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05 January 2008, Volume 14 Issue 4

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STUDIES 0N THE REPR0DUCTI0N 0F GIANT PANDA IN W0L0NG NATURAL RESERVE

WEI Fuwen, HU Jinchu

1994, 14(4):  243-248. 

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This paper reports the reproduction of the giant pandas at Wuyipeng Study Areas，Wolong Natural Reserve from 1978 to 1992．The results showed that wild female pandas came to estrus at the age of 6.5 years and gave birth at 7.5 years，stopped giving birth about 20 years．Wild male pandas came to estrus at 7.5 years and mated with female at age of 8.5 years,stopped mating still about 20 years.The annual reproductive rate of giant pandas was 62.5%，including 58.33% for the single fetus and 4.17% for the twin fetus.Since 86.4% of Bashania fangiana flowered and died off in 1983，so the estrus time of pandas had to be delayed almost one month in each year after 1983．The reason is perhaps that pandas got less trace element-Mn fron Bashania fangiana after flowering．

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THE INFLUENCE 0F DIFFERENT MATING WAY T0 BREEDING EFFECT 0F GIANT PANDA

FENG Wenhe, ZHANG Anju，HE Guangxin，Li Shaochang，YE Zhiyong FANG Shengguo

1994, 14(4):  249-254. 

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From 1987 to 1993，16 male Giant Pandas fed in our country mated up 31 female Giant Pandas for 108 times，and gave birth 45 young at thirty five litters.Seven of the 16 male Giant Pandas had the ability of natural mating，and the conception rate was 68.00%.Nine of them didn’t have the ability of natural mating，we can only collect the semina by electron injector from them，but three Giant Pandas semina reached the aim of farrowing effect by the artificial fertilization，and the farrowing rate was 19.12%．Around the natural mating，the conception and farrowing rate was higher.Under the artifieial feeding，only three Giant Pandas had the ability of natural mating，and one Giant Pandas semina collected by artificial electron injector can reach the farrowing effect．Under the artificial feeding,the natural mating age is between 6-21 years in male Giant Pandas，5-12 the twin are more．There are differences in the mating and farrowing effect due to the different birth place of Giant Pandas．

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STUDIES ON POPULAT10N ECOLOGY OF TIBETAN MONKEYS (MACACA THIBETANA)Ⅱ．REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS OF TIBETAN MONKEYS

LI Jinhua, WANG Qishan, LIMing

1994, 14(4):  255-259. 

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Reproduction of Tibetan monkeys troop in Yulingkeng of Huangshan Mountain was
seasonality，and it belongs to the birth rhythm pattern．Mean birth date was April 2 according to the records of birth in 1988，1990 and 1992．The age of sexual maturation of female monkeys averges 5.4±0.5 years old．The reproductive rate of females were affected by physiological and social factors．Females at the age of 7-12 years old possessed the higher birth rate．Birth rate of high-ranking females was not only higher than those of low-ranking ones，but the birth date of them was also earlier．Besides，we first suggested that the reproductive experience of a female affected the birth of next year．

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OESTROUS AND COPULATORY BEHAVIOR OF REARING XINJIANG—MONGOLIA BEAVER

HUANG Bujun, LU Haoquan, YU Changqin, LIU Manran, ZHENG Rongguang, CHU Hongjun

1994, 14(4):  260-264. 

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According to behavioral characteristics，oestrous cycle of Xinjiang-Mongolia beaver
(Castor fiber birulai Serebrennikov)can be didided into 4 phases:proestrus，oestrus
metaestrus and anestrus．In proedtrus，beavers appear to be active and noisy，and food-taking decrease:In oestrus，both sexes initiate vocalization of special characteristics which is named 'Oestrous vocalization'.The frequency of males' vocalization is higher than femaled'，though it is hard to distinguish．During copulation，the males appear to be more active and its food-taking decrease more significantly，while the females' food-taking increase slightly．The ’oestrous vocalization and other behavior may serve as significant symbols to identify phases of oestrous cycle．Oestrus and copulation occur normallyin Xinjiang-Monglia beaver under rearing conditions．Copulation may occur on either land or water．

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A COMPARISON OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS IN OCHOTONA THIBETANA AND O.CURZONIAE

YU Ning, ZHENG Changlin, SHI Liming, WANG Wen, LAN Hong

1994, 14(4):  265-271. 

