genera)plants are eaten by domestic sheeps，gramlneae constitute 73.3% ，
hbeceae 11.6% ．
The plants eaten by mongolia gazella and domastic sheeps are mainly gramineae and fabacear in winter，the index of percent are PS= 0.789．

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A STUDY 0F WINTER M0VEMENT　CHARACTERISTICS FOR WOLVERLNES　IN DAXINGANLING M0UNTAINS 0F CHINA

PIAO Renzhu

1995, 15(3):  209-214. 

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From 1 989 to 1992．We Surveied the habitat area of Wolverines with 2569km length of sampling lines in Daxinganling Mountains of China．The 57 tracks and 5 dens of W01verines were found．The 9 fresh tracks and 5 dens were followed up and their fcharacteristics were measured． The size of foot print is about 8﹡25cm ，the pressure depth of the foot is about 5．5cm，the average width of each track is 24cm in 25cm snow depth． The daily movement distance is about 14士2.87km and its width is 10．4士1.26km．The dens size is about 250×180X80cm in a biggest．The home range was estimated and was 282-422km during winter in Daxinganling of China．

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MORPHOM ETRICAL STUDY OF ERYTHROCYTE OF OCHOTONA CURZONIAE AND LEPUS OIOSTOLUS

MA Zhijun，WANG Jinqing，WANG Ke，WANG Suoan

1995, 15(3):  215-217. 

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Using the scanning electron microscope，the erythrocytic size and shape of Ochotoma curzoniae and Lepus oiostolus were studied and were compared with those of plain-con-trol-group rabbits and rabbits which immigrated into plateau． The result showed that the mean diameters of RBC for Ochotonacurzoniae were 4.72±0.42um ，the mean diameters of internal concave of RBC were 2.20±0.27um ,the mean volume was 20.13±1.68um³．The mean diameters of RBC for Lepus oiostolus were 4．91±047 tm ，the mean diameters of internal concave of RBC were 2.35±0.21um，the mean volume was 21.48±1.40um³ ．The mean diameters of erythrocyte and the mean diameters of internal concave of erythrocyte for these two kinds of native rodents are similar to plain control-groups， but significantly lower than the experimentalgroups (p< 0.01).

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ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY 0N THE SMALL INTESTINE CELL IN NYALUS VELUTINUS

ZHANG Weidao

1995, 15(3):  218-221. 

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The ultrastructure of small interstine cell in the Nyctalus velutinus was observed with light and electron microscopy techniques．
The epithelium of the intestine villi contained the absorb cells，cup-shaped cells，cilia cells，internal secretion cells，non-differentiation cells and Paneth's cell.The connective
tissue of the small intestine contained the smooth muscle cells and acidophilie granulocyte．the lamina porpria of intestinal villi contained the serous cells．
Here，for the girst time，we have found many cilia cells on surface of small intestine of the N .velutinus．Many cilia and few microvillus were seen on the free surface of cilia cell.

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STUDIES 0N THE COMPOSITION MAMMAL COMMUNITY IN THE EAST ZHOUSHAN ISLAND

BAO Y4xin， DING Ping， ZHUGE Yang， HU yizhong

1995, 15(3):  222-228. 

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The composition and dynamic of the small mammal community in the east Zhoushan Island was investigated from July 1990 to Deoember 1992．The small mammals can be divided into five communities as below :
A．Indoor,Rattus norvegicus+Rattus losea+Suncus murinus community.
B．0utdoor，Suncus murinus+Rattus losea+ Rattus norvegicus community.
C．Paddy field，Apodemus agrarius+Rattus losea community.
D．Hilly field，Apodemus agrarius+Rattus losea community.
E．Mountain forest．Rattus niviventer+Apodemus agrarius+Rattus losea community.
The highest index of the similarity between small mammal communities was in the paddy community and the hilly field community．The highest index of the diversity and the evenness was in the outdor community．
There are two types of number variation in different communities：two-peak type(the indoor community and the hilly field community)and one-peak (the other communities) .There are dominant species and seasonal variations of composition in different communities.

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THE ECOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS 0F RODENT CONTROL BY CONTRACEPTION

ZHANG Zhibin

1995, 15(3):  229-234. 

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1.The contraception control is a different strategy of rodent management from the traditional culling which emphasize on reducing the birth rate instead of increasing mortality of rodent population．
2.In the strategy of traditional contraception control，the competitively reproductive interference by sterile individuals to reproductive ones was ignored and thus the potentiality of contraception in rodent control was less estimated．
3.After theoretical analysis we believe contraception is as efective as traditional culling in controlling rodents even without consideration of competitively reproductive
interference by sterile individuals．If such interference is taken into account，contraception may be much better than culling．
4.A new strategy of using contraception was suggested in this paper．It focused on the combination between the contraception control and culling．In this way，The new strategy owned both the advantages of contraception control and culling, i.e.crash rodent population quickly and keep them at a very low level for a long time．

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COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE MORPHOLOGY 0F THE MUSK SHRE

1995, 15(3):  235-236. 

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