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20 February 1989, Volume 9 Issue 1

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GIANT PANDA’S HAIR ANALYSIS Ⅱ TREATMENT AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

LIU Deyi, WANG Changming, HUANG Youlin, HU Jinchu, XU Guangdian

1989, 9(1):  1-7. 

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On the basis of catalytic polarogram analysis of 54 wild giant panda’s hair， and in accordance with the Grubbscrule and 4d method，this paper set up a background value on the microelement Cu，Zn，Pb，Cd，Co，Ni，Mo，Se，Mg and As in giant panda’s hair.and discussed relation between content of microelem ent and mountains， sxes，and correlation between the elements and its significance tests.Because of he rather significant differences of the hair's microelement in giant panda between indiVidua1s--its probability distribution were in deviate kurotosis and logarithmic normal kurotosis．The data were treated with in various ways of mathematical statistic-- t test of total mean value，when unknown，F test of varience analysis and Mann-wihtney test．As a result of the tests．the microelement contents in giant panda's hair from two mountains differed on Se，Mg in general，and Cu，Zn Contents were different with their sexes，with the significant difference more than 99% and 95% respectively．The specimen of giant pandas' hair were treated with the pattern recognition further. A doptting the nonlinear mapping，we found the count results stated that the computer's clarification conformed as highly as over90% to the factual distribution of giant pandas in different mountains．And to different sexes，83%.

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WINTER FOOD-HABITS 0F RED DEER IN DAILING

CHEN Huapeng ，XIAO Qianzhu

1989, 9(1):  8-15. 

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Winter food-habits cf red deer (Cereus elaphus)was studied with the microhisto-
logical analysis technique of feces in combination with field browse Surveys from 1985：0 1987 in Dailing Region Results showed that populus spp．， Betula Spp．，Salix spp．，and Tilia amuremsis were staples．The percentages of these items in diet were46.9% ，19.1% ，9.7% and 8.3% respectively．Red deer had positive selectivities for Acer tegmentosum ，Salix spp． and populus spp．，and negative selectivities for Betula Spp．， Tiliaa murensis，Aralia mandshurica and Sambucus coreana． They were arranged in order of preference as follows： Acer tegmentosum >Salix spp．> populus spp．>Sambucus coreana > Aralia mandshurica> Tilia amurensis>Betula spp．．A negative inttrrelationship existed between the content of hemicellolse and winter food preferences．Protein was sufficient for red deer， but energy might be a more critical facter to wintering red deer．


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THE SPINAL CORD OF FINLESS PORPOISE，NEOPHOCAENA PHOCAENOIDES

WU Baosun

1989, 9(1):  16-23. 

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Based on three fresh specimens caught accidently from the Yangtze River near Nanjing in the spring of 1984，a neuroanatomical，histological and cytoarchitural investigation of the spinal cord of Finlees perpoise(Neophocaena phocaenoides)had brought us a good result．Frozen sections of the spinal cord of one animal (NJNU 0149) were cut at 70 microns．The nerve cells were stained with 1% thionine inalcohol.
Forty- four pairs of the spinal nerves were found in gross anatomy.The descriptive formula of the spinal cord of all the three specimens was 8 cervical,13 thoracic and 23lumbocaudal segments.
there are some differences in characteristics of the general features and transverssecticns of the spinal cord between Finless porpoise and Eubalaena glacailis．Balaenoptera physalus and phocoena．These differences are distribution in this article．
Though the nerve cells are poor in the gray matter，their distribution was regular,
According to the variation on the nervecelltype s，their feature, their deasity．their
distribution and cytoarchitecture patterns．the author divided the gray matter into 10 layers．The layer division of Finless porpoise is similar to that of cats (R xed．1954)and other mammals．
The relation between some nucleus and layers in the gray matter was observed．The lateral cervical nucleus was located at the1ateral funiculus of cervical segments in the spinal cord．It contained four typesof nerve cells with island-like distribution and its structure was evidently similar to those in sperm whales (seki，1984)．
A specific cell group was located closely lateral to the dorsal horns of the thoracic
segments (8- 13)and lumbocaudal segments (1，6， 8 ，11，17，19)of the spinal cord．After the precise comparative anatomical and histological jnvestigations．the author found that most of those nerve cells were triangular，others were shuttle-shaped．They were beading-like in arran- gement or scattered．
The structure of the specific cel1 groups in the thoracic and lumbocaudal segments was thought to be corresponding tothe lateral Cervical nueleus．Thess findings were first noted in cetacea．therefore the author suggested that the specific cell groups in the thoracic and lumbocaudal segments may be named the lateral thoracical nueleus and ‘the lateral lumbocaudal nucleus’rsspectively． In the lateral thor- acical nucleusand the centripetalfiber of the nerve cell connecting with the V layer of dorsal hore was observed．Thosee.11 groups probablybelong to the spino—thoraco—thalamic relay systemor the spino-lumbocaudo-thalamic relay system just as the lateral cervical nucle—us does．


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MORPHOLOGY OF THE TALUS IN STUMP-TAILED AND RHESUS MONKEYS

PAN Ruliang, PENG Yanzhang ,YE ZHI zhang, WANG Hong

1989, 9(1):  29-33. 

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It is necessary to compare the morphology of the talus between Stump-tailed and Rhesus monkeys in order to understand the functional morphological differences between these two species．Some hypotheses have been made for locomotion and behavior existing in Stump-tailed and Rhesus monkeys． The specimens used we obtained from western Yunnan Province．China．where the two species usually distribute sympatrically and having no obvious differences in environments．They are very near species.and comparative morphology should be studied in order to get some detailed informations of their differences．In this paper，the comparative morphology of talus were studied and compared with Phaye's and Francoisi' leaf monkeys．The results show: even if she evidence of talus in Stump-tailed and Rhesus monkeys is equivocal as their environments and behavior are not different very much，it seems reasonable to conclude． that there are at least some differences．such as" wedging index”，fibular surface length and talar len- gth，they are different significantly both in size and shape，and of course in the functions of locomotion and behavior． As pointed out by some authors，talus is one of the important osteological features of the foot， acting as the joint and lever，moved by the crural extensor muscles of the leg and controllsd by the flexor muscles of the leg and tarsus．According to the three—dimensional model analysis on the talus and comparison with two leaf monkeys，we believe the Stump-tailed monkeys is more adapting to moving terrestrially than Rhesus monkey based on osteological features and functional morphology．

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COMPARATIVE RESEARCH oF THE CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY BETWEEN PHAYRE'S LEAF MONKEY AND FRANCOIS'LEAF MONKEY

PENG Yanzhang，PAN Ruliang，YE Zhizhang，WANG Hong

1989, 9(1):  34-40. 

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Sixteen adult skulls of phayre's leaf monkey， including Presbytis P．p.shanicusand eight of francois 'leaf monkey，including P.f,leucocephalus were dealt in this paper．Using statistics and computer， we found that within the two species there are twenty one significant differences of cephalometric variables and indices coming from fourty five of them .Some results are summarized as follows：
1．The sequence of significant difference of the cephalometric variables is that height of the mandibular ramus>skull height>the posterior orbital width>maximum cranial width> width of the mandibular ramus> maxillaveolar width> cranial leagth>width bet-
ween the orbitae> the distance from the anterior point of the occipital condyle to the nasion> the maximum length of the skull> palatal length> foramen magnum length> maximum cranial length> the lateral breadth between both of the orbitae> mandibular len gth>the distance from the basion to the tip of external occipital protuberance．
The sequence of indices being significant difference is：mandibular ramus indices>palatal／the distance from the prosthion to the medial point of margin of the foramen magnum>cranial hei- ght／ cranial Iength>upper facial height／ breadth between zygom as>palatal indices> prosthion indices> the balance indices of the head> breadth betweenthe orbitae／maximum breadth of the orbitae> upper facial height／breadth between the orbitae．
2． Because of the significant difference between cranial length indices, the shape of the skulls in the phayre's leaf monkeys belong to the chamaecrany， but that in the francois'leaf monkey to orthocrany．
3．Phayre's leaf monkey is more protrusion than that of the francois'leaf monkey for the facial morphology．
4．The position of the foramen magnum in the phayre's leaf monkey is more orally compared with that of francois'leafmonkey．
5．In the francois'leaf monkey，optic ability was more developed than that in thephayre's leaf monkey．
6．Allometric formulas between canine and cranial length in two species were produced．The correlation coefficients show that in francois'leaf monkey the cranial length is more correlated with the canine when they are growing compared with that of phayre's leaf monkey．

