Table of Content

20 May 1992, Volume 12 Issue 2

Previous Issue    Next Issue

For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX

Toggle Thumbnails

Select

DISTRIBUTION 0F PRIMATESI(except Macaca) INCHINA

ZHANG Yongzu， QUAN Guoqiang， ZHAO Tigong， C．H． Southwick

1992, 12(2):  81-95. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (413KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

This Paper intends to present a summary on distribution of primates in China from a viewpoint of dynamic zoogeography,except macaques (Macaca) which has been given by a resume recently．None or very rare fossil forms of Presbytis, nycticebus and Rhinopithecus have been foundin china. The known fossil records and historically ancient-literatural information of Hylobates indicat e much wider range of the gibbon in Pleistocene and historical time．Currently，most of the primates are suffering local extirpation and thus result in shrink of range in terms of geographical distribution．

Select

STUDIES NO THE BIOMECHANICALF0R ELBOW JOINT IN FOUR SPECIES OF PRIMATES

YU Fahong, PENG Yanzhang, YE Zhizhang, PAN Ruliang

1992, 12(2):  96-104. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (281KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

This paper carried out the comparative study of the morphology，biomechanic and electromyography (EMG) on the elbow joint for slow loris，rhesus monkey，black leafmonkey and gibbon．The main conclusions were as follows：
1．The flexibility of articalatio cabitiwas developed with the increasing function of forelimb．According to the results of EMG for flexors and extensors of forearm among four species, we believed that brachlalis muscle played the most important role during flexion of forearm ，but auxiliary functiary function was completed by brachio-radialis muscle and biceps brachialis muscle．
2．In rhesus monkey, the relative low magnitude of EMG of flexors and extensors in forearm and the evidently different morphologies of articulatio cablti from that of other species were related to its movement of quadrupedallsm an d supporting stability of articulation．
3．The morphological and eleetromyographieal similarities of mus eulaskeleton for elbow joint between leaf monkey and gibbon showed th at there existed some similar functione relating to braehiation and flexible movement of forelimb．
4．The results of descriminat and univariance analysis implied that，the significant differences were appeared in flexors and extensors of elbow joint comparing to skeleton．The indices of the proximal origin of brachialis muscle，the insertion of brachioradialis muscle andthe proximal and distal origin of medial head of triceps brachlalis muscle were the important factors to diffecentiate the four species of primates．

Select

GROUP ACTIVITIES OF THE CERVUS ALBIROSTRIS IN THE MATING SEASON

CAI Guiquan， LIU Yongsheng

1992, 12(2):  105-109. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (142KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Like other deers, the male and female of White-lipped deer (cervus albirostris)groups are separated except daring rutting season．Before mating，both sexes shuffle from the warm season habitats to overwinter place and gather im mediately to form mating herds．
There is a distinct boundary home range among the mating herds, and the master of one herd is hostile to his eounterparts in other herds．The mating period is about 81 days，which can be divided into primary and secondary of mating stage, and the latter is no significance in the deers propagation.
If the weather varies suddenly such as heavy snow can disturb the deers normal activities．change their sitting or lying sites，stop feeding and postpone merit the other activities．

