The occupancy rate and population estimation of snow leopards in the source of Shule River, Qilian Mountain National Park (Qinghai)

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150944

Abstract

Abstract: The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is widely distributed in the mountainous area of Central Asia and is the flagship species of the alpine ecosystem. The Qilian Mountain, one of the global snow leopard Landscape Conservation Units, is crucial for snow leopard conservation across its range. However, previous studies in Qilian Mountain National Park were mostly conducted in areas located in Gansu Province, and the habitat use and population size of snow leopard in the Qinghai portion remain poorly studied, hindering a comprehensive understanding of the species status. From 2018 to 2021, we carried out a camera trap monitoring at the source of Shule River of Qilian Mountain National Park (Qinghai). We analyzed the snow leopard occupancy rate, colonization probability, and extinction probability during the winter of 2019–2021 through a single-species multiple-season occupancy model, and then estimated the snow leopard population size using capture-recapture model. The effective working days of camera traps accumulated to 37 614 days and 674 snow leopard independent captures were obtained. The mean occupancy rate of snow leopards in January – March of 2019 – 2021 was 0. 50 ±0. 11, the colonization probability was 0. 25 ±0. 08, and the extinction probability was 0. 11 ±0. 08. The main environmental factors affecting the snow leopard occupancy rate were altitude and the relative abundance of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur). The altitude had a significant negative effect (β = -1. 20 ±0. 58, P= 0. 04), which was different from previous studies in Gansu, Qilian Mountain National Park. The relative abundance of blue sheep had a positive effect (β = 1. 83 ±1. 05, P= 0. 08). We identified 88 snow leopard individuals within the monitoring period, and the capture-recapture model showed that the population of snow leopards in this area was 36 ±7, 16 ±4, and 22 ±5 during 2019, 2020, and 2021. Only a few individuals were recorded more than two consecutive years, indicating that the source of the Shule River in Qilian Mountains might be an important corridor for snow leopards. Considering the significant differences in snow leopard habitat use and variability of the population estimation discovered in our study, the conservation and management strategies for Qilian Mountain should be informed by a comprehensive assessment of the entire area.

Key words: Panthera uncia, Qilian Mountain, Population size, Occupancy model, Camera trap

摘要： 雪豹(Panthera uncia)广泛分布在中亚高山地带，是高山生态系统的旗舰物种。祁连山地区是全球雪豹景观保护单元之一，具有较高的保护价值。以往研究多集中在祁连山国家公园甘肃片区，青海片区的雪豹栖息地利用和种群状态尚缺乏了解。2018—2021年，本研究团队在祁连山国家公园青海片区的疏勒河源区开展了红外相机监测，利用单物种多季节占域模型分析了2019—2021年每年冬季的雪豹占域率及影响因素，并通过标记重捕模型估计了雪豹种群数量。2018—2021年，红外相机累计有效工作日为37 614 d，获取雪豹独立捕获674次。占域模型显示，2019—2021年1—3月的雪豹平均占域率为0.50 ±0.11，年份间的定居率为0.25 ±0.08，局部灭绝率为0.11 ±0.08。雪豹占域率主要受到海拔的负向影响(β=-1.20 ±0.58,P=0.04)，以及岩羊(Pseudois nay-aur)相对多度指数的正向影响(β=1.83 ±1.05,P=0.08)，海拔的影响结果与以往祁连山国家公园甘肃片区的研究存在差异，可能与研究区域的地形和猎物资源分布相关。调查期间累计记录88只雪豹独立个体，标记重捕模型显示，2019—2021年雪豹的种群数量分别为(36 ±7)只、(16 ±4)只和(22 ±5)只，稳定记录的个体占比少，可能与祁连山位于雪豹种群的沟通廊道上有关。本研究结果显示，祁连山国家公园青海片区疏勒河源区的雪豹栖息地利用和种群密度与公园内其他区域存在较大差异，应整合国家公园各区域雪豹监测数据进行分析评估，从而整体制定保护管理措施。

关键词: 雪豹, 祁连山, 种群数量, 占域模型, 红外相机

CLC Number:

Q958.1

LI Yanzhi, JIANG Nan, MA Cunxin, JIA Ding, GAO Yayue, HUANG Hong, ZHAO Xiang, SHI Xiangying, LI Xueyang, Lü Zhi. The occupancy rate and population estimation of snow leopards in the source of Shule River, Qilian Mountain National Park (Qinghai)[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(6): 717-728.

