中国东北豹头骨三维重建及测量参数

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150740

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

世界上8个金钱豹亚种中，东北豹 (Panthera pardus orientalis) 最濒危，在我国主要分布在东北虎豹国家公园及其周边区域。兽类分类研究中，颅骨特征曾经是，并将继续是理解种间和种内分类的重要证据。因东北豹数量稀少，还未有其头骨测量数据的报道。本研究以1只病重死亡的雌性东北豹头颅标本为研究对象，经大昌Sunshine32 X射线计算机体层摄影设备扫描获得影像数据，运用3D Slicer软件对东北豹头颅扫描数据进行头骨三维重建，建立东北豹头骨的“数字化头骨”并测得东北豹头骨的26项参数指标。该结果填补了我国大型猫科动物中东北豹头骨形态的数字化模型空白，为将来大型濒危猫科动物研究、保护、医疗、数据保存及猫科动物种群分化等保护工作提供基础依据。头骨的形态学信息，为东北豹的分类研究打下基础。

关键词: 东北豹, 头骨, 形态学, CT, 三维重建

Abstract:

The Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis), one of the world’s most endangered cat subspecies, is mainly distributed in the Northeastern Tiger and Leopard National Park and its surrounding areas in China. No skull measurements have been reported due to its rarity. In this study, the head specimen of a female Amur leopard who died of severe illness was used as the research object. The image data was acquired by scanning with the Dachang Sunshine32 X-ray computed tomography device and the 3D skull reconstruction was performed with the 3D Slicer software to establish the‘digital specimen’of the Amur leopards and measure 26 cranial parameters. This study filled the gap in the digital morphology model of the northeast leopard’s skull among the big cats in China, and provided a basis for the future conservation work of large endangered cats, such as research, conservation, medical treatment, data preservation and feline population differentiation. Morphological information from the skull laid the foundation for taxonomic studies of the Amur leopard. For taxonomic studies of mammals, cranial features have been, and continue to be, important evidence for understanding both interspecific and intraspecific taxonomy.

Key words: Amur leopard, Skull, Morphology, CT, Three-dimensional reconstruction

中图分类号:

Q954

刘强, 王海军, 赵越, 陈世玉, 姜广顺. 中国东北豹头骨三维重建及测量参数[J]. 兽类学报, 2023, 43(3): 315-321.

Qiang LIU, Haijun WANG, Yue ZHAO, Shiyu CHEN, Guangshun JIANG. The three-dimensional reconstruction and parameter measurement of the skull of Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) in China[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 43(3): 315-321.

图/表 4

图1 3D Slicer进行东北豹头骨三维重建的工作界面图. A：3D视图窗口；B：横断面；C：冠状面；D：矢状面

Fig. 1 Working interface diagram of 3D reconstruction of the skull of the Amur leopard by 3D Slicer. A: 3D view window; B: Cross section; C: Coronal plane; D: Sagittal plane

图2 东北豹头骨量度示意图，图片引自Khorozyan等 (2006) 和三维数字化模型测量结果. A：头骨背面观示意图；B：头骨腹面观示意图；C：头骨背面观三维数字化模型测量结果；D：头骨腹面观三维数字化模型测量结果.数字对应表1的测量部位，量度6、16、17、25和26未标出

Fig. 2 The cranial measurements of Amur leopard used in this study, figure from Khorozyan et al.(2006) and 3D measurement result. A: Measurements for Amur leopard, dorsal view; B: Measurements for Amur leopard, ventral view; C: 3D measurement of the skull model, dorsal view; D: 3D measurement of the skull model, ventral view. Numbers correspond to the measurement sites in table 1, the measurements 6, 16, 17, 25 and 26 are not displayed

图3 东北豹头骨三维数字化模型. A：背面观； B：腹面观； C：侧面观； D：枕面观. 1：眶下孔；2：颧突；3：额突；4：额骨；5：脑室；6：矢状嵴；7：卵圆孔；8：颧骨；9：听泡；10：枕踝；11：乳突；12：枕大孔；13：鼻骨；14：犬齿；15：臼齿；16：下颌骨；17：额骨；18：脑室；19：矢状嵴；20：颧骨；21：听泡；22：枕大孔；23：人字嵴；24：枕骨；25：枕踝