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ON THE P0PULAT10N AGE AND REPR0DUCTION OF Apodemus agrarius IN BEIJING AREA

ZHANG Jie

1989, 9(1):  41-48. 

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The popalation ecology of Apodemus agrarius in the rural area of Beijing was investigated from 1982 to 1986. A total number of 1360 specimens were colleced and dissected, among which 684 were males and 676 females．
1．Age struture in population
(1) Division of the age groups the specimens were divided into four age groups based on their body weight excluding viseera as the major index． The body weight of groupⅠ was≤10g； group Ⅱ 10．1一16.9g; groupⅢ 17— 24.9g; group Ⅳ > 25 g．
(2) The seasonal fluctuation of the age structure in Popu1ations：on the basis of analysing our five years trapping data from January to February．we found there wereno individuals belonging to the group IV in the population of this area． From M arch to April．the proportion of group Ⅲinceresed and group I decreased． From May to June, the individuals of group Ⅳ began to appear and increased in number suecessively;whilethe proportion of group I and Ⅲ was remarkably low. During the
months of July and August．the proportion of group 1V， i.e., the individuals of the overwintering mice increased． while the in dividuals of that year belonging to the group I and Ⅲreappeared and increased in number, Group IV decreased in number from
September to October， due to the death of the overwintering mice． In November and December， the main compositions were the in dividuals of gronp Ⅲ and group I， while individuals of group IV were rarely seen．So we can draw a conclusion that the population structure of Apodemus agrarius renewsonce a year in the area．
2． The sex ration: It was approximately 1：1 on the whole， but♀﹥♂in group Iand Ⅲ，and ♂>♀ in group Ⅲ and Ⅳ ．
3． The breeding ecology in population
(1) The breeding characteristics of the males．Studies have been carried out mainly on the correlation between the weight of testis and the sex maturity． The 0.5g weight of testis was detcrmined as the landmarkof sex maturity． and according to the criteria．no adultmales were observed in Beijing area from January to February． In March and April，the population was mainly composed of group Ⅱ andⅢ， with most individuals being mature． From May to June，the population was composed of individuals of group Ⅲ and Ⅳ ，and all the individuals were sex mature ones. A small numbar of juveniles of group Ⅲ were making their first appearance from July to August．From September to October, the population was mainly composed of individuals be
longing to group Ⅱ andⅢ，and most of them reached Sex maturity，and atrophied were seen in group Ⅳ．In November and December， the population comprised four groups，and only a few individuals of group Ⅳ were seen with atrophied testes， while the three other groups were all immature． These results indicated that there were two peaks of the reproduction in May—June an July—August，and the latter was the main period of reproduction．and what is more．the males in the year generally did not reach maturity．
(2) The breeding characteristics of females： The studies covered the following aspects :1) The velocity of the sex maturity: In April months of 1983-1985，therewere 20.8— 54.1% fema1es entered the beginning of the breeding season， and the first young entered the population late after May，but most of them did not take part in
reproduction． The presence of embryo were noted only in few individuals in September and October． 2) Annual cycles of reproduction and the ecological Life-span：There were two pregnancy periods per year． and a part of the individuals were seen to te pregnant three times．The population renewed once a year fundam entally．The ecological Life-span maintained about one year. 3) The litter size varied annually with little fluctuation， it being 6.18±0.35 in 1982， 5.69±O.13 in 1983 and 5.97±0．20 in 1985．


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GR0WTH ANALYSIS AND AGE INDICAT0R DETERMINAT10N oF STRIPED HAM STER

LI Yuchun， LUHaoquan， ZHANG Xuedong，XU Wensheng

1989, 9(1):  49-55. 