李彦知, 姜楠, 马存新, 贾丁, 高雅月, 黄红, 赵翔, 史湘莹, 李雪阳, 吕植. 祁连山国家公园青海片区疏勒河源区雪豹占域率及种群数量估计[J]. 兽类学报, 2024, 44(6): 717-728.

References

Alexander J S, Gopalaswamy A M, Shi K, Riordan P.2015.Face value:towards robust estimates of snow leopard densities.PLoS ONE, 10(8).DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0134815.
Alexander J S, Cusack J J, Pengju C, Kun S, Riordan P.2016a.Conservation of snow leopards:spill-over benefits for other carnivores?Oryx, 50(2):239-243.
Alexander J S, Gopalaswamy A M, Shi K, Hughes J, Riordan P.2016b.Patterns of snow leopard site use in an increasingly human-dominated landscape.PLoS ONE, 11(5).DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155309.
Alexander J S, Shi K, Tallents L A, Riordan P.2016c.On the high trail:examining determinants of site use by the endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia in Qilianshan, China.Oryx, 50(2):231-238.
Alexander J S, Zhang C, Shi K, Riordan P.2016d.A granular view of a snow leopard population using camera traps in Central China.Biological Conservation, 197:27-31.
Amatulli G, Domisch S, Tuanmu M N, Parmentier B, Ranipeta A, Malczyk J, Jetz W.2018.A suite of global, cross-scale topographic variables for environmental and biodiversity modeling.Scientific Data, 5.DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.40.
BartońK.2023.MuMIn:Multi-Model Inference.R package version 1.47.5.
Bayandonoi G, Sharma K, Alexander J S, Lkhagvajav P, Durbach I, Buyanaa C, Munkhtsog B, Ochirjav M, Erdenebaatar S, Batkhuyag B, Byambasuren C, Uudus B, Setev S, Davaa L, Agchbayar K, Galsandorj N, MacKenzie D.2021.Mapping the ghost:Estimating probabilistic snow leopard distribution across Mongolia.Diversity and Distributions, 27(12):2441-2453.
Bian X, Liang X, Weckworth B, Jyal D, Hull V, Yang L.2023.Spatial density estimate of the snow leopard, Panthera uncia, in the Central Tibetan Plateau, China.Integrative Zoology, 18(4):677-687.
Chen L J, Xiao W H, Xiao Z S.2019.Limitations of relative abundance indices calculated from camera-trapping data.Biodiversity Science, 27(3):243-248.(in Chinese)
Chu M Y, Liang S J, Li P Y, Jia D, Maierdiyali A, Li X Y, Jiang N, Zhao X, Li F X, Xiao L Y, LüZ.2022.Population dynamic of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Yunta Village, Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve, China.Biodiversity Science, 30(9).DOI:10.17520/biods.2022157.(in Chinese)
Duan Q T, Luo L H.2021.A dataset of human footprint over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 1990-2017.A Big Earth Data Platform for Three Poles, DOI:10.11922/sciencedb.933.
Duan Q T, Luo L H.2020.A dataset of human footprint over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 1990-2015.China Scientific Data, 5(3).DOI:10.11922/csdata.2019.0082.zh.(in Chinese)