Fig. 3 Three-dimensional surface reconstruction CT images of the Amur leopard. A: dorsal view; B: ventral view; C: lateral view; D: caudal view. 1: Infraorbitale; 2: Zygomatic process; 3: Frontal process; 4: Frontal; 5: Encephalocoele; 6: Sagittal suture; 7:Foramen ovale; 8: Zygomatic; 9: Bulla ossae; 10: Occipital condyles; 11: Mastoid; 12: Forman magum; 13: Nasal; 14: Canines; 15: Molar; 16: Mandibular; 17: Frontal; 18: Encephalocoele; 19: Sagittal suture; 20: Zygomatic; 21: Bulla ossae; 22: Forman magum; 23: Lambdoid suture; 24: Occipital; 25: Occipital condyles

表1 东北豹头骨测量结果

Table 1 Measurements of the Amur leopard skull

测量部位 Measurements of the skull	测量值 Measurements （mm）
1颅全长 Greatest length （GL）	192.00
2颅基底长 Skull basilar length （SBL）	177.10
3基长 Basal length （BL）	162.40
4上颊齿列冠长Length of upper tooth row C-P4（LUT）	64.35
5 P4齿冠基长 Length of P4 （LP4）	24.66
6枕颅高 Basion height （BH）	64.64
7颅底轴长 Basicranial axis （BA）	71.66
8枕大孔宽 Greatest breadth of the foramen magnum （GBFM）	38.86
9颧宽 Zygomatic breadth （ZB）	121.00
10最大眶间距 Greatest breath of the skull （GBS）	62.58
11最小眶间宽 Least inter-orbital breadth （LIB）	33.76
12上腭宽 Greatest palatal breadth （GPB）	73.80
13犬齿外宽 Breadth at the canine alveoli （BCA）	48.05
14最小眶后宽 Minimal breadth of the postorbital constriction （BPC）	40.92
15眶下孔距 Breadth between infraorbital foramina （BIF）	53.58
16眼窝高 Greatest inner height of the orbit （GHO）	40.90
17眼窝长 Greatest inner length of the orbit （GLO）	46.03
18鼻骨中缝长 Nasal suture length （NSL）	44.06
19眶上孔颅长 Upper neurocranium length （UNL）	79.23
20鼻颅长 Midian frontal length （MFL）	128.10
21后颅与基底间长度 Length between opisthocranion and basion （LOB）	30.82
22听泡长度 Length of bulla ossae （LBO）	29.79
23听泡宽度 Width of bulla ossae （WBO）	13.73
24听泡间宽 Breadth between bulla ossae （BBO）	24.14
25脑颅最大宽 Greatest breath of the braincase （GBB）	71.75
26乳突间距 Greatest mastoid breadth （GMB）	79.07

