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20 August 1992, Volume 12 Issue 3

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STUDIES 0N SEXUAL DIM0RPHISM 0F THE MANSIBULAR DIMENSIONS IN STUMPTAILES MONKEY (Macaca arctoides)

WANG Hong，PAN Ruliang， PENG Yanzhang， YE Zhizhang

1992, 12(3):  161-166. 

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Eight variables of mandibular dimensions measured from the stump-tailed monkey were studied by univariate and multivariate analyses in order to estimate sexual dimorphism in this creature．ANOVA test showed that all of the variables are significant differences between sexes. The significant and very useful discriminators are condyle structare，i．e．width and lenght of the condyle．Two sexes are successful separated，the first diseriminat function based on condylar length and width(P＜0.001). The function is D=-11.013+1.151 Condyle +0.269 Condylm, When D=-1.271+0.182, individual will be discriminated as the female; when D=0.973+0.290, they as the male. If male has a longer mandibular length or resistance arn than female, another resistance arms are relatively shorted, But condylar strutcureis more developed than that of the female in order to obtain the more powerful masticatory froce. Relationship between mandibular length and other variables in stump-tailed monkey is more closer to that in rhesus monkey and in proboscis monkey, but a little far from that in the entellus monkey. This may be correlated with similar dietary category and between stump-taied and rhesus monkeys.


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M0THER INFANTS INTER ACTIONS IN CAPTIVE MIDDLE SLOW LORIS (Nycticebus intermedicus)

FENG Qing, WANG Yingxiang, LI Chongyun

1992, 12(3):  167-174. 

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The paper presents the information of mother-infants interactions of Nycilcebus intermedieus in captivity．5 mother-infants dyads(10 babies and their mothers)were observed．All mothers were got from field and mated in field．The babies were born in February and March in captivity．I．For the first 2 weeks the mothers were strongly protective，especially during the day．After the 2nd week mothers were not stronsly protective．After the 7th week the protective maternal behaviors were only observed du ring the day．After the 5th week no protective maternal behavior．
2．The first time that rejecting maternal behaviors in different pairs were varied．The earliest time was the 2nd week，and the average time was the 3rd week．At first，rejecting maternal behaviors were only observed at niglit．
3．At the 12th week the contact time in the pairs became 0 at night，and at the
16.5th week，it became 0 during the day (Fig.1)．Of the various forms of contact，ventral-ventral contact was the most common．
4．The mothers were the active par nets for the first 2 weeks，from the 3rd to
the 7th week mothers and infants were equally active, after the 7th week the infants were active oartners in social behaviors．
5．During the first 8 weeks，only friendly behaviors were observed．After the
gth week both friendly and aggressive behaviors were observed in mother-infants dyads．
6．Mothers left their babies alone very early．After 12 hours of birth mothers
left their babies alone and moved about．
7．By comparison with other advanced primates，the mother-infants interactions in Nyeticebus intermedius were relatively loose．The dyads did not have strong discernment，when an infant approached any mother the mother did not prevent its ventral contact with her．and also nursed the infant，but social grooming between them was never observed 8. The duration of mother-infants interactiors in Nycticebus interrnedicus was about 20 weeks．The infants were weaned at 1-16 weeks old．after 1-2 weeks of weaning，infants contacted with their mother once again for 1-2 weeks．During this period the behaviors between them were mainly grooming and play．

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A REVISION OF HUANGHE PIKA OCHOTONA HUANGESOS(MATSCHIE，1907)

YU Ning, ZHENG Changlin

1992, 12(3):  175-182. 

