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07 July 2008, Volume 16 Issue 4

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HABITAT SELECTION BY GIANT PANDAS IN MABIAN DAFENGDING RESERVE

WEI Fuwen,ZHOU Ang,HU Jinchu,WANG Wei,YANG Guang

1996, 16(4):  241-245. 

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Habitat selection by the giant panda was studied in 1992 in Mabian Dafengding Reserve.Habitat selection was quantified by estimating the droppings and feeding sites in 20× 2 m transect strip．Habitat parameters were measured along transect strip (slope， aspect, forest canopy cover)and in bamboo plots assimilated with the transects(bamboo cuIm density，basal diameter，proportion of young stoms)．V anderloeg and Seavia selectivity index was used to asses panda 's selection for different habitat parameters. The resuits were as follows．
1．Pandas preferred to select the evergreen and deciduous broadleafed forest．
2．Pandas showed strong habitat preference for gentle slope(< 30° )facing east and with dense forest canopy (> 50 ﹪)．
3·Pandas preferred to select following口． macropl*yllo stands with moderato bamboo density (10~ 30 culms／m )，thick basal diameter(> l0 mm)and high proportion of young stems (> 5 ﹪)．

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DNA FINGERPRINTING APPLIED TO THE INVESTIGATION OF WILD POPULATION OF GIANT PANDA

1996, 16(4):  246-249. 

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AMBIENT TEM PERATURE ， FOOD AND FORAGING ACTIVITIES OF WAPITI， GERVUS ELAPHUS， NELS0NI．IN ASPEN BOREAL FOREST

JIANG Zhi gang Robert J．Hudson

1996, 16(4):  250-258. 

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Activity rhythms of wapiti in aspen-boreal forests are polyphonic with fewest feeding bouts in mid-winter and summer(5.6／d)and most frequent feeding bouts in spring(9.2／d). Digestive kinetics. forage quality and availability as well as ambient temperature emerged as key factors regulating seasonal feeding rhythms．Forage availability influenced intake rate hence feeding bout length whereas food quality determined passage and digestion rates. Rumen repletion and depletion set the base line for hunger and the desire to eat. When high quality forage was available in late spring，wapiti had a polyphasic foraging pattern (evenly distributed multiple foraging bouts)．However，high ambient temperature suppressed feedingDuring mid-day in summer. inducing a crepuscular foraging pattern. Wapiti were able to compensate in subsequent foraging bouts for foraging time lost due to extreme ambient temperatures.

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POPULATION GROWTH AND MANAGEMENT OF PERE DAVID’S DEER IN DAFENG RESERVE

YU Changqing,LIANG Chongqi,LU Jun,DING Yuhua

1996, 16(4):  259-263. 

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The paper explored the population growth and demographic intervention of Pere David's deer in Dafeng．It was found that from reintroduced 39 individuals in l986 to 191 in I994，the growth of the population of David's deer was far more than its originally predicted，The reproduction rate of hinds of more than 3 years old was 83.5% ．The survival rate of fawns was 91% ，and 97% of those more than I year old． According to Leslie matrix mode1．population size of David 's deer will increase to 420 in 1998 which is about the environmental capacity．and 604 in 2000．The instantaneous rate of increases 0.2067 when the population reach a stable age distribution． The reproduction value of 4 years old fem ales was 1.814．which was the highest．It was suggested that the population of David s deer should be adjusted to a stationary age distribution by removing 70.96% of the 1-2 years old age class from the population every year so as to maintain stable age distribution at the carrying capacity

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THE SUDY ON POPULAT1ON ECOLOGY OF MACACA MULATTA AT LONGHUSHAN NATURE RESERVE ， GUANGXI

WANG Jun,FENG Min,LI Yanhong

1996, 16(4):  264-271. 

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During 1988 ~ 1995 years，applied the methods of direct census combine with relative estimate，the investigation of Macaca Malatta population was dealt with at Longhushan Nature Reserve，Guangxi。In 1990，the total population was estimated about 500 individuals in 14 groups in the central area of the Reserve．The group and population density was 1.6gr／km²and 55.6 indivi／km² respectively．The average group Size was 33±23.1 ( n= 6)．The group fission once 4～5 years，the group and the population growth averaged out to 14.8%and 9.7% per year respectively．The sex ratio of the adults was 7.6±6.5 (n= 12)，and that of 1～3 years old was 0.74±0.61 (n=4)．The immature take up 67.7±3.1%(n= 12)in a group．The mating season begin at Nov．12．put on end to Jan．20，with peaking in the first ten day of Dec，and it last three months．The birth seas on started on April．1．ended on the Aug．14 with peaking in the first ten day of May，and it last four and half months. The fertility ranged from 45.5% to l00%，with an average of 75.4±l 3.2 (n=21)．The newborn monkeys have low mortality，and sex ratio was 0.74±0.34(n=5).

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WINTER FOOD HABITS OF SABLE (MARTES ZIBELLINA)IN DAXINGANLING MOUNTAINS ， CHINA

XU Lj,JIANG Zhaowen,MA Yiqin,JIN Ailian,WANG Yongqing,Steve W .Buskirk

1996, 16(4):  272-277. 

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We collected 223 sable sacts in study areas in Daxinganling Mountains in three winters from 1991 to 1993 (82 scats in 1991，89 in1992，52 in l993)．Results indicate that winter foods of sables are mainly small mammals (54.1%)，berries and pine nuts(32.4%)，birds (12.5%) and ants (1.0%) . Sables select grey red—backed voles ( Clethrionmys rufocanus )and northern red—backed voles . as main food items 7 prey species of small mammals．The nests are arctic hares (Lepus timidus) and dormant Eutamias sibircus．For birds, sables hunt hazel grouses ( Tetrasles bonasia ) (8.1%)，Eurarian jays (Garrulus glandarius)(0.7%), major tits ( Parus major )(0.5%) etc．There are 2．2% scats contain egg shell segments of small birds．Plant food items of sable are berries of Vaccinium vitis-ideae (20.9%) and pine nuts of Piaus pumila (8.8%) ．Ants are found in scats also (1.0%)．There is not difference for frequencies of food items of sables among years (P>0.05)．We also find that sable precate capercaille (Tetrao parviroastris).Although capture rate of C．rutitus(79.4%)is higher than that of C.rufocanus(2.9%)，food habits results indicate that sables prefer C．rufocanus with larger body to C.rutilus，and avoid eating shrews( Sorex caecutiens)with musky odors.

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POPULATION ECOLOGY OF RATIUS NITIDUS IN THE WESTERN SICHUAN PLAIN Ⅱ ．SURVIVAL AND MOVEMENT

ZENG Zongyong,DING Weijun,LU0 Mingshu,YANG Yuemin,SONG Zhiming,Liang Junshu,Xie Rongkai

1996, 16(4):  278-284. 

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Six and a half years' mark-recapture，trap-dissection and captive feeding data are presented to charaeterize survival and movement of Rattus nilidus in the Western Sichuan Plain．The results show that interval between first and last capture for most of individuals was less than 4 months．Life span of males and females was at least 12 and 15 months，respectively．The male individuals lived longer than the female individuals．Of the adult individuals 90% moved with mean movement distance 39 m (male)and 35m (female)within their active center．and 10% dispersed 115 m (male)and 140 m (female)of their active center．Our long-term data on life history emphasize the importance of apparent frequency of adult dispersal due to flexible and facultative response of individuals to changeable and predictable environmental conditions, and
short life span of R．nitildus aswel1．

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DlSCRlMlNATlON OF MALE ADULT BRANDT'S VOLE (MICR0TUS BRANDTI)ON GROUP ODOUR DURlNG NONBREEDING PERIOD

ZHANG Li,FANG Jiming

1996, 16(4):  285-290. 

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In order to study the capability of group discrimination with odour cues of Brandt’vole (Microtus brandti) ,social investigation and urine-marking behaviour on unfamiliar and own group odour by male adult were studied during nonbreeding period．In the habituation-discrimination experiment, male voles investigated scents from substrate of unfamiliar group more than those of own group and control，and deposited more urine marks. Dominate males showed more investigation and urine-marking significantly than subordinates. It is indicated that Brandt'vole have the ability to discriminate group scents, factors for group discrimination exist in the substrate，and it also suggest that
scent marks of dominate play important cues in conspecific group olfactory communication．

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OBSERVATION ON BRANDT'S VOLE AT LOW TEMPERATURE IN EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

1996, 16(4):  291-296. 

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THE MEDIUM AND LONG TERM FORECASING OF POPULATION OF BANDICOTA INDICA WITH TIME SERIES MODELS

HE Miao,LIN Jiqiu,,WENG Wenying

1996, 16(4):  297-302. 

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In this paper, we used the time series method to forecasting population fluctuation of Bandicota indica，the main pest rodent in rice fields of Pearl River Delta，Guangdong province．Based on the data surveied in Liboshui district of Shiwan town，Boluo county，Guangdong province，from November of 1991 to December of 1993；we built a model by using triple exponential smoothing model combined with seasonal adjustment modeI，the smoothing constant was fixed as a=0.02, to forecast the population density month by month of 1994 continuously，the rate of accuracy of forecasting was 81.93﹪ ．Based on the data from November of 1991 to December of 1994．we forecasted the population density of 12 months of 1995 continuously，the rate of forecasting accuracy of two years was 86.56%.


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DISTRIBUTION OF ENDOCRINE CELLS IN THE GASTROINTESINAL MUCOSA OF THE CHINESE BAMBOO RAT (RHIZOMYS SINENSIS)

YANG GuibO,WANG Ping

1996, 16(4):  303-308. 

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Somatostatin，gastrin，cholecystokinin，neurotensin ，motilin ，gastric inhibitory polypeptide，glucagon，vasoactive intestinal peptide， endorphin and 5-hydroxytryrptamine immunoreactive cells in the mucosae of 15 segments of the gastrointestinal tract of each of the 5 Chinese bamboo rats(Rhizomys sinensis) were studied in order to delineate their adaptation to the special feeding behavior. 7 kinds of endocrine cells were found except motilin，vasoactive intestinal peptide and endorphin immunoreactive cells. The distribution of these cells was compared with that of the giant panda. Although both the bamboo rat and the giant panda live on bamboos，yet the kind and distribution
of endocrine cells in their gastrointestinal mucosa are different because of the differences in feeding behavior，j．e．the bamboo rat grinds its food into dust while the giant panda does not．These data indicate that the distribution of gastrointestinal endocrine cells related not only to the composition of what the animals live on but aslo to how the animals
process their feed before swallowing down.