Fiske I, Chandler R.2011.unmarked:An R package for fitting hierarchical models of wildlife occurrence and abundance.Journal of Statistical Software, 43(10):1-23.
Gong P, Liu H, Zhang M N, Li C C, Wang J, Huang H B, Clinton N, Ji L Y, Li W Y, Bai Y Q, Chen B, Xu B, Zhu Z L, Yuan C, Suen H P, Guo J, Xu N, Li W J, Zhao Y Y, Yang J, Yu C Q, Wang X, Fu H H, Yu L, Dronova I, Hui F M, Cheng X, Shi X L, Xiao F J, Liu Q F, Song L C.2019.Stable classification with limited sample:transferring a 30-m resolution sample set collected in 2015 to mapping 10-m resolution global land cover in 2017.Science Bulletin, 64(6):370-373.
Jackson R M.1996.Home range, movements and habitat use of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in Nepal.London:University of London.
Jackson R M, Roe J D, Wangchuk R, Hunter D O.2006.Estimating snow leopard population abundance using photography and capture-recapture techniques.Wildlife Society Bulletin, 34(3):772-781.
Janecka J E, Zhang Y, Li D, Munkhtsog B, Bayaraa M, Galsandorj N, Wangchuk T R, Karmacharya D, Li J, Lu Z, Uulu K Z, Gaur A, Kumar S, Kumar K, Hussain S, Muhammad G, Jevit M, Hacker C, Burger P, Wultsch C, Janecka M J, Helgen K, Murphy W J, Jackson R.2017.Range-wide snow leopard phylogeography supports three subspecies.Journal of Heredity, 108(6):597-607.
JohanssonÖ, Ausilio G, Low M, Lkhagvajav P, Weckworth B V, Sharma K.2021.The timing of breeding and independence for snow leopard females and their cubs.Mammalian Biology, 101:173-180.
Li J, Lu Z.2014.Snow leopard poaching and trade in China 2000-2013.Biological Conservation, 176:207-211.
Li J, Weckworth B V, McCarthy T M, Liang X, Liu Y, Rui X, Li D, Zhang Y, Xue Y, Jackson R, Xiao L, Cheng C, Li S, Xu F, Ma M, Yang X, Diao K, Gao Y, Song D, Nowell K, He B, Li Y, McCarthy K, Paltsyn M Y, Sharma K, Mishra C, Schaller G B, Lu Z, Beissinger S R.2020.Defining priorities for global snow leopard conservation landscapes.Biological Conservation, 241.DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108387.
Li S, Wang D J, Xiao Z S, Li X H, Wang T M, Feng L M, Wang Y.2014.Camera-trapping in wildlife research and conservation in China:review and outlook.Biodiversity Science, 22(6):685-695.(in Chinese)
Li X Y, Xiao L Y, Liang X Y, Cheng C, Feng C, Zhao X, Liu Y Y, Bian X X, He B, Zhang C Z, Alexander J S, Xing R, Huang Y H, Awangjiumei, Xierannima, Song D Z, Huang Q W, Zhaxisange, Peng K, Yin H, Lian X M, Yang X, Li S, Shi X G, Yang C M, Lv Z.2019.Ongoing threats and the current status of snow leopard conservation in China.Biodiversity Science, 27(9):932-942.(in Chinese)
Luo L H, Ma W, Zhuang Y L, Zhang Y N, Yi S H, Xu J W, Long Y P, Ma D, Zhang Z Q.2018.The impacts of climate change and human activities on alpine vegetation and permafrost in the QinghaiTibet Engineering Corridor.Ecological Indicators, 93:24-35.
Luo L H, Duan Q T, Wang L X, Zhao W Z, Zhuang Y L.2020.Increased human pressures on the alpine ecosystem along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.Regional Environmental Change, 20(1):33.
Ma B, Pan G L, Li L G, Chen Y, Li Y B, Liu Y Z, Bailike J, Sun S W, Shi K.2021.Preliminary study on habitat suitability of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in central Tianshan Mountains.Acta Theriologica Sinica, 41(1):1-10.(in Chinese)
MacKenzie D I, Nichols J D, Hines J E, Knutson M G, Franklin A B.2003.Estimating site occupancy, colonization, and local extinction when a species is detected imperfectly.Ecology, 84(8):2200-2207.
MacKenzie D I, Nichols J D, Royle J A, Pollock K H, Bailey L L, Hines J E.2006.Occupancy Estimation and Modeling:Inferring Patterns and Dynamics of Species Occurrence.San Diego:Academic Press.
Mazerolle M J.2023.AICcmodavg:Model selection and multimodel inference based on (Q) AIC (c).R package version 2.3.3.
McCarthy T, McCarthy K, Robinson H.2015.Modelling the Number of Mature Individuals in the Global Snow Leopard Population:Implications for the IUCN Red List Status.New York:Panthera.
McCarthy T, Mallon D, Jackson R, Zahler P, McCarthy K.2017.Panthera uncia.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017:e.T22732A50664030.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en.Accessed on 04 March 2024.
Niedballa J, Sollmann R, Courtiol A, Wilting A.2016.camtrapR:an R package for efficient camera trap data management.Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(12):1457-1462.
Oberosler V, Tenan S, Groff C, Krofel F, Augugliaro C, Munkhtsog B, Rovero F.2022.First spatially-explicit density estimate for a snow leopard population in the Altai Mountains.Biodiversity and Conservation, 31:261-275.
Otis D L, Burnham K P, White G C, Anderson D R.1978.Statistical inference from capture data on closed animal populations.Wildlife Monographs, 62:3-135.
Rivest L, Baillargeon S.2022.Rcapture:loglinear models for capture-recapture experiments.R package version 1.4-4.
Roberts T J.1977.The Mammals of Pakistan.London and Tonbridge:Ernest Benn, 361.
Rong Z L, Gao Y Y, Chen S Y, Zhang T Z.2022.Habitat suitability evaluation of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in the Qilian Mountain National Park (Qinghai area), China.Acta Theriologica Sinica, 42(5):553-562.(in Chinese)
Sharief A, Kumar V, Singh H, Mukherjee T, Dutta R, Joshi B D, Bhattacharjee S, Ramesh C, Chandra K, Thakur M, Sharma L K.2022.Landscape use and co-occurrence pattern of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and its prey species in the fragile ecosystem of Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh.PLoS ONE, 17(7).DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0271556.Snow Leopard Network.2014.Snow leopard survival strategy.Revised 2014 Version Snow Leopard Network, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Suryawanshi K R, Khanyari M, Sharma K, Lkhagvajav P, Mishra C.2019.Sampling bias in snow leopard population estimation studies.Population Ecology, 61(3):268-276.
