雪豹保护遗传学和基因组学研究进展

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150687

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

雪豹 (Panthera uncia) 隶属于食肉目猫科豹属，是生活在青藏高原及其周边地区的旗舰物种。随着分子生物学和高通量测序技术的发展，雪豹保护遗传学和保护基因组学研究得到快速的发展，其中非损伤性遗传取样法显著推动了雪豹保护遗传学研究。本文综述了非损伤性遗传取样法在雪豹物种鉴定、个体识别和性别鉴定等研究中的应用，雪豹的系统发生地位、系统地理格局和种群遗传结构及其亚种争议、演化历史、适应性演化和基因组特征等保护遗传学和基因组学方面的研究现状和进展，并对雪豹保护遗传学和基因组学未来发展趋势进行了展望，以期促进雪豹保护生物学研究和保护对策的科学制定。

关键词: 雪豹, 非损伤性遗传取样法, 保护遗传学, 基因组学, 适应性演化

Abstract:

The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) (Carnivora, Felidae, Panthera) is a flagship species distributed in the Qinghai?Tibet Plateau and surrounding regions. With the development of molecular biology and high-throughput sequencing technology, snow leopard conservation genetics and conservation genomics have developed rapidly. Noninvasive genetic sampling has provided genetic samples and facilitated the conservation genetics research of snow leopards. In this review, we summarize the application of noninvasive genetic sampling in species identification, individual identification and sex determination of snow leopards, the phylogenetic status, phylogeographic pattern, population genetic structure, and subspecies controversies in snow leopards. Furthermore, the evolutionary history, adaptive evolution, and genome characteristics of snow leopards are reviewed. Finally, we discuss the future development trends of snow leopard conservation genetics and genomics, aiming to better promote snow leopard conservation biology research and science-based conservation decisions.

Key words: Snow leopards (Panthera uncia), Noninvasive genetic sampling, Conservation genetics, Genomics, Adaptive evolution

中图分类号:

Q953

郝宇波, 金红, 杨林, 李可欣, 胡义波. 雪豹保护遗传学和基因组学研究进展[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(5): 508-518.

Yubo HAO, Hong JIN, Lin YANG, Kexin LI, Yibo HU. Research advances in conservation genetics and genomics of snow leopard (Panthera uncia)[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2022, 42(5): 508-518.

参考文献 0

	An Z, Kutzbach J E, Prell W L, Porter S C. 2001. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since late Miocene times. Nature, 411 (6833): 62-66.
	Antunes A, Troyer J L, Roelke M E, Pecon‑Slattery J, Packer C, Winterbach C, Winterbach H, Hemson G, Frank L, Stander P, Siefert L, Driciru M, Funston P J, Alexander K A, Prager K C, Mills G, Wildt D, Bush M, O’Brien S J, Johnson W E. 2008. The evolutionary dynamics of the lion Panthera leo revealed by host and viral population genomics. PLoS Genetics, 4 (11): e1000251.
	Aruge S, Batool H, Khan F M, Janjua S. 2019. A pilot study-genetic diversity and population structure of snow leopards of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, using molecular techniques. PeerJ, 7: e7672.
	Atkinson K E, Kitchener A C, Tobe S S, O’Donoghue P. 2018. An assessment of the genetic diversity of the founders of the European captive population of Asian lion (Panthera leo leo), using microsatellite markers and studbook analysis. Mammalian Biology, 88 (1): 138-143.
	Bininda‑Emonds O R, Gittleman J L, Purvis A. 1999. Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia). Biological Reviews, 74 (2): 143-175.
	Buddington R K, Sangild P T. 2011.Companion animals symposium: Development of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, the resident microbiota, and the role of diet in early life. Journal of Animal Science, 89 (5): 1506-1519.
	Cho Y S, Hu L, Hou H L, Lee H, Xu J H, Kwon S, Oh S, Kim H M, Jho S, Kim S, Shin Y A, Kim B C, Kim H, Kim C U, Luo S J, Johnson W E, Koepfli K P, Schmidt‑Küntzel A, Turner J A, Marker L, Harper C, Miller S M, Jacobs W, Bertola L D, Kim T H, Lee S, Zhou Q, Jung H J, Xu X, Gadhvi P, Xu P W, Xiong Y Q, Luo Y D, Pan S K, Gou C Y, Chu X H, Zhang J L, Liu S Y, He J, Chen Y, Yang L F, Yang Y L, He J J, Liu S, Wang J Y, Kim C H, Kwak H, Kim J S, Hwang S, Ko J, Kim C B, Kim S, Bayarlkhagva D, Paek W K, Kim S J, O’Brien S J, Wang J, Bhak J. 2013. The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes. Nature Communications, 4: 2433.
	Curry C J, White P A, Derr J N. 2019. Genetic analysis of African lions (Panthera leo) in Zambia support movement across anthropogenic and geographical barriers. PLoS ONE, 14 (5): e0217179.
	Degnan P H, Pusey A E, Lonsdorf E V, Goodall J, Wroblewski E E, Wilson M L, Rudicell R S, Hahn B H, Ochman H. 2012. Factors associated with the diversification of the gut microbial communities within chimpanzees from Gombe National Park. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, 109 (32): 13034-13039.
	Di Minin E, Slotow R, Hunter L T B, Montesino Pouzols F, Toivonen T, Verburg P H, Leader‑Williams N, Petracca L, Moilanen A. 2016. Global priorities for national carnivore conservation under land use change. Scientific Reports, 6 (1): 1-9.
	Eizirik E, Kim J H, Menotti‐Raymond M, Crawshaw Jr P G, O’Brien S J, Johnson W E. 2001. Phylogeography, population history and conservation genetics of jaguars (Panthera onca, Mammalia, Felidae). Molecular Ecology, 10 (1): 65-79.
	Fabbri E, Miquel C, Lucchini V, Santini A, Caniglia R, Duchamp C, Weber J M, Lequette B, Marucco F, Boitani L, Fumagalli L, Taberlet P, Randi E.2007. From the Apennines to the Alps: colonization genetics of the naturally expanding Italian wolf (Canis lupus) population: wolf colonization genetics. Molecular Ecology,16 (8): 1661-1671.
	Farrell L E, Roman J, Sunquist M E. 2000. Dietary separation of sympatric carnivores identified by molecular analysis of scats. Molecular Ecology, 9 (10): 1583-1590.
	Figueiró H V, Li G, Trindade F J, Assis J, Pais F, Fernandes G, Santos S H D, Hughes G M, Komissarov A, Antunes A, Trinca C S, Rodrigues M R, Linderoth T, Bi K, Silveira L, Azevedo F C C, Kantek D, Ramalho E, Brassaloti R A, Villela P M S, Nunes A L V, Teixeira R H F, Morato R G, Loska D, Saragüeta P, Gabaldón T, Teeling E C, O’Brien S J, Nielsen R, Coutinho L L, Oliveira G, Murphy W J, Eizirik E. 2017. Genome-wide signatures of complex introgression and adaptive evolution in the big cats. Science Advances, 3 (7): e1700299.
	Gray J E. 1854. The ounces. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Ser 2, 14: 394.
	Haag T, Santos A S, Sana D A, Morato R G, Cullen Jr L, Crawshaw Jr P G, De Angelo C, Di Bitetti M S, Salzano F M, Eizirik E. 2010. The effect of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of a top predator: loss of diversity and high differentiation among remnant populations of Atlantic Forest jaguars (Panthera onca): jaguar conservation genetics. Molecular Ecology, 19 (22): 4906-4921.
	Hemmer H. 1972. Uncia uncia. Mammalian Species, 20: 1-5.
	Hemmer H.1978. The evolutionary systematics of living Felidae: Present status and current problems. Carnivore, 1: 71-79.
	Henry P, Miquelle D, Sugimoto T, McCullough D R, Caccone A, Russello M A. 2009. In situ population structure and ex situ representation of the endangered Amur tiger. Molecular Ecology, 18 (15): 3173-3184.
	Hu Y B, Thapa A, Fan H Z, Ma T X, Wu Q, Ma S, Zhang D L, Wang B, Li M, Yan L, Wei F W. 2020. Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long‑term population bottlenecks in red pandas. Science Advances, 6 (9): eaax5751.
	Hyun J Y, Pandey P, Kim K S, Chon A, Jeong D, Bhak J, Yu M, Song H K, Singh R, Min M S, Goyal S P, Bayarkhagva D, Marchenkova T, Vitkalova A, Lee H. 2021. Whole genome survey of big cats (genus: Panthera) identifies novel microsatellites of utility in conservation genetic study. Scientific Reports, 11 (1): 1-14.
	Jackson R, Ahlborn G. 1989. Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in Nepal: Home range and movements. National Geographic Research, 5 (2): 161-175.
	Janczewski D N, Modi W S, Stephens J C, O’Brien S J.1995. Molecular evolution of mitochondrial 12S RNA and cytochrome b sequences in the Pantherine lineage of Felidae. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 12 (4): 690-707.
	Janecka J E, Grassman L I, Derr J N, Honeycutt R L, Eiadthong W, Tewes M E. 2007. Rapid whole genome amplification of DNA from felids: applications for conservation genetics. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 34 (4): 1134-1141.
	Janecka J E, Hacker C, Broderick J, Pulugulla S, Auron P, Ringling M K, Nelson B, Munkhtsog B, Hussain S, Davis B. 2020. Noninvasive genetics and genomics shed light on the status, phylogeography, and evolution of the elusive snow leopard. Conservation Genetics in Mammals, 83-120.
	Janecka J E, Jackson R, Munkhtsog B, Murphy W J. 2014. Characterization of 9 microsatellites and primers in snow leopards and a species-specific PCR assay for identifying noninvasive samples. Conservation Genetics Resources, 6 (2): 369-373.
	Janecka J E, Jackson R, Zhang Y G, Li D Q, Munkhtsog B, Buckley‑Beason V, Murphy W J. 2008. Population monitoring of snow leopards using noninvasive collection of scat samples: a pilot study. Animal Conservation, 11 (5): 401-411.
	Janecka J E, Munkhtsog B, Jackson R M, Naranbaatar G, Mallon D P, Murphy W J. 2011. Comparison of noninvasive genetic and camera‑trapping techniques for surveying snow leopards. Journal Mammalogy, 92 (4): 771-783
	Janecka J E, Zhang Y G, Li D Q, Munkhtsog B, Author C. 2017. Range‑wide snow leopard phylogeography supports three subspecies. Journal of Heredity, 108 (6): 597-607.
	Janecka J E, Janecka M J, Helgen K M, Murphy W J. 2018. The validity of three snow leopard subspecies: response to sennet al. Heredity, 120 (6): 586-590.
	Johnson W E, Eizirik E, Pecon‑Slattery J, Murphy W J, Antunes A, Teeling E, O’Brien S J. 2006. The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment. Science, 311 (5757): 73-77.
	Kitchener A C, Breitenmose‑Wursten C, Eizirik E, Gentry A, Tobe S. 2017. A revised taxonomy of the Felidae. Cat News Special Issue, 11 (9): 1-80.
	Kroon D, Steen T, Troelstra S R. 1991. Onset of monsoonal related upwelling in the western Arabian Sea as revealed by planktonic foraminifers. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Scientific Results Dilling Program, 1: 257-263.
	Leser T D, Mφlbak L. 2009. Better living through microbial action: the benefits of the mammalian gastrointestinal microbiota on the host. Environmental Microbiology, 11 (9): 2194-2206．
	Li G, Davis B W, Eizirik E, Murphy W J.2016. Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae). Genome Research, 26 (1): 1-11.
	Li J J, Fang X M, Ma H Z, Zhu J, Pan B, Chen H. 1996. Geomorphologic and environmental evolution in upper reaches of Yellow River during the late Cenozoic. Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences, 39: 380-390.
	Li J J, Fang X M, Pan B T. 2001. Late Cenozoic intensive uplift of Qinghai-Xijiang Plateau and its impacts on environments in surrounding area. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21 (5): 381-391.
	Luo S J, Kim J H, Johnson W E, Walt J V D, Martenson J, Yuhki N, Miquelle D G, Uphyrkina O, Goodrich J M, Quigley H B, Tilson R, Brady G, Martelli P, Subramaniam V, McDougal C, Hean S, Huang S Q, Pan W, Karanth U K, Sunquist M, Smith J L D, Moritz C. 2004. Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers(Panthera tigris). PLoS Biology, 2 (12): e442.
	Maguta P I. 2021. Mitochondrial DNA variation of eastern African lion (Panthera leo melanochaita) populations in Kenya. Ph.D thesis. University of Nairobi.
	Mallon D, Jackson R M. 2017. A downlist is not a demotion: Red list status and reality. Oryx, 51 (4): 605-609.
	McCarthy T M, Chapron G. 2003. Snow Leopard Survival Strategy. ISLT and SLN, Seattle, Washington, USA.

