兽类学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (2): 264-277.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151029
邓健成1,2, 王思凯2,3(
), 张洋2, 贾金涛2, 张婷婷2,3, 赵峰1,2,3(
)
收稿日期:2024-11-25
接受日期:2025-05-08
出版日期:2026-03-30
发布日期:2026-03-06
通讯作者:
王思凯,赵峰
作者简介:邓健成(1998- ),男,硕士研究生,主要从事鲸豚类资源调查与保护研究.
基金资助:
Jiancheng DENG1,2, Sikai WANG2,3(
), Yang ZHANG2, Jintao JIA2, Tingting ZHANG2,3, Feng ZHAO1,2,3(
)
Received:2024-11-25
Accepted:2025-05-08
Online:2026-03-30
Published:2026-03-06
Contact:
Sikai WANG, Feng ZHAO
摘要:
对鲸类动物进行有效的保护和完善的管理需要详细的物种及其分布信息。地方生态知识 (local ecological knowledge,LEK) 通常可以提供关于重点物种和生物资源的丰富信息,并越来越多地用于评估海洋哺乳动物的研究中。本研究于2023年11—12月,在东海附近海域沿岸地区进行了大规模的LEK走访调查,分析鲸类动物的多样性和分布状况、种群变化趋势及其可能面临的威胁。调查共涉及到59个港口码头,走访了534名渔民。本次走访调查共访问到了11种鲸类,包括东亚江豚(Neophocaena sunameri)、瓶鼻海豚(Tursiops truncatus)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Tursiops aduncus)、中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)、糙齿海豚(Steno bredanensis)、弗氏海豚(Lagenodelphis hosei)、热带点斑原海豚(Stenella attenuata)、伪虎鲸(Pseudorca crassidens)、小虎鲸(Feresa attenuata)、短肢领航鲸(Globicephala macrorhynchus)和虎鲸(Orcinus orca),没有收集到大型鲸类的记录。普遍认为8—9月是最常见到鲸类的时间段,目击热点区域主要在海州湾、东海大桥、长江口渔场中下部、洞头以及南麂列岛北部海域。有超一半(50.19%)的受访者认为鲸类动物数量正在下降。调查显示,20.22%的受访者曾经误捕过鲸类动物,主要使用的网具是拖网和刺网。这些结果为东海海域鲸类动物的分布状况和所面临的威胁提供了研究基础。
中图分类号:
邓健成, 王思凯, 张洋, 贾金涛, 张婷婷, 赵峰. 我国东海附近海域鲸类分布及面临的威胁:基于地方生态知识(LEK)分析[J]. 兽类学报, 2026, 46(2): 264-277.
Jiancheng DENG, Sikai WANG, Yang ZHANG, Jintao JIA, Tingting ZHANG, Feng ZHAO. Distribution and threats of cetaceans near the East China Sea: an analysis based on local ecological knowledge (LEK)[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 46(2): 264-277.
图2 受访者回答渔业资源变化状况(A) 及其减少原因(B) 的百分比. 其他包括过度捕捞、核污水影响、禁用渔具仍在使用、气候影响、禁渔期无牌船作业、围垦、紫菜养殖
Fig. 2 Percentage of answers given by the respondents to the changes in cetacean resources (A) and reasons for decline (B). Other factors include overfishing, Japanese nuclear wastewater, the impact of forbidden fishing gear, climate change, illegal fishing during closed seasons, land reclamation, and seaweed farming
图3 受访者报告中不同鲸类物种的比例.其他包括糙齿海豚、短肢领航鲸、弗氏海豚、热带点斑原海豚、伪虎鲸、小虎鲸、虎鲸和须鲸亚目
Fig. 3 Percentage of different cetacean species reported by respondents. Other species include Steno bredanensis, Globicephala macrorhynchus, Lagenodelphis hosei, Stenella attenuata, Pseudorca crassidens, Feresa attenuata, Orcinus orca, and Mysticeti
图4 受访者回答鲸类资源变化状况(A)及其减少原因(B)的百分比.其他主要指大桥建设、水闸建设、紫菜养殖、气候、洋流、网具误捕、化工厂排污水
Fig. 4 Changes in cetacean populations (A) and reasons for decline (B). Other factors include bridge and sluice construction, seaweed farming, climate change, ocean currents, accidental bycatch, and wastewater discharge from chemical plants
人口统计信息 Demographic information | 受访人数(占比) No. of respondents(Percentage) |
|---|---|
| 年龄分组Age class | |
| 青年Young(< 30岁) | 7(1.31%) |
| 中年 Middle aged [30,60] 岁 | 457(85.58%) |
| 老年Old(> 60岁) | 70(13.11%) |
| 平均年龄Average age | 50.56 ± 9.70 |
| 渔业经验Fishing experience | |
| < 10年 | 33(6.18%) |
| [10,20) 年 | 71(13.30%) |
| [20,30) 年 | 146(27.34%) |
| [30,40] 年 | 189(35.39%) |
| > 40 年 | 95(17.79%) |
| 平均渔业经验Average fishing experience | 29.63 ± 11.59 |
| 学历Educational level | |
| 大学 University/college | 5(0.94%) |
| 高中Senior middle school | 34(6.37%) |