Select

INTERSPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE MOOSE． RED DEER AND ROE DEER IN WINTER

LI Yuzhu， XIAO Qianzhu， CHEN Huapeng

1992, 12(2):  110-116. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (223KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The food-habits，foraging heights and habitats of moose，red deer and roe deer were investigated jn winter from 1987 to 1989 on Shengshan forestry farm ，Heihe city．The staple foods of moose were Salix spp. Corylus spp, Pinus koraiensis and betula spp.(22.4%,16.0%,14.3%,13.8% in its diets respectively)．Those of red deer and roe deer were Populus spp, Betula spp．Pinus koraiensis (36.0% ，22.7% ， 17.3% ) and Betula spp．Salix spp.Populus spp．(28.6% ，19.0% ，12.7% )respectively．
Statistically，the foraging heights of three species were normally distributed with the means (standard deviations)of 137.4(39.0) cm (moose)，136.2(37.0)cm (red deer) and84 .2(29.2)cm (roe deer)．Mose and red deer mostly use korean pine forest，and
roe deer mainly use marsh and korean pine forest．
Moose and roe deer in food niche and habitat niche dim ension，moose and red deer in foraging height niche dimension are the greatest overlap．These species were arranged in order of overlap in three niche dimension of food，foraging height and habitat an follows：moose and red deer > mooso and roe deer > red deer and roe deer．

Select

ENERGY COST OF FORAGING AND OPTIMAL F0RAGING IN THE FOSSORIAL RODENT (MYOSPALAX BAILEYI)

SU Jianping

1992, 12(2):  117-125. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (296KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

This paper deala with the optimal foraging and burrowing of the plateau zokor(Myospalax baileyi)，a typical species of fossor ial rodent distributed on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau，based on the following two hypotheses.
H1: If burrowing is optimal，burrowing efficiency would be maximum which means that burrowing a certain length expends a minimal energy．
H2：If foraging is optimal foraging benefit to the cost would be maximum．
According to the zokor's foraging burrow structure and observed behavioural characteristics associated with foraging by burrowing，a model slightly distinguishing from equation 2 of Vleck (1981)was established for describing the energy cost of foraging by burrowing．
E_c =K_s·C·(S+L)+(KP·C+Kt／A)·(s ／2+2s·L+L )+5D·g·C·S (a)
where E _c=energy cost of excavating a segment of foraging burrow，S =segment length (distance between two adjacent laterals or mounds)，L=lateral length，D =burrow depth，C= b²p，in which p is soil density in terms of soil mass par unit volume and b the radium of burrow，g=gravitational acceleration， K_s=energy coat of shearing l g of soil loose，Kp energy cost of pushing 1 g soil a centimeter， K_t=energycost of travelling one centimeter，A =length of a small piece of burrow，when which established the loose soil must be pushed out．
Having a complete segment established，the energy benefit of a zokor from soil can be described by the following equation:
Ef_g = ·b ²·S·D e·Ra (b)
where Ef_g=assimilable energy gained from soil of a segment， De=energy in food available for zokor per unit volume of soil， R．=assimilating rate of food by zokor ．
From the two hypotheses，(E c／s)would be minimum (H1)and(Efg／Ec )maximum(H2)．Thus．it could be deduced that segment must meet the following definition： ^_Sopt=[2L² +2K s·C·L／(K p·C 十K_t A) re)]^1/2 Which made H 1 and H2 stand．
On the basis of data of burrowing metabolic rate, burrowing rate(burrowing length to the burrowing time), lateral length，burrow radium from 12 individuals，and of soil density，we calculated the mean values: C=61.473g／cm，K_{s =} 1.118J／g， Kp C十Kt／A=2.94 E-1J／cm²，and Sopt=127.4cm which did not differ from the observed segment length of 126.3±47.85cm (t=O.312，P> O.50). This result was baaed on sampies from Kohresia humilis meadow，and showed zokors behave optimally in foraging by burrowing，i．e．foraging and burrowing effieieneies were maximum.
The results above suggested that optimalization of oraging and burrowing be synchronous．This was not difficult to understand because both the efficiencies of foraging and burrowing were influenced by segment length in the same means. When segmeut lengthened，the soil in the burrow would be pushed averagely a longer distance and burrow ing rate declined. which resulted in decreases in both burrowing length and foraging benefit within a certain peroid．As segment shortened，more laterals had to be established and the same result as increasing segment length appeared. The trade-off
between the two situations above made zokors select a optimal segment neither too short nor too long．
It was worthy to note that zokors performed two obvious different patterns in for aging by burrowing. In spring and autumn，foraging occured ata deeper layer of soil， typical burrows and mounds appeared , But in summer，foraging was almost near
the ground surface，no burrows and mounds needed to shape excepting cracks on ground surface．Although the optimal foraging by burrowing model was deduced from the first case．it was still fit to the second situation for summer in which L= 0 ，thus S_opt = 0 according to equa tion (c)．One could view this case as each point of the surface cracks was "a small mound".

