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20 August 1986, Volume 6 Issue 3

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AGE COMPOSITION,SEX RATIO AND REPRODUCTION OF BEARS IN HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE, CHINA

LIU Xiangwen, XIAO Qianzhu

1986, 6(3):  161-170. 

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The age compositions,sex ratios, reproductions and the relationships between the bacular length and the age of black bears (Selenarctos thibetanus ussuricus) and brown ones (Ursus arctos lasiotus) in Heilongjiang Province were studied from 1983 to 1985.A total of 199 specimens of bears, 112 black and 87 brown, killed between November 1983 and March 1984,were examined.Unfortunately, these specimens were damaged so seriously that only 65 skulls,31 of black bears'and 34 of brown bears',and 31 bacula,15 of black bears'and 16 of brown bears', and 75 first lower premolars of black bears (34) and brown bears (41) were collected for further studies.Among the specimens the average age was 4.15 yr for black bears and 4.37 yr for brown ones; the 3-year-old made up a proportion of 44% far the former and 51.2% for the latter; the oldest aged 11 yr for the former and even older for the latter.The sex ratio of the black bears did not differ from l:l(P = 0.1) but that of the brown bears did,favoring females in the adults.There were 35.6% of the black bear females and 30.2% of the brown ones giving birth to cubs that winter. Adult female reproduction rates of 41.7% in black bears and 47.1% in the brown indicated that the mean birth intervals were about 2-3 years. The earliest age at first litters for these two species was 3.There were close nonlinear regressive relationships between the bacu-lar length and the age of these two species,and the regression equations and the correlation coefficients were as follows:Y = 58.54X^0.41,r = 0.998(for black bears) and Y = 61.38 + 104.3 logX,r = 0.997(for brown bears).The bacular lengths could be considered as an age indicator for young individuals of these two species.It was believed that the fact that much more youngers were found in these two populations in contrast with some populations in other countries was a consequence of a higher hunting pressure on them in the past few years.Some suggestions about the conservation and exploitation of bears were made in the paper.

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IMMOBILISATION OF BUDORCAS TAXICOLOR USING THIOFENTANIL

WANG Qiang, LI Yaoshu

1986, 6(3):  171-174. 

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This paper reports the results of using Thiofentanil for immobilisation of Budorcas taxicolor.A total of 11 B.taxicolor are immobilised 21 times (Table 1 ) . Dosage rates varing from 4.7 to 16μg/kg are successfully used.The average dosage is 11.6μg/kg.Thiofentanil induces relatively short induction time due to its powerful and rapid absorption.Induction time ranges from 1 to 7 minutes.The average induction time is 2.4 min.Very little excitement is noticed during the induction phase.The induction phase usually terminates in analgesic narcosis, characterised by sternal or lateral recumbency.The immobilisation time is over 1.5 hours.Respiratory depression is mild and no death occurs in this trials. The action of Thiofentanil can rapidly and effectively be reversed with the usual Morphine antagonist Nalorphine.The recovery time ranges from 1 to 11 min. and the average time 2.9 min,The results show that Thiofentanil is considered to be a powerful, safe and effective Morphine-like analgesic immobiliser.So we suggest that Budorcas taxicolor can be immobilised by using Thiofentanil with the optimal dosage of 10μg/kg.

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DISTRIBUTION OF THE DUGONG OFF THE COAST OF CHINA

WANG Peilie¹, SUN Jianyun²

1986, 6(3):  175-181. 

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This paper reports the results of surveys on distribution of the dugong (Dugong dugon) off the coast of China. This species is found mostly along the coast of Guangxi and western Guangdong,and is also found rarely along the coasts of Dianbai and Yangjang Counties, Guangdong. They inhabit the waters off the west coast but do not migrate to the waters off eastern coast of Hainan Island, and are not found off the southeast coast of Guangdong.The northern limit of their distribution along the coast of China is at the southern part of Taiwan.We believe the Beibu Bay group and Sumatura-Malaysia group are one continued population; the Taiwan group and Molucca-Philippine group are another continued population.

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STUDY ON THE ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF TRACHEA AND LUNG OF NEOPHOCAENA ASIAEORIENTALIS

QIAN Weijuan

1986, 6(3):  183-189. 