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The type of ochotona (Conothoa)huangensis is named basing two original specimens by Matschie (1907)，and its type locality is an unrecorded spot．The type locality was assumed to the Tsingling (Mts. Qinling，Shaanxi)in the vicinity of Sianfu (Xi'an shi oy Allen(1938)．He recognized O．huangensis as a subspecies ef O．thibetana，and followed by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951)；Feng and Kao(1974)，Feng and Zheng (1985)．However，Ognev(1940)，and followed by Gromov and Baranova(1981)，placed it as 0.daurica，apparently because Thomas (1908) in his original description，compared O．huangensis to bedfordi, a subspecies of O. daurice．They did not themselves examine any specimens of 0．huangensis，Gureev(1964)listed huangensis as synonym of different two species. O．thibetana and 0. daurica, in the same book．Corbet(1978)synonymised 0． hungensis with 0．thibetana，and then with O．daurica(Corbel, 1984)． 0．syrinx Thomas 1911 and O. cansus more a Thomas 1912 were synonymised with O.t.huangensis by Allen(1938)and followed by Argyropulo(1948); Ellerman and Morrison-Scott(1951，1960); Feng and Kao(1974)．Osgood (1932)and Corbet (1978) listed the two synonyms as O．thibetana．Chapman et a1．(1990) included syrinx in O．t．huangensis but morsa in O．cansus．These are the source of confusion. For this reason we have examined many specimens of this area．5 specimens from Zhashui(the Mts．Qinling in the vicinity of Xi'an，Shaanxi)，the assumed type locality，as well as a series of 41 specimens from various localities in Mt．Taibai． Shaanxi, wushan，Sichuan, Xunhua，Qinghai and so on are examined，all possessed the following characters． Ears are small in size．The color of dorsal areais darker grey tinged with brown．Under surface is greyish white．The color of naked pads is clay yellow． Skull are flattened form．Interorbital space and braincase are broader．Bu1la are conspicuously smaller and lower． Although quite similar to 0．thibetana, here 0．huangensis is separated on the basis of its skull characters and the observation that intermediate forms are not found in the extensive zone of sympatry，Mt．Taibai，(Mrs．Qinling)and mountains of northwestern Sichuan，between the two species．It also has a sympatrin distribution with allied species ．Such as，it sympatric with O．caesus in Xunhua，Qinghai and southern Gansu．The intermediate forms do not occur in these area． Compared with 0．daurica，0．huangensis has a smaller size，dull pelage color；a border and flattened skull and a smaller bulla．Thus，we believe 0．huangensis is a in dependent species rather than a subspecies of 0．thibetana or a synonym with 0．daurica．The scattergram also shows the difference among 0．huangensis，0．teibctana，0．nubriea，0．royaei(see Fig．1)． 0．syrinx an d 0．t．xunhuaensis is placed in synonym with 0．huangensis based on original description and topotypes．The topotypes ofmorosa display the skull shape and pelage color typical of O．thibetana .

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STUDIES 0N THE NUTRIT10NAL ECPLOGY OF HERBIVOR0US SMA LL MAMALS：PATTERNS OFFOOD SELECTION AND FOOD QUALITY FOR PLATEAU PIKAS，OCHOTONA CURZONIAE

WANG Xi, LIU Jike, LIU Wei, JI Lanju

1992, 12(3):  183-192. 

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This paper reported the food pattern，food preference index and natritional componant of food itemsJ and analysed the relation between the food quality and the food selection．PIateau pikas mostly ate dicotyledon leaves．Comparison of diet composition with forage availability indicated the food selective degree on each food item for plateau pikas．PIateau pikas strongly preferred Elymus nutans，Oxytropis ochrocephala and Potentilla nivea, Contents of nutrient component in the three food items were changed markly monthly．Wefound positive correlations between dietary percents of food item sand those for water，crude protein，sodium (Na)and phosnhorus(P)contents，and negative correlations between dietary percents and those for fat，fibrel potassium (K)，calcium (Ca)and magnesium (M g) contents．Multiple regressive techniques revealed that only the relationships with dietary percents and phosphorus (P) content remained singnificant wheneffects of other nutrients were removed．Those correlations and regressions between those nutrients and dietary percents were diffcrrents(Table 5 and Table 6)．Those results above support to the hypothesis：the forage availability and found quality decide food selection．


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STUDIES ON THE POPULATION AGE OF GANSU ZOKOR

LI Xiaochen ， Wang Tingzheng

1992, 12(3):  193-199. 