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The two species，Ochotona thibetana and O.cutzoniae(genus Ochotona)，are easily
distinguishable based on traditional morphological characteristics. But what about the characteristics ata molecrlar level? We know little about them.So the analysis of genetic differences between the two species at DNA level may provide useful data for systematics and evolutionary biology. Besides morphological comparison，patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDAN )variation were evaluated between the two species．In this study,purified mtDNA was digested with 16 restriction endonucleases that recognized 6-bp sequences．Lambda DNA fragments disgested with Hind Ⅲ were used as molecular weight standards．The molecular size of mtDNA from two species was about 17.9kb．A total of 30 restriction types were recognized by the sixteen enzymes．Of these enzymes，twelve display interspecific site polymorphism．Therefore，extensive site polymorphism exists between the two species．The average number of nucleotide substitutions per site(genetic distance)between them is 0.0455．If the base substitution rate of pikas mtDNA was 2% per million years，then the divergency of the two species would have happened about 2.3 Myr ago (Late Pliocene or Yushea/early Nihewangian of the Chinese mammalian age)．This calculation appears to be substantiated by the fossil record．

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THE PARENTAGE TEST 0F WILD H0USE MICE BY DNA FINGERPRINTING

FANG Jiming，Jane Hurst，Chris Barnard

1994, 14(4):  272-280. 

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This is the first paper about the study of parentage test of wild house mice(Mus musculus domesticus)by DNA fingerprinting．Using DNA fingerprinting is able to identify the relationship between wild house mice offspring and their panents． In stead of the similarity coeficients，the comparison of band sharing was recommended to be applied for the parentage test of wild house mice．because even the wild house mice were related to great extent．The mouse probe generated a novel and highly individual specific mouse DNA fingerprint,compared to
human probe 33.6．

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STUDIES 0N USING THE BASE HEIGHT 0F PR0XIM AL BACULAR PR0CESS T0 DIVIDE THE AGE GR0UPS 0F M ALE DAVID S V0LE

LIU Shaoying

1994, 14(4):  281-285. 

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166 male David's vole (Eothenomys melanogaster melanogaster)was collected from Anxian county,Sichuan province during September,1990 to April,1991.all the male's bacular were made into transparent bacular specimens and the base height of proximal bacular process was used to divided it into 5 age group: Juvenil group:the base height was less than or equal to 0.38mm. Subadult group:the base height was more than 0.38mm,less than or equal to 0.53mm. adult groupⅠ:the base height was more than 0.53mm,less than or equal to 0.63mm. Adult groupⅡ:the base height was more than 0.63mm,less than or equal to 0.78mm. old group:the base height was more than 0.78mm. Variance analysis shows that the base height of proximal bacular process in 5 groups was different significantly(F-699.6,df=161).the differences inter 5 groups were significantly ,too. Throughvariance analysis,we found the body length,proximal bacular process length and base width of proximal bacular process of 5 groups were different remarkablly(body length,F=154.7,proximal bacular process length,F=73.2,base width,F=83.6,df=161)and the differences inter 5 groups were remarkablly too. So we think that using the base height of proximal bacular process to divide the age group of male David's vole was feasible and accurate.

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THE ADAPTIVE THERMOGENESIS 0F BRANDT'S V0LES

LI Qingfen, LI Ning, SUN Ruyong

1994, 14(4):  286-293. 