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The trachea of Neophocaena is divided into the right and left truncus bronchialis magistralis and apical lobar bronchus. The apical lobar bronchus branches off in a rather superior position, which is similar to that in Li-potes.The lung of Neophocaena is divided into two lobes,the right and the left lobe,and they are undivided. The hilus pulmonis is in a superior position.From the trachea to respiratory bronchiole, tissue of cartilages exists generally,and at the entrance from respiratory bronchiole to the alveolar duct, it is also present.All these cartilages are hyaline ones.The mucoserous epithelia of trachea, bronchus and small bronchus are all pseudo stratified columar ciliated epithelia without any goblet cell,and below the bronchiole the epithelia become simple cuboidal and squamous.A number of glands are discovered in the submucosa of trachea and bronchus. The lymphatic nodules are discovered in the submucosa of bronchusThe sphincter exists at the entrance from the respiratory bronchiole to the alveolar duct.Smooth muscles are found from all parts of trachea to alveolar wall. The whole trachea is rich in elastic fibers.

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THE SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM ABOUT DEVELOPMENT OF REINDEER RESOURCES IN CHINA WAS CONVENED

1986, 6(3):  190-190. 

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TAXONOMIC AND PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES ON THE GENUS MUNTIACUS

MA Shilai, WANG Yingxiang, XU Longhui

1986, 6(3):  191-209. 

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Muntiacus(Artiodactyla:Cervidae) is only found in tropical and subtropical areas of south Asia.We examined nearly 200 skulls and skins, read a part of the articles on the fossil of this genus, to inquire into its origin, differentiation and phylogeny.10 effective species comprise the genus, 5 of which are fossil species.Fossil species: M.nanus Teilhard(late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, in southeast Shanxiand Yuenmou, Yunnan, China).M.cf.nanus Teilhard et TrassaertGate Miocene, in Lufeng, Yunnan). M.fenghoensis Chow(late Pliocene to early Pleistocene, in Jaocheng, Shanxi China). M.lacustris Teilhard et Trassaertdate Pliocene to early Pleistocene, in so-theast Shanxi and Yuanmou, Yunnan China). M.bohlini Teilhard (early Pleistocene, at Niheuan Xianhua, Hebei andZhoukoudien near Beijing, China).Existing species:M.reevesi Ogilby(Chinese muntjac). M .rooseveltorum Osgood(Roosevelt's muntiac). M.crinifrons Sclater (Black muntjac). M.feae> Thomas et Doria(Fea's muntjac). M.muntjak Zimmermann(Indian muntjac).By comparison and analysis, we come to the conclusion:1. M.rooseveltorum is not a hybrid of M.muntjak and M.reevesi. 4 pieces of skin of M.rooseveltorum purchased in west Yunnan(place of production is indefinite)are deposited in Kunming Institute of Zoology.It is a new record in China.M.lachrymans teesdalei described by Lydekker(1915) as having relatively small preorbital pit and premaxillae separated from nasals, should be M.rooseveltorum.Groves(1982)describes a new species, Muntiacus atherodes, should be M.muntjak, his holotype(BM71.3088)in fact, is a subadult male without formed antler branches.2. The developmental trend of Muntiacus is from the grassland of low hill, gully and shrub to deciduous forest of moderate and high mountains. Morphologically, the antler pedicels become longer, ears bigger, limbs longer, lateral toes degenerated, frontal glands developed.3. Male Muntiacus has a pair of short antlers which are divided into two branches.The antler pedicels are long.The frontal sides are provided with ridges extending from pedicel to P~3.In living species the frontal and chin glands are found.An evolutionary tree is established(fig. 5).4. From the geological age of the fossil and the distribution of living species, we presume that Muntiacus evolved in midor late-Pliocene. The origin place may be north and southwest of China.5. The earliest fossil record of M.reevesi shows that it evolved in early and mid-Pleistocene, of M.muntjak mid-and late-Pleistocene.M.muntjak is still living in islands of Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, Borneo and Hainan etc. That means that the existing muntjac originated in early or mid-Pleistocene, as these islands were separated from the main continent.6. Of the existing five species, M.reevesi and M.feae are smaller or medium in size, antler pedicals shorter, limbs shorter, lateral toes developed, chromosome diploids more, with more primitive ancestral characteristics.Their fossils told us that they lived in early and mid-Pleistocene.We infer that the two species had formed two branches before mid-Pleistocene.

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REVIEW A NEW BOOK《AN INTRODUCTION TO MAMMALOGY》

¹

1986, 6(3):  210-210. 

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STUDIES ON BROMADIOLONE AGAINST THE PIKA AND THE ZOKOR

FAN Naichang, JING Zengchun, WANG Quanye, ZHOU Wenyang

1986, 6(3):  211-217. 

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The work was carried out on the alpine meadow of Menyuan county, Qinghai (an elevation of 3200 m) between September 1984 and September 1985. This paper deals with a series of; experiments in which we used Bro-madiolone ( Maki ) to kill plateau pika ( Ochotona curzoniae) and plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi) . Quantitative determinations were made for the acute oral toxicity of Bromadiolone (LD₅₀) to plateau pika and plateau zokor, which are 0.430?.215mg/kg (95% confidence limit) and 1,310 + 0.710mg/kg (95% confidence limit) respectively. Regression equations of lethal dose individualy are Y = 0.2813X+ 5.1030 and, Y = 3.500X +4.589 respectively. The results show that Bromadiolone can be a single-dose rodenticide. In the experiments most of rodents poisoned were killed within 4-6 days, ranging from 2-9 days.The LD₅₀ of the cock and the stone marten (Martes foina) is nine times more than the lab rat.In field trials against the zokor, pieces of carrots were used as baits mixed with Bromadiolone at a ratio of 0.02% (200ppm). As a result, the population reduction was 74.46%. And the efficiency for whole-wheat bait with 0.01% (lOOppm) of Bromadiolone against the pika was 100.0%.All these poisoning baits are of good acceptance.In short, it has been showed clearly that a potential to replace Warfarin and other first-generation anticoagulants which require repeated feedings to kill target animals. It has a good safety margin to most non-target species.It is suggested by the authors that the poison may have merit as an alternative rodenticide over Zinc phosphide and Fluoracetamide often used on grassland for rodent control.

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SICHUAN RESOURCEFUL FAUNA, THE SECOND VOL.——ANIMALS

1986, 6(3):  218-218. 

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AN OUTLINE OF MARINE MAMMALOGICAL RESEARCHES IN CHINA

ZHOU Kaiya

1986, 6(3):  219-232. 

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The forerunner of the zoology in China, Ping Chi, who published 5 papers on odontocetes in the year 1924-1927, is the first Chinese scientist engaged in the study of marine mammals.The development of the marine mammalogical science in China was very slow in a period of some 20 years after 1927.Obvious progresses have been made in marine mammalogy since the founding of the People's Republic of China in the fall of 1949.129 papers have been published on marine mammals from the rivers, lakes and coastal waters of the mainland and Taiwan Province,including a few papers on marine mammals from other countries written by Chinese zoologists.As shown in Table l,the literature of marine mammalogy in China published in the past thirty-five years can be referred to.Of the disciplines, about 71% of the total deal with odontocetes and only 10% with pinnipeds and sirenians.21 species of the odontocetes recorded from the Chinese waters are listed in Table 2. In the studies on mystacocetes, most of the data published are taken from specimens of Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Among the papers on odontocetes, about 1/3 deal with Lipotes vexillifer. The establishment of the family Lipotidae,the cladistic study of the phylogeny of the superfamily Platanistoidea, the finding of the Tertiary Plata-nistoid fossil and the morphological,biochemical, ecological and conservation studies of Lipotes are worthy of mentioning.Despite the fact that a certain amount of work had been done in the past,the study of the marine mammalogy in China may still be considered as the early state of its development. Our work in the past three decades is,for the most part,in the nature of accumulation of materials and basic data.In view of the worldwide progress in the science,the author puts forward suggestions to strengthen the studies of the ecology and behavior, and of the conservation of the endangered species.

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THE SYMPOSIUM OF MAMMALOGY IN ASIA AND PACIFIC REGION WILL BE HELD IN KUNMING, CHINA

1986, 6(3):  232-232. 

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CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS OF MYOTIS RICKETTIA AND MYOTIS FORMOSA FRATER

1986, 6(3):  233-236. 

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A SURVEY OF MACACAA MULATTA IN QINGHAI PROVINCE

1986, 6(3):  237-238. 

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SENSITIVITY OF PLATEAU ZOKORS CMYOSPALAX BAILEYI TO SMELLS OF FAECES, URINE AND BULBO-URETHRAL GLAND OF ZOKORS

1986, 6(3):  239-240. 

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