参考文献 0

	Arencibia A, Matos J, Encinoso M, Gil F, Artiles A, Martinez‑Gomariz F, Vazquez J M. 2019. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging study of a normal tarsal joint in a Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris). BMC Veterinary Research, 15 (1): 1-14.
	Bai X C. 2015. Geographic variation in the skull of the Siberian Weasel (Mustela sibirica manchurica) among different ecotypes. Master thesis. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University. (in Chinese)
	Farhadinia M S, Kaboli M, Karami M, Farahmand H. 2014. Patterns of sexual dimorphism in the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) and implications for sex differentiation. Zoology in the Middle East, 60 (3): 195-207.
	Fedorov A, Beichel R, Kalpathy‑Cramer J, Finet J, Fillion‑Robin J C, Pujol S, Bauer C, Jennings D, Fennessy F, Sonka M, Buatti J, Aylward S, Miller J V, Pieper S, Kikinis R. 2012. 3D Slicer as an image computing platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 30 (9): 1323-1341.
	He P, Zhou Y J, Zhang R, Jing L B H, Ding D F, Wang J L. 2022. Three‑dimensional reconstruction and precision evaluation of the skull of Saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica). Chinese Journal of Zoology, 57 (2): 289-299. (in Chinese)
	Hui J M, He L T, Wang M H. 2019. A comparison between cranial measurements using three‑dimensional laser scanning technology and manual measurements. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 38 (2): 254-264. (in Chinese)
	Khorozyan I G, Baryshnikov G F, Abramov A V. 2006. Taxonomic status of the leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) in the Caucasus and adjacent areas. Russian Journal of Theriology, 5 (1): 41-52.
	Khorozyan I. 2014. Morphological variation and sexual dimorphism of the common leopard (Panthera pardus) in the Middle East and their implications for species taxonomy and conservation. Mammalian Biology, 79 (6): 398-405.
	Kim S I, Oshida T, Lee H, Min M S, Kimura J. 2015. Evolutionary and biogeographical implications of variation in skull morphology of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides, Mammalia: Carnivora). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 116 (4): 856-872.
	Kitchener A C, Breitenmoser‑Würsten C, Eizirik E, Gentry A, Werdelin L, Wilting A, Yamaguchi N, Abramov A V, Christiansen P, Driscoll C. 2017. A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group. Cat News.
	Li L, Yin Y L, Zhou C F. 2019. A dataset of µCT scan of the skull of indotestudo elongata (Reptilia: Testudines). China Scientific Data, 6 (1): 237-244. (in Chinese)
	Qi J Z, Shi Q H, Wang G M, Li Z L, Sun Q, Hua Y J, Jiang G S. 2015. Spatial distribution drivers of Amur leopard density in northeast China. Biological Conservation, 191: 258-265.
	Si Y C, Yang J M, Wan F. 2021. Application of digital virtual technology in human anatomy teaching. Chinese Journal of Anatomy, 44 (4): 358-359. (in Chinese)
	Stein A, Athreya V, Gerngross P, Balme G, Henschel P, Karanth U, Ghoddousi A. 2016. Panthera pardus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. T15954A50659089. IUCN, Gland.[Google Scholar].
	Stull K E, Tise M L, Ali Z, Fowler D R. 2014. Accuracy and reliability of measurements obtained from computed tomography 3D volume rendered images. Forensic Science International, 238: 133-140.
	Xia L, Yang Q S, Feng Z J, Quan G Q, Ma Y. 2005. A guide to the measurement of mammal skull Ⅱ: Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla and Carnivor. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 40 (6): 67-73. (in Chinese)
	Yin Y L, Zhou M, Lu H. 2021. A dataset of the skull μCT scanning of Keichousaurus hui (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the middle triassic of Guizhou Province, China. China Scientific Data, 6 (4): 131-137. (in Chinese)
	Zhang X, Zhang Y M, Wu X J. 2020. The influence of quality parameter selection on 3D virtual reconstruction model precision based on dry skull. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 39 (2): 270-281. (in Chinese)
	Zhou Y W, Li Y T. 2022. Preliminary analysis of the three leopards’ skulls based on geometric morphology. Journal of Changshu Institute of Technology (Natural Science), 36 (5): 105-110. (in Chinese)
	白晓晨. 2015. 黄鼬东北亚种 (Mustela sibirica manchurica) 不同生态型头骨形态特征的比较. 哈尔滨: 东北林业大学硕士学位论文.
	宁晖, 白霖, 金箫笛, 罗继龙, 白志坤. 2022. 基于3D Slicer实现牛头塑化标本CT数据的可视化研究. 上海畜牧兽医通讯, (2): 28-32.
	司银楚, 杨俊明, 万凤. 2021. 数字化虚拟增强现实技术在人体解剖学教学中的应用. 解剖学杂志, 44 (4): 358-359.
	芦金树. 1993. 豹头骨及其易混淆品鉴别初探. 中草药, 24 (10): 546-547.
	李烂, 殷亚磊, 周长付. 2021. 缅甸陆龟 (爬行纲: 龟鳖目) 头骨高精度CT扫描数据集. 中国科学数据: 中英文网络版, 6 (1): 237-244.
	何鹏, 周应杰, 张瑞, 景丽百合, 张燕, 丁东方, 王建林. 2022. 赛加羚羊头骨的三维重建研究及其精确度评价. 动物学杂志, 57 (2): 289-299.
	张玄, 张亚盟, 吴秀杰. 2020. 3D虚拟复原精度的差异对头骨测量数值的影响: 以Mimics软牛为例. 人类学学报, 39 (2): 270-281.
	陈吉炎, 丁天仁. 1990. 豹骨与伪品大灵猫骨及狗骨的鉴定. 中国中药杂志, 15 (11): 12-14, 61-62.
	陈吉炎. 1989. 成年与未成年豹骨形态鉴定研究. 中药材, 12 (12):21-26.
	林幸华, 林杰, 汤勤荘. 1986. 豹骨与假豹骨 (原猫骨) 的鉴定. 中药材, (6): 23-25.
	周用武, 李怡婷. 2022. 基于几何形态学对三种豹头骨的初步分析. 常熟理工学院学报, 36 (5): 105-110.
	夏霖, 杨奇森, 冯祚建, 全国强, 马勇. 2005. 兽类头骨测量标准Ⅱ: 奇蹄目, 偶蹄目, 食肉目. 动物学杂志, 40 (6): 67-73.
	徐小峰, 张新定. 2021. 3D slicer在高血压脑出血中的应用研究进展. 中国实验诊断学, 25 (4): 611-614.
	殷亚磊, 周敏, 鲁昊. 2021. 中国贵州省中三叠世胡氏贵州龙 (爬行纲: 鳍龙超目) 头骨μCT扫描数据集. 中国科学数据: 中英文网络版, 6 (4): 131-137.
	董为, 侯新文, 房迎三, 刘金毅, 朱奇志. 2006. 南京汤山早更新世猎豹头骨CT扫描数据的三维重建. 自然科学进展, 16 (9): 1146-1152.
	惠家明, 贺乐天, 王明辉. 2019. 基于三维激光扫描的颅骨测量与手工测量的比较. 人类学学报, 38 (2): 254-264.