Wang F, McShea W J, Wang D, Li S, Zhao Q, Wang H, Lu Z.2014.Evaluating landscape options for corridor restoration between giant panda reserves.PLoS ONE, 9(8).DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.105086.
Xiao L Y, Cheng C, Wan H W, Zhang D H, Wang Y C, Tsedan, Hou P, Li J, Yang X, Lv Z, Liu Y P.2019.Defining conservation priority areas of snow leopard habitat in the Sanjiangyuan Region.Biodiversity Science, 27(9):943-950.(in Chinese)
Xiao W H, Shu Z F, Chen L J, Yao W T, Ma Y, Zhang Y M, Xiao Z S.2019.Using occupancy models in wildlife camera-trapping monitoring and the study case.Biodiversity Science, 27(3):249-256.(in Chinese)
Xie X, Yang G J, Wang Z R, Wang J.2010.Landscape pattern change in mountainous areas along an altitude gradient in the upper reaches of Shule River.Chinese Journal of Ecology, 29(7):1420-1426.(in Chinese)
Xu F, Ma M, Yin S J, Munkhtsog B.2006.Autumn habitat selection by snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in Beita Mountain, Xinjiang, China.Zoological Research, 27(2):221-224.(in Chinese)
Zhang C, Ma T, Ma D.2024.Status of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in the Qilian Mountains, Gansu Province, China.Oryx, 58(2):255-260.
Zhang Y G, Li D Q, Hacker C, Zhang Y, Xue Y D, Wu L J, Dai Y C, Luo P, Xierannima, Janecka J E, Li D Q.2019.An analysis of genetic structure of snow leopard populations in Sanjiangyuan and Qilianshan National Parks.Acta Theriologica Sinica, 39(4):442-449.(in Chinese)
马兵, 潘国梁, 李雷光, 陈颖, 李祎斌, 刘一正, 巴力克·杰克义, 孙世为, 时坤.2021.天山中部雪豹栖息地适宜性研究初报.兽类学报, 41(1):1-10.
戎战磊, 高雅月, 陈生云, 张同作.2022.祁连山国家公园青海片区雪豹栖息地适宜性评价.兽类学报, 42(5):553-562.
刘伟, 朝强, 张胜邦.2017.青海祁连山自然保护区常见野生动物观察手册.西宁:青海民族出版社.
李小雨, 肖凌云, 梁旭昶, 程琛, 冯琛, 赵翔, 刘炎林, 卞晓星, 何兵, 张常智, Alexander J S, 邢睿, 黄亚慧, 阿旺久美, 谢然尼玛, 宋大昭, 黄巧雯, 扎西桑俄, 彭奎, 尹杭, 连新明, 杨欣, 李晟, 施小刚, 杨创明, 吕植.2019.中国雪豹的威胁与保护现状.生物多样性, 27(9):932-942.
李晟, 王大军, 肖治术, 李欣海, 王天明, 冯利民, 王云.2014.红外相机技术在我国野生动物研究与保护中的应用与前景.生物多样性, 22(6):685-695.
肖凌云, 程琛, 万华伟, 张德海, 王永财, 才旦, 侯鹏, 李娟, 杨欣, 吕植, 刘玉平.2019.三江源地区雪豹保护优先区规划.生物多样性, 27(9):943-950.
肖文宏, 束祖飞, 陈立军, 姚武韬, 马勇, 张应明, 肖治术.2019.占域模型的原理及在野生动物红外相机研究中的应用案例.生物多样性, 27(3):249-256.
初漠嫣, 梁书洁, 李沛芸, 贾丁, 阿卜杜赛麦提·买尔迪亚力, 李雪阳, 姜楠, 赵翔, 李发祥, 肖凌云, 吕植.2022.三江源国家级自然保护区内云塔村雪豹种群动态.生物多样性, 30(9).DOI:10.17520/biods.2022157.
张于光, 李迪强, Hacker C, 张宇, 薛亚东, 乌力吉, 代云川, 罗平, 谢然尼玛, Janecka J E, 李迪强.2019.三江源和祁连山国家公园雪豹种群的遗传结构分析.兽类学报, 39(4):442-449.国家林业和草原局.2019.祁连山国家公园总体规划(征求意见稿).北京.
陈立军, 肖文宏, 肖治术.2019.物种相对多度指数在红外相机数据分析中的应用及局限.生物多样性, 27(3):243-248.
段群滔, 罗立辉.2020.1990—2015年青藏高原人类足迹数据集.中国科学数据, 5(3).DOI:10.11922/csdata.2019.0082.zh.
段群滔, 罗立辉.2021.青藏高原人类足迹数据集(1990—2017).时空三极环境大数据平台.DOI:10.11922/sciencedb.933.
徐峰, 马鸣, 殷守敬, Munkhtsog B.2006.新疆北塔山雪豹对秋季栖息地的选择.动物学研究, 27(2):221-224.
谢霞, 杨国靖, 王增如, 王杰.2010.疏勒河上游山区不同海拔梯度的景观格局变化.生态学杂志, 29(7):1420-1426.