Select

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON ENERGY METABOLISM AND NUTRITION REQUIREMENT OF RED-BELLIED THREE SQUIRREL (Callosciurus erythraeus)

XU Hongfa， SHENG Heli

1992, 12(2):  126-131. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (184KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Daily food consumption，digestibility of dry matter，energy, protein and fat were compared among the diets of five kinds of rations．The daily intake of food by adult squirrels varied 7.6O-9.9lg depend on different rations．The protein intake and fat intake were 1.26-2.00g/ind．day and 0.69—2.79g／ind．day，respectively．
Digestibility of dry matter, energy, protein and fat were 84.7% - 87.0% ，85.7%- 89.3 %; 75.9％-82.7％ and 79.1%- 94.0%，respectively．The red-bellied tree squirrels selected the higher fat food and digested a higher percentage of fat than protein in diets．Regression analysis revealed that the relationships between digestibility of energy and energy density of food，between digestibility of protein and protein content of food，and between digestibility of protein and protein and protein content of food, and between digestibility fat and fat content of food were linear．
It is suggested that planting trees which produce a fat fruits in the forest was effective measure of squirrel pest control．

Select

A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF NUBRA PIKA (Ochotona nubrica Thomas，1922)

Yu Ning， ZHENG Changlin

1992, 12(2):  132-138. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (213KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

O．nubrica was described as a species by Thomas (1922). The tyro was from Ladak．alone the Nabra Valley，down to Pangkong Lake of Xizang (Tibet) in China．Ognev (1940) regarded it as a instinct speices，and then it was placed in synonymy with O．royteI(Areyropulo，1948；Gureev，1964；Honacki et al., 1982) or a subspecies of 0.pusilla (Ellerman et Morrison Scott, 1951)．Cerbet(1978) assigned it to the 0，thibetana．Chapmas et a1．(1991)recognize it as a independent species recently.
Corbet (1978) placed O．Iama Mitchell and Punzo 1975 in O roylei and Honacki et al., (1982) regarded it as a distinct species．0.lama and O.t.aliensis Zheng 1979 was then combined as O．t．tama by Feng and Zheng (1985, 1986).
It was need to make clear in taxonomy of these pikas，so we examined many specimens．
As a result of this revision we recognize O．nubrica as a independent species based on its orginal discripition and topotypes．
O．nubrlca is larger than O．thibetana but smaller than 0．roylei and the pelage color is much pa1er than the former and mere drabby than the later．
The skull of O．nubrina is fairly bow，palatel foram ina was widely expanded posteriorly．The bullae are relatively larger and higher than 0．thibetana，but smaller than O，roylei．
The scattergram also shows the difference among O．nubriea，0．thibetana and O．roylei(Fig．1- 3).
According to the skull characters，O．nubrica can be divided into two subspecies：0.nubrica nubriea and O.n.lhasaensis．The bullae of the former is larger than the later．The mastoid width is larger than thet zygomatic width in 0.n.nubricawhile O．n. lhasaensis is reversed．
0.lama and O ．t.aliensis is placed in synonymy w ith O．n．nubrica on the based of its larger bullae．

Select

STUDIES ON THE P0PULATION PRODUCTIVITY ECOLOGY OF PLATEAU PIKA Ⅲ ．TREND OF POPULATION DYNAM ICS IN PLATEAU PIKA WITHDENSITY_INDEPENDENT AND DENSITY—DEPENDENT VITAL RATES

LIU Jike， NIE Haiyan

1992, 12(2):  139-146. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (219KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