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From March of 1987 t0 October of 1988, the authors studied the population ecology of Gansu zokor in Yanan region of north Shaanxi province．
Based on a series of experiment for age determination of the Gansu zokor, we found that the contents of inorganic salt in the skull were increasing along with the increasing of age, and there was a positive relation between them . We also found that the dried skull weight were getting heavier when the percentage of the inorganic salts becoming higher．According to above facts，we took the dried skull weight as a major index of age determination，refering to the morpholngical characters of the skull and the reproduction. as well as the results of observing feeding the zokors in laboratory,the zokor wasdivided into five age groups through the frequency distribution of the dried skull weight．T-test show that the difference between the skull weight of neighbour two age groups were striking,so the age groups divided by the dried skull weight were trustworthy．
There were seasonaland yearly changes the population age composition．The proportion of the young group was higher than in other seasons，during the breeding seasons．The proportion of subadults was also increasing after the breeding seasons．Because of the generation overlapping，the seasonal variation of proportion in adult group I and old group was not obvious．On the other hand, as the differences of tempcratre and precipitation the poplation age composition had yearly changes too． For example，since the low pregnancy rate caused by the reduce of precipitation inmay of1988, proportion of the young zokor was lower in 1988 than in 1987.

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STUDIES ON THE POPULATION ENERGETICS OF PLATEAU ZOKOR I．AVERAGE DAILY METABOLIC RATE AND BURROWING METABOU CRATE

SU Jianping， WANG Zuwang

1992, 12(3):  200-206. 

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Plateau zokor (Myospatax baileyi) is the specific species of fossorial rodent in
Qinghai—Tibet Plateau and a dominant species of small mammals in alpine meadow
ecosystem．To understand the function of this species in the ecosystem，a research project of population energetics has been carried out year by year since 1987．This paper reports the results of laboratory experimental measurement for average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) monthly June through October and burrowing metabolic rate (MR_B) in October，1988． ADMR of the zokors in each month June through October was tabulated in Table I． No significant monthly difference was detected by ANOVA (F =0.731，p》0.05)，suggesting no seasonal variation of ADMR in the zokors．This pattern differed significantly from those of terrestrial small mammals and was partly due to the relative stbility of microelimate in burrows underground．The relationship between ADMR and body weight (W ) for the pooled data could be described by equation：ADMR =20．09W^{-0·5 0}(n=30，r =-0．726)，where ADMR expressed in terms of ml O_2/^g, hrand W in gram． burrowing metabolic rate(MRB) of the zokors was 4.62829332ml O₂/g hr，equialent to 3.15～3.78 times of averaged ADMR for different months．MRs was negatirely correlated with body weight．The relationship between M Rz and W could bedescribed by equation：MR_b=67.24W ^-0.50(n =20，r =-0.493)，where MR_b expressedint：rms of mt O₂/g·hr and W in gram． No significant circadian metabolic rhythm was found in the zokors under labora tory conditios with T =2O℃ ．which was viewed aS an adaptatiou to darkness of the burrow habitat．However，we presum ed that zokors ranging in the field perform a daily rhythm of m etabolism accompanied with that of burrowing because of higher metabolic rate in the process of burrowing．The haraeteristics of daily metabolism mentioned above will be helpful to establish a model fit to estimate daily energy budget of the zokor which will be discussed in the next paper .

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A STUDY ON THE RELATIVE FATNESS OF STRIPED HAMSTER

ZHOU Yanlin， HOU Xixian， DONG Weihui， YANG Yuping

1992, 12(3):  207-212. 

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The relative fatness of striped hamster (cricetulus barabensis)was studied in hehaote district during 1984- 1989．The results showed that there are no significent differences of relative fatness with respect to habitats and age-groups．However the fatness of different sexual were observed，and the females were fatter than the males．There are obvious seasonal chage in the relative fatness which is lower in summer. higher in spring and in autumn．The yearly variations of the relative fatness showed hat it had an significant differences．but not correlation to its population dynamics.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEASONALITY AND PERIODICITY IN ELEVEN SPECIES OF RODE TS IN THE CHIHUAHUAN DESERT OF NORTH AM ERICA

ZENG Zongyong, YANG Yueming, SHONG Zhiming, Luo Mingshu

1992, 12(3):  213-222. 

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In this paper time series methods are applied to analyse seasonality，trends and periodicity of population density on 11 species of rodents in the Chihuahuan Desert of North Ameriea，and a seasonality．index is developed to evaluate the seasonality of population density as well．The results reveal that Chaetodipus penicillatus has the most significant seasonality，but two species in genus Peromygcus and Perognathus flavus have the most ambiguous seasonality of all, There are trends in population density of7 pecies．Popalation density of 6 species tends to increase，on the contrary that of Dipodomys spetctabilis trends to deerease during the study period．Weind out a 4-year period in fluctuation of population density of Dipodomys merriami，a 4．5-year period in Peromyscus maniculatus and a 1-year period in the other three species includingChaetodipus penicillatus, Reithrodontomys megalaotis and Onychomys leucogaster．A comparative study on seasonality，trends and periodicity shows that population dynamics 11 species varies widely and lacks clear and consistent patterns with their phyloge-netieal history．We suggest that it is diverse seasonality，trends and periodicity patterns that keep coexistence temporally in 11 species.

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A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF CORTIC0TROPIN RELEASING FACTOR OF HYPOTHALAMUS IN 0CH0TDNA CURZDNIAE

DU Jizeng， YOU Zhibing

1992, 12(3):  223-229. 

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0chotona curzoniae has been recommended byourpast work to be a model animforstudying mechanism of hypoxic adaptation．In studies of hypoxic modulation of CRF (Corticotropin Releasing Factor)we successfully teated the contents of CRF in median eminence hypothalamus using a rat CRF and its antiserum with a sensitivity range of 3 to 200 Pg／tube．Intra and inter assay aoefficient of variation were 2.35 % and2.24% respectively．The extract of median eminence of O．curzoniae showed a good parallel dose response curve with synthetic rat CRF．The mean levels Of CRF of median eminence . Curzoniaewere 17．22+ 3.88 and 10.13+3.05 pg／mg protein respectively. The levels were decreased with increases in altitude in rats but not in O．coezoniae．The results suggest that the hypothalamus of O．curzoniae containsa CRF similar o rat CRF．The developed radioimmunoasay of CRF would lead to a new prospect o study further the mechanisms of hypoxia adaptations in the neuroendcorine
and itsregulation in O.curzoniae．

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C0M PARATIVE STUDIES ON THE GENETIC CHARACTRE OF MUS musculus AND LABORTORY MOUSE

Jin meilei Bao shinmin HANG Ruizhong Zhao Guoji

1992, 12(3):  230-236. 

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Using biochemical markers， mterocytotoxieity test and Ouchterlony methods，the enetic character of 156 wild mice (Mus musculus)from 6 sites in 4 zoographical egions of China were investigated，and Comparison with 2 strains of laboratory mouse ere studied by authors． he resuIts showed in 13 tested loci are some characteristic getles in 7 Iocli Mus musculus which are rare in laboratory m ouse． The genetic character of Musculus from different zoogeographicaI regions and sabregtons were also different．The importance of introducing the characteristic genes of Mus musculusinto Iabo ratory ollse and breeding new strains was indieated．The effect of Mus musculuswhen breecling mbred and oatbred strains， the difficulties of producing laboratory mouse from us musculus reasons and oountermea sures for homozygosity in some loci of M us musculus． the theoretical significanee and practical significance of comparative study the genetic character of Mus musculus and laboratory nloase were discursed.

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THE EFFECT OF CONSTANT LIGHT AND CONSTANT DARK ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF TREE SHREW

WANG Minkang,LI Yongcai

1992, 12(3):  237-240. 

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