| 初中Junior middle school | 265(49.63%) |
| 小学Elementary school | 216(40.45%) |
| 其他(无学历) Other(No formal education) | 14(2.62%) |
| 船长Vessel size | |
| < 20 m | 97(18.16%) |
| > 20 m | 410(76.78%) |
| 其他(不清楚) Other(Unknown) | 27(5.06%) |
| 平均船长Average vessel length | 33.32 ± 12.45 |
表1 受访者人口统计数据(n = 534)
Table 1 Respondent demographic data (n = 534)
人口统计信息 Demographic information | 受访人数(占比) No. of respondents(Percentage) |
|---|---|
| 年龄分组Age class | |
| 青年Young(< 30岁) | 7(1.31%) |
| 中年 Middle aged [30,60] 岁 | 457(85.58%) |
| 老年Old(> 60岁) | 70(13.11%) |
| 平均年龄Average age | 50.56 ± 9.70 |
| 渔业经验Fishing experience | |
| < 10年 | 33(6.18%) |
| [10,20) 年 | 71(13.30%) |
| [20,30) 年 | 146(27.34%) |
| [30,40] 年 | 189(35.39%) |
| > 40 年 | 95(17.79%) |
| 平均渔业经验Average fishing experience | 29.63 ± 11.59 |
| 学历Educational level | |
| 大学 University/college | 5(0.94%) |
| 高中Senior middle school | 34(6.37%) |
| 初中Junior middle school | 265(49.63%) |
| 小学Elementary school | 216(40.45%) |
| 其他(无学历) Other(No formal education) | 14(2.62%) |
| 船长Vessel size | |
| < 20 m | 97(18.16%) |
| > 20 m | 410(76.78%) |
| 其他(不清楚) Other(Unknown) | 27(5.06%) |
| 平均船长Average vessel length | 33.32 ± 12.45 |
选项 Option | 选择次数 Number | 百分比 Percentage/% |
|---|---|---|
| 放生Release | 529 | 88.16 |
| 出售Sell | 1 | 0.17 |
通知当地渔业管理部门 Notify local fisheries authorities | 66 | 11.00 |
| 食用Eat | 1 | 0.17 |
| 忽略Ignore | 3 | 0.50 |
| 其他Other | 0 | 0.00 |
表2 如何处理搁浅或误捕的鲸类
Table 2 How to handle stranded or accidentally caught Cetaceans
选项 Option | 选择次数 Number | 百分比 Percentage/% |
|---|---|---|
| 放生Release | 529 | 88.16 |
| 出售Sell | 1 | 0.17 |
通知当地渔业管理部门 Notify local fisheries authorities | 66 | 11.00 |
| 食用Eat | 1 | 0.17 |
| 忽略Ignore | 3 | 0.50 |
| 其他Other | 0 | 0.00 |
选项 Option | 是Yes (占比Percentage) | 否No (占比Percentage) |
|---|---|---|
食用过吗 Have consumed cetaceans | 10(1.87%) | 524(98.13%) |
见别人食用过吗 Seen others consume cetaceans | 23(4.31%) | 511(95.69%) |
出售过吗 Have sold cetaceans | 5(0.94%) | 529(99.06%) |
见别人出售过吗 Seen others sell cetaceans | 7 (1.31%) | 527 (98.69%) |
表3 受访者行为
Table 3 Respondents’ behaviors
选项 Option | 是Yes (占比Percentage) | 否No (占比Percentage) |
|---|---|---|
食用过吗 Have consumed cetaceans | 10(1.87%) | 524(98.13%) |
见别人食用过吗 Seen others consume cetaceans | 23(4.31%) | 511(95.69%) |
出售过吗 Have sold cetaceans | 5(0.94%) | 529(99.06%) |
见别人出售过吗 Seen others sell cetaceans | 7 (1.31%) | 527 (98.69%) |
选项 Option | 是Yes(占比Percentage) | 否No(占比Percentage) |
|---|---|---|
生态系统中是否扮演重要角色 Play an important role in the ecosystem | 455(85.21%) | 79(14.79%) |
是否应该受到保护 Should be protected | 486(91.01%) | 48(8.99%) |
是否是国家保护动物 Are national protected animals | 509(95.32%) | 25(4.68%) |
猎杀或出售鲸类是否违法 Hunting or selling cetaceans is illegal | 511(95.69%) | 23(4.31%) |
表4 受访者对鲸类的看法
Table 4 Respondents’ opinions on Cetaceans
选项 Option | 是Yes(占比Percentage) | 否No(占比Percentage) |
|---|---|---|
生态系统中是否扮演重要角色 Play an important role in the ecosystem | 455(85.21%) | 79(14.79%) |
是否应该受到保护 Should be protected | 486(91.01%) | 48(8.99%) |
是否是国家保护动物 Are national protected animals | 509(95.32%) | 25(4.68%) |
猎杀或出售鲸类是否违法 Hunting or selling cetaceans is illegal | 511(95.69%) | 23(4.31%) |
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