This article predicted the trend of population dynamics in plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae). using density-independent Leslie model and standard Leslie m odel which is modified so as to incorporate density—dependent feedback control on each parameter of the standard projection matrix．
The population number increase exponentially in density—independent case，the model is
0.15 2.16 1.58 18
MN=1 0．39 0 0 l}4 l
0 0．30 0 J ＼1／

The age structures and the population numbers in the years of I982- 2001 are predicted by this matrix.
The principal eigenvalue of matrixM is £=1．195． the corresponding eigenvector is V = (O．68， 0．25，0．07)，V is the stable age distribution of the population. The population dynam ics model in density—dependent case is
N(t+1)=M (t)N(t) (2)
the damping coefficients survival dam ping arid reproductive damping are chosen respectively
A₁=A₂=A₃= (0，0 ，0)
B ₀=B₁=B ₂=(1，1，1)x10^-3 (3)
A₁=A₂=A₃=(1，1，1)×10^-3
B₀= B_l=B₂= (0，0，0) (4)
Under these two density damping conditions， the po pulation converges to a stable age distribution and a constant po pulation size，the principal eigenvalue is £(*)= 1．
The equilibrium population sizes are 101 and 176 respectively．The damping 0n survival is more effective than that on reprod uctive．The stable age distribution resulted by survival dam ping is identical with that predicted by the undamped mode1．Fertility damping results ia a flatter stable age—distribution than yielded by the undamped Leslie model， which are 0．66，0．26 aNd 0．08．

Select

STUDIES ON THE POPULATION REPRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF DAURIAN GROUND SQUIRREL (Spermophitus dauricus)

WANG Tingzheng， LIU Jiakun， SHAO Mengming， LIU Shu, ZOU Bo

1992, 12(2):  147-152. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (162KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The population reproduction characteristics of daurian ground squirrel (Spermophlus dauricus)were studied in Fenyang，Quwo county of Shanxi Province，and Yanchang，Heyang county of Shaanxi Province from 1987 to 1989．The studies included mating， pregnancy，litter size，testis pt sis of the male．The results obtained are summarized as below．
1．The mating seasons of daurian ground squirrel began in the mid ten days of March in Quwo．He yang county and in the last ten days of March in Fenyang，Yanchang county．
2．The pregnancy rate of females varied along with the area and years．The reproduction peaks appeared in the last ten days of April to the early ten days of May． It was also observed that the variation of pregnancy rate was relation to the yearly population density．The reproduction peaks of males appeared earlier than females about 10 days．
3．The average litter sizes was 4.72±0.12 in Fenyang，4.59±0.09 in Quwo，4.65±0.24 in Yanch ang and 5.43±0.15 in Heyang ．
4．The rate of embryo-absorbing of pregnancy females were 13.33%in Quwo，and 10.30% in Heyang．

Select

STUDIES ON THE POPULATION BREEDING OF HOUSE MOUSE IN PUTIAN AREA．FUJIAN PRVINCE

HONG ChaoChang， CHEN Xiaobin， CHEN Jinxian ，CHEN Xuerong

1992, 12(2):  153-158. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (173KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The population breeding of house mouse (Mus musculus) in the Putian county，Fujan province were studied from Mar.1987 to Feb.1989．1616 specimens(865 ♀，751♂ )w ere collected，dissccted and measured．The sex ratio，rate of testis-ptosis，rate of breeding female，pregnancy rate，litter size and reproductive indices of the population in different years and seasons were observed and analysed．
The results showed that most male and female reach sex maturity when the bedy weight is more than 10g and 11g respectively．Using the body weight method candivided the age groups of house mouse．There were obvious feedback regulation for the population reproduction to the population density．

Select

PATHOLOGICAL OBSERVATION OF ABORTION AND STILL BIRTH OF GOLDEN MONKEY

1992, 12(2):  159-160. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (75KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics