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05 January 2008, Volume 14 Issue 2

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0BSERVAT10N 0N THE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR 0F MALE GIANT PANDA DURING THE MATING

GAO Fengqi， BU Hua， ZHAO Yang， LU Baojun， WU Shuqin

1994, 14(2):  81-85. 

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The sexual behavior of male giant panda named Wan Wan raised in the Xi’an Zoo
was observed．It had copulated successively with three female giant pandas during the mating season from 1986 to 1991．Four survivals of six foteus at five births were gotten by the mounting thirty-three times and copulated twenty-one times of male giant panda. Some information of male sexual behavior were obtained,such as mounting and
copulatory posture，time and vocalization of copulation as well as the capacity for eatting reduction and the change of activities．

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SYSTEMATICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ROCK VOLES OF THE SUBGENUS ALTCOLA S．STR．IN THE PEOPL'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (RODENTIA：ARVIC0LINAE)

O． L． Rossolimo I． J． Pavlinov R． S． Hoffmann

1994, 14(2):  86-99. 

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The subgenus of rock voles，Alticola s．str．，is widely distributed over montane regions of Central Asia from the Himalayas and Hindu Kush through the Pamirs．TienShan and Tibet to Tuva．Khangai and Lake Baika1．Within its range，the subgenus displays a rather complicated pattern of morphological diversity，which makes it difficult to discriminate within-species variation from between-species differences．Apart from wellknown faunistic and taxonomic reviews in which the systematics of Altlcola was casually reviewed along with other taxa (e. g.et a1．，Ellerman，1941;Ellerman．1951;Gromova1．，1977；Corbet，l978；Honacki eta1．1982；Pavlinov et a1．1987) ,there have been few revisions based directly on a thorough analysis of original data (Hinton，1926；Heptner et a1．1968; Rossolimo et a1．1992a；Heilscher et al． 1992)．Due to differences in opinions of their authors on species concept，materials available, and technicaI methods employed，these works suggested drastically different classifications at species and subspecies levels．For instance，the number of species in Alticola S．str varied，according to the above revision,from one to 12．

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DYNAMICS OF THE RODENT COMMUNITY IN THE CHIHUAHUAN DESERT OF NORTH AMERICA

ZENG Zongyong, YANG Yuemin, SONG Zhiming

1994, 14(2):  100-107. 

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In this paper the time series analysis method re and the seasonality index were applied to characterize seasonal fluctuations，seasonality and periodicity of the6 ecolgical variables (number of species，number of individuals，biomass，index of shannon and Simpson of species diversity and evenness of the rodent community)in the Chihuahuan Desert，which was composed 17 species of 10 genera of 4 farallies．
The results suggested that(1)one or two of the 6 variables were maximum every season．Except number of individuals and evenness，the other 4 variabhs were minimum in winter ；(2)number of species and biomass，number of specise and two Indexes of species diversity，and two indexes of species diversity showed similarly aeasonaI fluctuations;(3)the negative correlations between seasonaI series of 5 variables，except number of indiviuals，and density series of 8 species populations weRE signiFicant ;(4)number of species showed remarkable seasonality with seasonality Index= 0.628；(5)no periodicity was found in number of species，number of individuals and biomass．The time patterns of dynamics of the rodent community were discussed，which were owed mainly to dlspersal and dormancy of the component species populations of the community．

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A DETRENDED C0RRESP0NDENCE ANALYSIS 0F C0MMUNITY STRUCTURE 0F DESERT R0DENT AND ENVIR0NM ENTAL FACTORS IN ANXI

LIU Dingzhen, LIU Naifa, SONG Zhiming, PAN Facheng, NING Ruidong

1994, 14(2):  108-116. 