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Compared with brandt's voles living in warm environment(25士2℃ )，the animals
exposed to cold (6士1℃ ) showed some physiological and biochemical changes which might be important in their adaptation to cold．
Cold exposure hadno obvious effects on the body weight and body temperature of the animals．However，resting metabolic rate (RMR )，nonshivering thermogenesis
(NST )and triiodothyronne (T₃)concentration in serum increased much more with increasing time．The state-3 respiration and acIivities of cytuchrome C oxidase of liver mitochondria were activated prominently after one day exposure to cold and these activations proceeded with the prolonged cold exposure． The liver motochondrial protein and state—4 respiration also increased after a relatively long period of time(10-20 day)in the cold．
The weights and mituchundrial protein contents of the brown adipose tissue
(BAT)increased after exposure to cold for 1O-20 day．The activities of cytochrome C oxidase，succinate oxidase and α-glycerophosphate oxidase of BAT mitochondria increased markedly after one day exposure to cold and kept the increase with the prolonged cold exposure．The regulation of Ta to RM R and NST was discussed in the article．
It is,therefore,by means of the elevation of RM R and NST of BAT that Brandt's vole can maintain constant body temperature in the cold．

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STUDIES 0N THE SEAS0NAL DYNAMICS 0F THE MUSK SHREW P0PULATION

DING Ping, BAO Yixin, ZHUGE Yang

1994, 14(4):  294-298. 

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The seasonal dynamics of the musk shrew population had been studied in the reclaimed rural area of Xiaoshan，Zhejiang from April 1985 to December 1992．The results of the studies showed that the capture rate of musk shrew population varied seasonally with two peaks occurring in M ay and October respectively，the latter was higher than the former，The seasonaI variation on the breeding characteristics of the female musk shrew also could be found，and the higher pregnancy rate occurred in February and July．The mean litter size of the female musk shrew was higher in May to June and August to September,From the population fluctuation curves，we could know that the seasonal dynamics of the musk shrew population were different between field population and domestic population．In the field population，the peak capture rate occurred in April and September to 0etober．and in May and Ottoher in the domestic population．The pregnancy rate in the domestic population was obviously higher than one in the field population．In this paper，the difference on the seasonal dynamics between male and female population was discussed too．

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SMALL MAMMAL COMMUNITY COMPOSITION AND SEAS0NAL CHANGES IN CROP FIELDS OF WESTERN AND SOUTHERN PLAINS IN SHANDONG PROVINCE

JIANG Yunlang, LU Haoquan, LI Yuchun, ZHANG Xuedong, XU Wensheng, HU Jiwu, TIAN Jiaxiang

1994, 14(4):  299-305. 

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Investigations on small mammal community in crop fields of western and southern
plains in Shandong province were carried out from M arch，1 992to M arch，1993． Six communities were classified as follows:
A． Flood land field Cricetulus barabensls community；
B． Flood land field near residential area C． barabensis+ Mus musculus community；
C． Gentle Sloping field C． barabensis+ Apodesnus agrarius community；
D． Shallow flat low—lying fieId A．agrarius+ C．burabensis+ c．triton community．
E． Low—lying field C． barabensis+ A． agrarius+ C．triton community；
F． Low—lying vegetable plot A ． agrarius+ C． barabensis com m unity．
Seasonal changes in comm unity com pisition w ere distinct except in community A ．From Novemher to February in next year C． barubensis was the dominant,in other months was A． agrarius or C． triton,Seasonal migrations of house mouse (musculus)were also f0und in crop field near residentia1 area．

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ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF DIVIDING AGE TARGET FOR RATTUS LOSEA P0PULATIoN

XieFucai

1994, 14(4):  306-308. 

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STUDY ON THE POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE AND BREEDING OF THE SIKKIM MICE

LiDaohong, LuoRong

1994, 14(4):  309-311. 

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THE PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ON THE POPULATION ECOLOGY OF CHINESE FIELD MOUSE(APODEMUS DRACO)

1994, 14(4):  312-313. 

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