[1]	张常智, 马腾, 乌力吉, 刘晓敏. 甘肃祁连山脉雪豹及其同域分布大型食肉动物时间生态位关系[J]. 兽类学报, 2023, 43(1): 109-115.
[2]	戎战磊, 高雅月, 陈生云, 张同作. 祁连山国家公园青海片区雪豹栖息地适宜性评价[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(5): 553-562.
[3]	魏辅文, 马天笑, 胡义波. 中国濒危兽类保护遗传学研究进展与展望[J]. 兽类学报, 2021, 41(5): 571-580.
[4]	魏辅文, 黄广平, 樊惠中, 胡义波. 中国濒危兽类保护基因组学和宏基因组学研究进展与展望[J]. 兽类学报, 2021, 41(5): 581-590.
[5]	马兵, 潘国梁, 李雷光, 陈颖, 李祎斌, 刘一正, 巴力克·杰克义, 孙世为, 时坤. 天山中部雪豹栖息地适宜性研究初报[J]. 兽类学报, 2021, 41(1): 1-10.
[6]	迟翔文江峰高红梅覃雯吴彤张婧捷蔡振媛张同作. 三江源国家公园雪豹和岩羊生境适宜性分析[J]. 兽类学报, 2019, 39(4): 397-409.
[7]	闫京艳张毓蔡振媛陈家瑞覃雯张婧捷连新明张同作. 三江源区人兽冲突现状分析[J]. 兽类学报, 2019, 39(4): 476-484.
[8]	丁赟吴琦胡义波王潇聂永刚吴小平魏辅文. 野生哺乳动物肠道微生物组研究进展与展望[J]. 兽类学报, 2017, 37(4): 399-406.
[9]	魏辅文. 我国濒危哺乳动物保护生物学研究进展[J]. 兽类学报, 2016, 36(3): 255-.
[10]	周芸芸冯金朝朵海瑞杨海龙李娟李迪强张于光. 基于粪便DNA的青藏高原雪豹种群调查和遗传多样性分析[J]. 兽类学报, 2014, 34(2): 138-148.
[11]	徐峰,马鸣,吴逸群. 新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区雪豹的种群密度[J]. , 2011, 31(2): 205-210.
[12]	周旭明, 杨光. 哺乳动物系统发育基因组学研究进展[J]. , 2010, 30(3): 339-345.
[13]	张于光,何丽,朵海瑞,李迪强,金崑. 基于粪便DNA 的青海雪豹种群遗传结构初步研究[J]. , 2009, 29(3): 310-315.
[14]	林翙　　方盛国. 基因组文库构建及其在保护遗传学中的应用前景[J]. , 2005, 25(1): 86-90.
[15]	魏辅文饶刚李明方盛国冯祚建. 分子粪便学及其应用———可靠性局限性和展望[J]. , 2001, 21(2): 141-152.