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This study was carried out in Anxi desert，Gansu province from March to Oetober in 1 990．the different type of plant community as sample plots were elected．Nine desert rodent communities were investigated in order to reveal the interrelations between the community structure of desert rodents and the environmental factors，and found out the determinants of community structure． A kind of method of detrended correpondence analysis (DCA)was used by means of computer．
In spring，the locations of 9 communities on the second ordinate axis (information was 37.3 )of DCA was positive correlation with the ground water level，altitude and mean precipitation (r=0.08，p< 0.01；r= 0．81，p< 0．01 respectively)，and negative correlation with the mean tempe rature (r=0.83，P< 0.01)．
In summer，the locations of 9 communities on the second ordinate axis(information was 36.9 )of DCA was positive correlation with the vegetation coverage，plant height,soil moisture content and soil hard—degree (r=0．86，p< 0．0l；r= 0．62，p< 0．05；r=0．75， p< 0．01；r=0.82，p< 0．01 respectively)．
In autumn.the locations of 6 communities on the first ordinate axis(information was 59.8 )of DCA was significantly negative correlation with the soil moisture content (r=0 86，p< 0.01)．
In genera1．the locations of 9 communities on the first ordinate axis(information was 60．3 )of DCA was significantly negative correlation with the vegetation coverage，soil moisture content and soil hard—degree (r=-0．89,p< 0．01；r=- 0．63，p< 0．05；r=-0．68，p< 0.05 respectively)．The vegetation coverage，soil moisture content and hard—degree were the determinants of community structure of desert rodents in Anxi，furthermore，water was the most important determinant．

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FIELD EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE MULTIFACTORIAL HYPOTHESIS OF POPULATION SYSTEM REGULATION FOR SMALL RODENTS：ANANALYSIS OF EFFECTS OF FOOD AVAILABILITY AND PREDATION ON POPULATION DYNAM ICS OF R00T VOLE

LIU Jike, SU Jianping, LIU Wei, WANG Xi, NIE Haiyan, LI Yumin

1994, 14(2):  117-129. 

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This study determines the effects of nutrition，predation，and spacing behaviour interactions on the population demography of root voles，Microtus oeconomus，using a iactorial experiment design under enelosures in field．The effect patterns of food availability and predation on the population dynamics of the voles reported in this paper is the first part of the muhifaetorial hypothesis of population system regulation for small rodents.The specific hypothesis tested is that the availability of high-quality food and predation act independently and additively to limit the population densities Qf small rodents．
The results from four experimental treatments generally suppotted the hypothesis that food availability and predation have independent and additive effects on the vole populations．The predictions that the populations with supplemental food and no predation would reach the highest densities，those with no supplemental food and predator access (control)show the lowest densities，and those with single treatment have intermediate densities have been confirmed.A two—way AN0VA indicated that both food and predation treatments had significant effects on densities during 1— 20W K ．Prevention of predator accessing significantly affected the recruitments during 4— 20W K，but the effects of additional food on recruitments was somewhat less and only marginally signlficant．
The effects of both food and predation treatments on the densities and recruitments appeared to be additive (no significant interaction)and different in magnitude.Also as expected the patterns of recruitment and the instantaneous rate of population increase under four different treatments paralleled the observed density patterns．

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N0NLINEAR M0DEL AND STEPWISE REGRESSI0N 0F P0PULAT10N DYNAMICS 0F Rattus nitidus

YANG Yuemln, ZENG Zongyong, LU0 Mingshu, SONG Zhiming, LLANO Junshu

1994, 14(2):  130-137. 

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A method to study population dynamics based on raw data and nonlinear model by stepwise regression and stepwise prediction is developed in this paper．The data on Rattus nitidus were collected in our study site in Qionglai county，Sichuan province by markrecapture，trap and dissection technique from 1989 to 1991．The relationship between populatign density and age structure，sex ratios，reproductive eharaotera，temprature and precipitation are analysed and quantified to predict population density of Rattus nitidus and determine to what extent the present day ecological factora are influencing the future populaton density．Stepwise regression results reveal that the relationship between population density of Rattus nitidus and age structure is conspicuous，but the relationship between population density and sex ratios is not Reproductive characteristics showed significant effects on population density with reproductive time delay．

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STUDIES 0N THE CHARACTERISTICS REPR0DUCTION STRIPED FIELD M0USE(APODEMUS AGRARIUS NINGPOENSIS)IN DONGTING PLAIN

WANG Yong, CHEN Anguo, Ll Bo, GUO Cong, LI Shibin

1994, 14(2):  138-145. 

