哺乳动物季节性精子发生的分子调控研究进展

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150983

兽类学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (3): 271-282.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150983

• 综述 • 下一篇

哺乳动物季节性精子发生的分子调控研究进展

潘连红¹^,²^,⁴, 贾功雪²^,³^,⁴, 杨其恩²^,³^,⁴(), 王绪敏¹()

^1.烟台大学生命科学学院，烟台 264005
^2.中国科学院西北高原生物研究所，中国科学院高原生物适应与进化;重点实验室，西宁 810001
^3.中国科学院大学，北京 100049
^4.中国科学院西北高原生物研究所，青海省动物生态基因组学重点实验室，西宁 810001

收稿日期:2024-07-18 接受日期:2024-10-15 出版日期:2025-05-31 发布日期:2025-06-03
通讯作者: 杨其恩,王绪敏
作者简介:潘连红 (1998- )，女，硕士研究生，主要从事哺乳动物繁殖发育研究.
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金(U22A20447);青海省“昆仑英才”·高端创新创业人才;中国科学院青年创新促进会(2021432)

Regulation of seasonal spermatogenesis in mammals

Lianhong PAN¹^,²^,⁴, Gongxue JIA²^,³^,⁴, Qien YANG²^,³^,⁴(), Xumin WANG¹()

^1.College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
^2.Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China
^3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
^4.Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China

Received:2024-07-18 Accepted:2024-10-15 Online:2025-05-31 Published:2025-06-03
Contact: Qien YANG, Xumin WANG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为适应环境的周期性变化，哺乳动物在长期进化中形成了不同的生殖策略。精子发生的季节性变化是季节性繁殖动物典型的适应性特征之一。在繁殖期，睾丸生精上皮的各级生精细胞有序分化以源源不断地生成精子；而在非繁殖期，生精细胞发育阻断，睾丸退化。季节性精子发生随着激素水平的动态变化而呈现周期性变化，该过程主要受光周期和下丘脑-垂体-性腺 (Hypothalamic‑Pituitary‑Gonadal, HPG) 轴的严密调控。作为调控季节性繁殖的主要环境信号，光周期通过褪黑激素介导相关神经递质影响促性腺激素释放激素神经元活动，继而作用于性腺，调控睾酮分泌和生精细胞分化。此外，甲状腺激素也在动物对光信号的响应和HPG轴的维持中发挥关键作用。在性腺内，非繁殖期动物生精细胞发育呈现不同的阻断模式，包括精原细胞增殖活性降低、自噬和精母细胞凋亡以及脱落等，其中睾酮调控的维甲酸浓度变化在生精细胞分化阻断中发挥核心作用。本文总结了关键环境因子、生殖轴和睾丸微环境协同调控哺乳动物季节性精子发生的机制，概括了动物季节性繁殖调控的新发现。文章重点对睾酮-维甲酸信号在季节性精子发生中的调控作用进行了较为系统的综述，以期为两者对哺乳动物季节性精子发生的分子调控机制研究提供参考资料，同时对深入理解兽类繁殖生理和生理生态，开发动物种群调控技术具有重要意义。

关键词: 哺乳动物, 季节性精子发生, 下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴, 光周期

Abstract:

To adapt to cyclical changes in their environment, mammals have developed different reproductive strategies over long periods of evolution. Seasonal changes in spermatogenesis are one of the typical adaptive features of seasonally breeding animals. During the reproductive period, spermatogenic cells at all levels of the testicular spermatogenic epithelium differentiate in an orderly manner to produce a steady stream of spermatozoa, whereas during the nonreproductive period, spermatogenic cell development is blocked and the testis degenerates. Seasonal spermatogenesis is cyclic in response to dynamic changes in hormone levels, a process that is tightly regulated by the photoperiod and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis. As a major environmental signal regulating seasonal reproduction, photoperiod affects gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal activity through melatonin-mediated neurotransmission, which in turn acts on the gonads to regulate testosterone secretion and spermatogonial differentiation. In addition, thyroid hormones play a key role in the animal’s response to light signaling and maintenance of the HPG axis. Within the gonads, spermatogenic cell development in non-reproducing animals exhibits different patterns of blockage, including reduced proliferative activity of spermatogonia, autophagy and spermatocyte apoptosis, and detachment, with testosterone-regulated changes in retinoic acid concentration playing a central role in the blockage of spermatogonial differentiation. This article summarizes the mechanisms by which key environmental factors, the reproductive axis, and the testicular microenvironment synergistically regulate seasonal spermatogenesis in mammals, outlining new findings on the regulation of seasonal reproduction in animals. This paper focuses on a more systematic review of the roles of testosterone- and retinoic acid-regulated testicular microenvironments in seasonal spermatogenesis, with a view to providing reference information for the study of the molecular regulatory mechanisms of both on mammalian seasonal spermatogenesis, as well as an in-depth understanding of the physiology of reproduction and physiological ecology of veterinary species, and the development of techniques for the regulation of animal populations.

Key words: Mammal, Seasonal spermatogenesis, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal axis, Photoperiod

中图分类号:

Q492.4

潘连红, 贾功雪, 杨其恩, 王绪敏. 哺乳动物季节性精子发生的分子调控研究进展[J]. 兽类学报, 2025, 45(3): 271-282.

Lianhong PAN, Gongxue JIA, Qien YANG, Xumin WANG. Regulation of seasonal spermatogenesis in mammals[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(3): 271-282.

图/表 4

图1 哺乳动物精子发生的基本过程. 季节性繁殖动物的精子发生在非繁殖期主要阻断在精原细胞增殖分化和精母细胞减数分裂等不同阶段 (图由Figdraw绘制)

Fig.1 Basic processes of mammalian spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis in seasonally breeding animals is mainly blocked during the nonbreeding period at different stages of spermatogonia proliferation and differentiation and spermatocyte meiosis (By Figdraw)

图2 下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴调控短日照繁殖动物季节性精子发生. 动物接收光信号并转化为内分泌信号，进而通过调控 HPG 轴的周期性变化控制精子发生 (本图由Figdraw绘制). MLT：褪黑素；MT1：褪黑素受体 1；TSH：促甲状腺激素；TSHR：促甲状腺激素受体；Dio2：脱碘酶2；Dio3：脱碘酶3；T4：四碘甲状腺原氨酸；T3：三碘甲状腺原氨酸；TRs：甲状腺激素受体；GnRH：促性腺激素释放激素；FSH：卵泡刺激素；LH：黄体生成素；T：睾酮；Inhibin：抑制素

Fig.2 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal axis regulates seasonal spermatogenesis in short day breeding animals. Animals receive light signals and convert them into endocrine signals, which in turn control spermatogenesis by regulating cyclic changes in the HPG axis (By Figdraw). MLT: melatonin; MT1: melatonin receptor 1; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; TSHR: thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor; Dio2:, type 2 deiodinase; Dio3: type 3 deiodinase; T4: thyroxine; T3: triiodothyronine; TRs: thyroid hormone receptors; GnRH: gonadotropin-releasing hormone; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone; T: testosterone

图3 精原细胞增殖和分化的分子调控. 支持细胞分泌的SCF能够释放生长信号，其合成的维甲酸可以诱导C-Kit表达上调，两者共同调控SSCs的存活、增殖和分化，继而促进生精活动的正常进行. 若该过程信号通路异常，生精细胞将逐渐耗尽，继而导致睾丸萎缩且生精上皮仅保留少量精原细胞和支持细胞的现象 (图由Figdraw绘制)

Fig.3 Molecular regulation of spermatogonia proliferation and differentiation. The SCF secreted by the sertoli cells can release growth signals, and the retinoic acid synthesized by Sertoli cells can induce the up-regulation of C-Kit expression, both of which jointly regulate the survival, proliferation and differentiation of SSCs, and then promote the normal spermatogenic activity. If the signalling pathway is abnormal, the spermatogenic cells will deplete gradually, resulting in testicular atrophy with only a few spermatogonia and Sertoli cells remaining in the spermatogenic epithelium (By Figdraw)

图4 自噬途径阻断未分化精原细胞的分化进程 (图由Figdraw绘制)

Fig.4 Autophagy pathway blocks the differentiation process of undifferentiated spermatogonia (By Figdraw)

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哺乳动物季节性精子发生的分子调控研究进展

Regulation of seasonal spermatogenesis in mammals

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