甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区金猫栖息地预测

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150737

兽类学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (3): 237-247.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150737

• 研究论文 • 下一篇

甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区金猫栖息地预测

何礼文¹, 杨晓彤², 滕继荣¹, 王钧亮¹, 李晟³, 肖凌云⁴, 黄建⁵()

^1.甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区，陇南 746400
^2.北京大学生命科学学院自然保护与社会发展研究中心，北京 100871
^3.北京大学生命科学学院生态研究中心，北京 100871
^4.西交利物浦大学健康与环境学系，苏州 215000
^5.山水自然保护中心，北京 100871

收稿日期:2022-09-24 接受日期:2022-12-23 出版日期:2023-05-31 发布日期:2023-05-18
通讯作者: 黄建
作者简介:何礼文 (1976- )，男，高级工程师，主要从事自然保护区野生动物监测；
杨晓彤 (1999- )，女，博士研究生，主要从事物种保护及生物多样性恢复研究.第一联系人：共同第一作者

Habitat prediction of Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) in Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province

Liwen HE¹, Xiaotong YANG², Jirong TENG¹, Junliang WANG¹, Sheng LI³, Lingyun XIAO⁴, Jian HUANG⁵()

^1.Gansu Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve, Longnan 746400, China
^2.Center for Nature and Society, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
^3.School of Life Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
^4.Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215000, China
^5.Shan Shui Conservation Center, Beijing 100871, China

Received:2022-09-24 Accepted:2022-12-23 Online:2023-05-31 Published:2023-05-18
Contact: Jian HUANG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

金猫 (Catopuma temminckii) 是我国一级重点保护野生动物，在世界自然保护联盟 (IUCN) 物种红色名录和中国物种红色名录中分别被评估为近危 (NT) 和濒危 (EN)，野外种群状况不明。金猫分布在东亚至东南亚的热带与亚热带森林生态系统中，栖息地类型多样，从低地雨林到山地针叶林和亚高山杜鹃林都有分布，但其栖息地选择的研究仍较为缺乏。甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区地处金猫的分布区北缘，为了深入了解该物种在山地森林生态系统中的栖息地选择策略，本研究汇总了2016—2019年白水江自然保护区红外相机调查中的金猫记录 (共计292次独立探测，117个记录点位)，结合海拔、坡向、坡度、距河流距离、土地利用类型、距公路距离和距居民点距离7个环境变量，使用最大熵模型 (MaxEnt) 预测白水江自然保护区内该物种适宜栖息地的分布情况。结果表明，在白水江自然保护区中，模型预测的金猫适宜栖息地面积为1 045.90 km²，主要分布在保护区南部各保护站管理片区的核心区、北部红土河片区和碧口片区相接部分核心区，南北两区域之间被白龙江和212国道及大面积人居点隔断。模型响应曲线显示，保护区内的金猫倾向于选择靠近河流远离道路的区域，在海拔2 400 m附近分布概率最高，与模型预测出的最适土地利用类型常绿针叶林区域重合。根据研究结果，制约金猫适宜栖息地面积并导致分布区域片段化的主要因素除了天然河流，还有道路等人为活动。未来我们会更深入地探究不同类型人类干扰对金猫的影响，并进一步通过多种方法，探究该地区金猫的食性组成、活动节律、种群数量及其动态变化趋势等生态学基础问题。

关键词: 岷山山脉, 金猫, 红外相机, 栖息地, MaxEnt, 物种分布模型

Abstract:

The Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) is listed as a First Class species in the National Key Protected Wild Animals in China, and assessed as Near Threatened (NT) and Endangered (EN) by IUCN Red List and China Species Red List, respectively. Once widely distributed from East to Southeast Asia, the Asiatic golden cat inhabits diverse habitats ranging from lowland rainforests to montane coniferous forests and subalpine rhododendron forests, whereas its habitat selection preference remains poorly understood. In this research we determined the habitat selection strategy of this species in the montane forest ecosystem in Southwest China. We collected the occurrence data (292 independent detections at 117 sites) of the Asiatic golden cat through camera-trapping surveys from 2016 - 2019 in Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve in Gansu Province, and constructed a MaxEnt model with 7 environmental variables (altitude, aspect, slope, distance to river, land use type, distance to road, distance to residents) to predict its suitable habitats in the reserve. The results showed that the suitable habitats were estimated as 1 045.90 km² in the reserve, yet separated into the northern and southern parts by natural and anthropocentric barriers including the Bailongjiang River, 212 National Highway and the residential area along the low valley. The model response curves showed that the Asiatic golden cat prefers the evergreen coniferous forests close to rivers, at an elevation of around 2 400 m. The results indicated that, the wide river and anthropogenic impacts (e.g. roads) are possibly key factors driving the fragmentation status of the Asiatic golden cat’s habitat at the landscape scale. Future studies shall further examine the impacts of different types of human disturbance on Asiatic golden cats, and explore their basic ecology including diet composition, activity rhythm, population status and dynamics by integrating multiple methods.

Key words: Minshan Mountains, Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii), Camera-trapping, Habitat, MaxEnt, Species distribution model

中图分类号:

Q958.1

何礼文, 杨晓彤, 滕继荣, 王钧亮, 李晟, 肖凌云, 黄建. 甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区金猫栖息地预测[J]. 兽类学报, 2023, 43(3): 237-247.

Liwen HE, Xiaotong YANG, Jirong TENG, Junliang WANG, Sheng LI, Lingyun XIAO, Jian HUANG. Habitat prediction of Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) in Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 43(3): 237-247.

图/表 8

图1 甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区位置示意图. BMH：白马河保护站；DBH：丹堡河保护站；LJP：刘家坪保护站；RSH：让水河保护站；BK：碧口保护站；HTH：红土河保护站. 自然保护区名称，WJ：勿角自然保护区；YH：裕河自然保护区；TJH：唐家河自然保护区；DYG：东阳沟自然保护区；LHG：老河沟自然保护区

Fig.1 Location of the Gansu Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve. BMH: Baimahe Station;DBH: Danbaohe Station; LJP: Liujiaping Station; RSH: Rangshuihe Station; BK: Bikou Station; HTH: Hongtuhe Station. Nature reserves, WJ: Wujiao Nature Reserve; YH: Yuhe Nature Reserve; TJH: Tangjiahe Nature Reserve; DYG: Dongyanggou Nature Reserve; LGH: Laohegou Nature Reserve

表1 用于模拟金猫在白水江自然保护区中的分布及栖息地的环境变量

Table 1 Environmental variables used to construct the distribution models of Asiatic golden cat in Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve

环境变量 Variables	代码 Code	变量类型 Data type	范围/类型Range/Content	数据来源 Data source
海拔 Altitude （m）	altitude_r	连续 Continuous	-46 ~ 4 107	DEM等高线图层（源自SRTM： Shuttle Radar Topography Mission）（空间分辨率10 m）
坡向 Aspect	aspect_reclassification5_r	分类 Categorical	阴坡（2）/半阴坡（3）/阳坡（4）/半阳坡（5）/平坡（1） Shady （2）/Half shady （3）/Sunny （4）/Half sunny （5）/Flat aspect （1）	DEM等高线图层，利用ArcGIS 10.6 （ESRI Inc.， USA）工具中的3D Analyst Tools-Raster Surface-Aspect和Slope工具进行计算
坡度 Slope （°）	slope_r	连续 Continuous	0 ~ 86.61
坡度 Slope （°）	slope_r	连续 Continuous	0 ~ 86.61	同上 The same above
距河流距离 Distance to river （km）	dis_river_r	连续 Continuous	0 ~ 15.3	距河流距离通过欧式距离计算每个栅格中心点到河流的最近距离
土地利用类型 Land use type	landuse_reclassification_r	分类 Categorical	见表2 See table 2	2015年全球30 m精细地表覆盖产品（Zhang et al.， 2019）
距公路距离 Distance to road （km）	dist_road_r	连续 Continuous	0 ~ 22.44	运用白水江和青川平武区域公路分布图计算得到
距居民点距离 Distance to residents （km）	dis_residents_r	连续 Continuous	0 ~ 31.62	运用白水江自然保护区调查的居民点，与保护区交接的南部青川平武区域居民点分布图计算得到

表2 土地利用类型

Table 2 Land use type

类别序号ID	类型 Type	合并后代码Code
10	旱作农田 Rainfed cropland	1
11	草本覆盖 Herbaceous cover	2
20	灌溉农田 Irrigated cropland	3
50	常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broadleaved forest	4
60	落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaved forest	5
61	开放落叶阔叶林 Open deciduous broadleaved forest （0.15 < fc < 0.4）	5
62	封闭落叶阔叶林 Closed deciduous broadleaved forest （fc > 0.4）	5
70	常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle-leaved forest	6
121	常绿灌木地 Evergreen shrubland	7
122	落叶灌木地 Deciduous shrubland	7
130	草地 Grassland	2
150	稀疏植被 Sparse vegetation	8
180	湿地 Wetlands	9
190	不渗透地（如城市等人类用地） Impervious	10
200	裸地 Bare areas	11
210	水体 Water body	12
220	永久性积雪 Permanent ice and snow	13

图2 白水江自然保护区2016—2019年红外相机调查点位与金猫分布点位 (a)；金猫分布概率预测结果 (b)；金猫适宜栖息地分布 (c). BMH：白马河保护站；DB：丹堡保护站；LJP：刘家坪保护站；RSH：让水河保护站；BK：碧口保护站；HTH：红土河保护站

Fig. 2 Camera-trapping survey points and Asiatic golden cat distribution points from 2016 to 2019 (a); Prediction results of distribution range of Asiatic golden cat (b); Distribution of Asiatic golden cat suitable patches in Baishuijiang Nature Reserve (c). BMH: Baimahe Station; DB: Danbao Station; LJP: Liujiaping Station; RSH: Rangshuihe Station; BK: Bikou Station; HTH: Hongtuhe Station

图3 白水江自然保护区内金猫独立探测海拔分布

Fig. 3 Altitude distribution of Asiatic golden cat independently detections in Baishuijiang Nature Reserve

表3 金猫在白水江自然保护区各功能区及各管理片区中各适宜度区域所占面积 (km2)

Table 3 Different suitability areas of Asiatic golden cat in the functional and administrative subareas of Baishuijiang Nature Reserve

	适宜度 Suitability
分区Subareas	适宜栖息地（ > 0.217 7） Suitable habitat	次适宜栖息地（0.052 3 ~ 0.217 7） Suboptimum habitat	不适宜栖息地（< 0.052 3） Unsuitable habitat	合计 Total
功能分区 Functional subareas
实验区 Experimental zone	127.22	179.15	356.71	665.3
缓冲区 Buffer zone	157.74	87.15	33.62	278.6
核心区 Core zone	759.78	133.98	23.33	918.5
保护站分区 Administrative subareas
白马河 Baimahe Station	147.66	38.25	11.75	198.28
丹堡 Danbao Station	294.73	98.76	40.57	435.01
刘家坪 Liujiaping Station	238.20	47.37	58.27	344.35
让水河 Rangshuihe Station	147.94	84.46	140.34	373.49
碧口 Bikou Station	100.41	95.01	150.61	347.02
红土河Hongtuhe Station	115.53	36.34	12.10	164.40
合计 Total	1 045.90	401.05	414.90	1 863

图4 环境变量对金猫分布模型的贡献度排序

Fig. 4 The percent contribution of different variables to the distribu‐ tion of Asiatic golden cat

图5 环境变量对模型预测的平均响应曲线. 红色：10次重复的平均响应曲线；对于连续型变量，蓝色：平均值 ± 标准差；离散型变量，蓝色：+ 标准差，绿色：- 标准差. 类型变量代码含义：坡向，1：平坡；2：阴坡；3：半阴坡；4：阳坡；5：半阳坡. 土地利用类型，1：旱作农田；2：草本覆盖 (草地)；3：灌溉农田；4：常绿阔叶林；5：落叶阔叶林；6：常绿针叶林；7：灌木地；8：稀疏植被；9：湿地；10：不渗透地 (如城市等人类用地)；11：裸地；12：水体；13：永久性积雪

Fig. 5 Response curves of environment factors on model prediction. Red: the mean response curves of 10 replicate MaxEnt runs; For continuous variable, blue: the mean ± standard deviation; For discrete variable, blue: + standard deviation, green: - standard deviation.Please refer to table 1 & 2 for code definition of Categorical variable. Aspect, 1: Flat aspect; 2: Shady; 3: Half shady; 4: Sunny; 5: Half sunny. Land use type, 1: Rainfed cropland; 2: Herbaceous cover; 3: Irrigated cropland (Grassland); 4: Evergreen broadleaved forest; 5: Deciduous broadleaved forest; 6: Evergreen needle-leaved forest; 7: Shrubland; 8: Sparse vegetation; 9: Wetlands; 10: Impervious; 11: Bare areas; 12: Water body; 13: Permanent ice and snow

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甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区金猫栖息地预测

Habitat prediction of Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) in Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province

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