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The characteristics of the reproduction of striped field mouse in taoyuan and hanshou of hunan province were studied from october ,1986 to october 1990.2768 specimens were collected. 1．The total sex ratio of the striped field mouse was 45.6%,and it was below 50%,over years.the sex tatio was over 50% in age group ,and below 50%in age group Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ，and it decreased gradually from group ⅠtoⅤ. 2.the main breeding season of the female mouse wass from March to November.there were two Breeding peaks in a year,the first peak was in April to May,and the other was from july to october.the season of the second breeding peak was different from year to year. 3.In main breeding season,the mean pregnant rate,little size and reproductive index of four years were 48.6±4.0%,5.3±0.2 and 2.36±0.29.All of these and sex ratio fluctuated from month to month.the mean pregnant rate in first breeding peak was 65.5%-49.2% and 61.2%-65.5% from July to October.the mean litter size was biggest in October (6.2 and smallest in June(4.2).the pregnant rate of age group Ⅴwas 44.0%,and Ⅱ was 20.0%,it increased gradually from age group Ⅱ to Ⅴ.the sex ratio,pregnant rate and reproductive indexd among age groups were significantly related. 4.The fluctuations of the rate of testes in scrotum and the rate of female pregnancy were identical. 5.The pregnant rate was significantly negative related to the population density. 6.The result of A.a. ningpoensis was different from that of A.a. pallidior and A.a.manchuricus in breeding season,breeding peak,mean litter size and sex ratio.the breeding level in winter depended on air temperature.

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STUDIES ON THE VARIATIONS OF BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE AND NONSHIVERING THERM OGENESIS IN A HIBERNATOR (ERINACEUS EUR0PAETUS)

SUN Jinsheng, ZENG Jinxiang

1994, 14(2):  147-153. 

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The variations of nonshivering thermogenesis (NST ) and brown adipose tissue (BAT ) in weight and uhrastrueture were studied in the hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus)，so as to deal with the function of BAT during arousaI from hibernation． The results showed that，the relative weight of BAT in hedgehogs was the lowest (0．23% )in summer(July)，andinereased rapidlyin autumn，the highest value of relative weight was observed in the prehibernation (November)；no variations were observed in the hibernating hedgehogs，but decreased rapidly during arousal from hibernation (0．32 %)．The variation of BAT were related to the heat production during arousa1．The numbers and sites of fat droplets and mitachondria cristaes of BAT in the prehibernating and hibernating hedgehogs were higher than that in the posthibernating hedgehogs，and show the hibe rnating hedgehogs could be able to produce heat rapidly during arousal from hibernatoin．
The results also showed that the thermoneutral zone was the ranges 25℃ to 27℃ and the lowest RMR (mlO₂／g／h)was 2．577士0．654 in the awaking hedgehogs，over the Ta．ranges 0℃ to the low artical tem perature，a significantly negative correlation and a regression was observed between the Ta．and the RMR：The lowest RMR was 0．064 at th e Ta．of 5℃ in the ibernating hedgehogs,and the Ta．also affected RMR．
The NE— NST expressed in two forms：the maxmium metabolic response to NE (NSTmax)，and the absolute increase in oxygen consumption ( (NSTmax—RMR)／RMR )．NSTmax in the awaking hedgehogs was higher than that in the hibermating hedgehogs，and show the body temperature of hibernating hedgehogs inhibited the metabolic rate；The absolute increase in oxygen consumption in the awaking hedgehogs was lower than that in the hibernating hedgehogs，and show the NE- NST was the main heat source during arousal from hibe rnation．

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NEUROENDOCRlNE REGULATION OF SEASONAL BREEDlNG ACTlVITY IN PLATEAU PIKA Ⅱ．THE INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD DURING THE RESTORATlON PHASE

LI Ziwei, DU Jizeng, SUN Ruyong

1994, 14(2):  154-159. 

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The present experiment was performed in order to study whether photoperiods affect the body weight，gonadal weight,plasma testosterone concentration and pineal melatonin content in male plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) during their restoration phase The main results a re as follows：
(1)The weights of testes (932．3± 79．3 mg／pair／100gBW ，n=15)，epididymis (171．1±13.8rng／pair／100gBW ,n= 15),deferent duct(7.9± 0.5mg／pair／100gBW ，n=15)and seminal vesicle(47．7±5．3mg／100gBW ，n=1 5)of the long photoperiod group were higher than that of the short photoperiod group and the natural light group．(2)Plasma testosterone(u< 0．001)concentration (1 537．4±143．5 pg／ml，n=1 5)of the long photoperiod group was still higher than that of the other two groups．(3) The weight of pineal gland(1．5±0．1mg，n =1 5)and the content of melatonin(89.7±5.8pg／pineal gland，n=6) of long photoperiod group were lower than that of the other two groups.
The results suggested that the change of neuroendocrine gonad axis to the outside of photoperid has sentitivity．Therefore it may be infer utilization the change of photoperiod to plateau pika in the ecological environment could be regulate the seasonal breeding.