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The principal component analysis of 14 growth indices and non-growth index
maxilla molars war were in 539 specimens of Striped hamster (Cricetullus barabensis)．All analyzed indices were ordinated on the first principal component (axis) Z₁ whose contribution rate was 51.5％ to females correlation matrix and 49.8% to males．The result showed：
1．The greatest length of skull made the greatest projection on the first principal component Z₁ so it reflected the growth best in both male and female。
2．Body weight (except pregnant females)，body length，greatest length of body，and measurements of skull—basa1 length of skull，zygomatic width， the distance between maxilla incisor and molar，head back width，were better indices of body growth however there were some differences between males an d females.
3． Tail length and measurements of skull-length of maxilla molars row ,interorbital width, length of auditory bulla, width of auditory bulla, were regarded as poor growth indicators because 0f their small projections on the first principal component．
4．Although the grade of maxilla molars wear (the non-growth index， recognized as 9 grades)was a semi-melric index，its projection on Z₁ was still greater than 0.71 in both male and female，in spite of the loss of certain information in the process of recording．Apart from the better goodness of fit to growth，this index continuously changed as the animal developed．and there was no difference between male and female.Therefore， the grade of maxilla molars wear was selected as a precise and practical age indicator of striped hamster．


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NATURAL LONGEVITY OF PLATEAU PIKA(OCHOTONA CURZONIAE)

WANG Xuegao, DAI Kehua

1989, 9(1):  56-62. 

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The natural longevity of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) was investigated asa part of a long-term study of the behavicral ecology of the population of plateau pika near Qinghai Lake． During June 1984，April—July and October l985 and 1986 all adults and iuveniles totally 401 indiv ．were marked．All the marked animals alive within and nearthe study area were investigated by the author．The main results are as follows：
The mortality rate of plateau pika varied throughout the age．And of the young stage ( aged from the day of birth to 20 days) is low ，whereas subadult stage (2l-40days mortality rate is high。and of the adult Stage (from the age of 40 days on) declines． Mortality rate increases in the old pikas aging over 540 days．
The mortality rate varied throughout the season，being high in Summer． Another high rate of mortality occures at the beginning and the end of winter．
The mean mortality rate (q_x ) for all ages calculated from Table1 is 0.154． The mean mortality rates of pikas from three different litters during the 1986 to February 1987 are as follows: Litter_l， of the male is 0.169，and that of the female is 0.172．Litter₂，of the male 0.294，and of the female 0.261．Litter ₃，of the male 0.575， and of the female 0.786．
The greatest longevity of marked population of plateau pika in field is 957 days．The mean 119.9 days．
The mean longevities of pikas from the three litters during the 1986 to February 1987 are as follows: Litter₁，of the male is 108 days，and of the female 106 days．Litter₂，of the male 58 days，and of the female 86.3 days．Litter₃，of the male 24.8 days，and of the female 15.4 days．
The survivor curve of plateau pika is L type．

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STUDIES ON THE ESTERASE AND MALATE DEHYDROGENASE ISOZYM E ZYM 0GRAM S 0F APODEMUS PENINSULAE OF THE REGION QIN LING

MA Lailing， CHEN yuexian, LI Shaowen,LI Juhuai

1989, 9(1):  63-67. 

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The thin—layer isoelectric focusing electrophoresis with polyacrylamide gel method wereused to analyse the α-esterase(α-est),β-esterase(β-est)and Malate dehydrogcnase(M DH ) isozymes in the five kinds of tissues of Apodemus peninsulae．The sampies covered heart，liver，spleen，kidney and muscle．The results show that all the three kinds of isozyme have obvious tissue specificity．There are clear different enzyme activities in the five tissues．The Esterase activity in liver is higher than in other four tissues．The zymograms in the different issues have distinct differences as well. Spleen
is different from other tissues，its β—Est only existing in region and band B．In the same tissue，the α-Est and β-Est are different too．Normally，the activity of α-Est is
higher than ofβ-Eat．The MDH of liver has an evident region AB when it is stained in alkaline solution,but spleen has none．The MDH activities of heart and muscle are
a little higher than of other tissues．