[1]	刘铸, 钱洪安, 王再山, 韩美凤, 蔡赫, 张春凤, 时艳菁, 金志民, 陈欢, 张隽晟. 基于Cyt b基因和形态学探讨大麝鼩的亚种分化[J]. 兽类学报, 2023, 43(4): 422-429.
[2]	陈燕, 岳亚先, 王涛, 甄磊, 李冬慧, 陶润宇, 宋英, 王登. 褐家鼠和黄胸鼠体型和头骨物种鉴定特征值筛选[J]. 兽类学报, 2023, 43(3): 322-332.
[3]	李臣光安培培王大涛赵全民李春义. 麝鼠香腺发育及腺细胞培养分离的初步研究[J]. 兽类学报, 2020, 40(2): 175-182.
[4]	刘洋陈顺德刘保权廖锐刘滢珣刘少英. 中国浙江麝鼩属（劳亚食虫目：鼩鼱科）一新种描记[J]. 兽类学报, 2020, 40(1): 1-12.
[5]	张梦王德华. 内蒙古草原五种啮齿动物肾脏形态学特征比较[J]. 兽类学报, 2018, 38(1): 36-45.
[6]	侯淋淋江廷磊林爱青冯江. 大蹄蝠头骨形态地理变化[J]. 兽类学报, 2017, 37(3): 241-250.
[7]	Timothy Bushyhead, J. Thomas Curtis. 幼体生长发育特征可导致橙腹田鼠的单配体制吗?[J]. 兽类学报, 2014, 34(2): 122-128.
[8]	程承葛德燕夏霖周材权杨奇森. 中国“草兔” 头骨的形态计量学研究[J]. , 2012, 32(4): 275-286.
[9]	葛德燕,吕雪霏,夏霖,黄乘明,杨奇森. 草兔胚后发育过程中头骨大小与形状变化的几何形态学分析(兔形目:兔科)[J]. , 2012, 32(1): 12-24.
[10]	涂飞云, 刘少英, 刘洋, 孙治宇, 朱天辉. 鼩鼱科内6 个种的阴茎形态学[J]. , 2010, 30(3): 278-282.
[11]	樊智,张泽钧,韦伟,廖咏梅,孙宜然,张明春,母华强,胡锦矗. 中国中西部五大山系间社鼠头骨形态的地理分化[J]. , 2010, 30(2): 171-176.
[12]	贾婷，林爱青，王睿，朱万龙，肖彩虹，刘春燕，孟丽华，练硝，王政昆. 云南不同地区中缅树鼩头骨形态特征的比较[J]. , 2009, 29(3): 259-268.
[13]	刘延德, 周材权,黄成思, 胡锦矗. 岩羊和矮岩羊头骨形态特征比较[J]. , 2007, 27(4): 376-379.
[14]	熊文华, 张知彬. 饶阳地区三种农田啮齿类头骨形态比较及性二型[J]. , 2007, 27(3): 280-283.
[15]	袁志强, 张立. 西双版纳三岔河地区野生亚洲象的个体识别、种群数量和活动特点[J]. , 2006, 26(4): 359-367.