[1]	WANG Tianhui, MA Yongsheng, WU Hao, HEZIERHAN Sataer, HUATI Habiyaxi, GAO Shuaishuai, ZHANG Yu, LI Jia. Activity patterns and spatial distribution of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in eastern Altun Mountains [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(6): 729-737.
[2]	LI Xueyang, HE Yanjin, CHEN Xier, Yiyan, HUANG Hong, DONG Zhengyi, Bianbazhaxi, ZHAO Xiang, SHI Xiangying, Lü Zhi. The distribution status, occupancy, and spatiotemporal pattern of large carnivores in Dingqing County, Xizang Autonomous Region [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(6): 681-694.
[3]	LI Zichen, ZHOU Yutong, CAO Ranxing, JIA Kangning, MAI Xiaotong, FENG Jiawei, WANG Tianming. Amur tiger and leopard and their ungulate prey show differentiated spatiotemporal responses to human disturbances in the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(6): 665-680.
[4]	CHAI Yuhua, MAO Xiaoning, Gamachenglinqiujiang, LI Guogang, SUN Nan. Spatiotemporal niche relationship between leopard and its sympatric carnivores in the forest of Baizha, Qinghai Province [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(6): 706-716.
[5]	LIU Yanlin, WANG Yidan, LI Yibin, YU Chenxing, WANG Zhonghua, HU Dazhi, MA Cunxin, WANG Dajun, LI Sheng. The current distribution and prediction of suitable habitat of dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Qilian Mountains, China [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(6): 749-761.
[6]	HAN Yimin, XIAO Mei, HE Mengnan, LI Mingfu, HOU Rong, WU Pengcheng, HE Fang, SHEN Limin, HU Jie, CHEN Peng. The activity rhythm and space utilization among six species of ungulates in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(5): 598-610.
[7]	BAI Xiaojie, XIAO Wenhong, ZHANG Tingyue, LIU Bangyou, XIAO Zhishu, LIU Wei. Seasonal variation patterns of daily activity rhythm of small Indian civets (Viverricula indica) and their potential rodent prey in Guizhou Chishui Alsophila National Nature Reserve, China [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(3): 309-320.
[8]	ZHENG Kaidan, WANG Qiaoyun, FAN Pengfei, HAN Xuesong, XIAO Mei, SHEN Limin, DONG Zhengyi, ZHANG Lu. Individual identification and genetic diversity of Eurasian otters based on microsatellite markers [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(2): 146-158.
[9]	LI Genhui, QIN Zhongyi, LU Lixiong, GAO Wenjun, LUO Wenfu, LI Han, LI Yuwu, YIN Cunquan, XU Ping, YIN Guanghua, LI Fabao, NIU Xiaowei, JIANG Xuelong. Population size and distribution of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in Ailao Mountain, Chuxiong Prefecture, Yunnan Province [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 43(5): 513-522.
[10]	LIN Weiming, WENG Yue, A Jia, WANG Min, WANG Qi, WANG Fang. Preliminary research on daily activity rhythm, habitat use and response to human activity of large Indian civet (Viverra zibetha) in Bayuelin Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 43(4): 364-377.
[11]	ZHENG Weicheng, ZHENG Zihong, LIU Julian, WANG Yu, YANG Xiaojun, HUANG Linping, DING Ping, ZENG Di. The occupancy of six mammal species and the potential impacting factors in Jiulongshan National Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 43(4): 378-386.
[12]	Jiang QIAO, Xiaoli GONG, Wei JIA, Guoqing JIA, Yong JIANG, Huaming ZHOU, Jiaqi LI, Anxiang WEN, Jie WANG. Distribution, group size and activity rhythm of wolves (Canis lupus) in the Gongga Mountains, Sichuan Province [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 43(3): 248-257.
[13]	Xiangdong RUAN, Yixin CHEN, Boyu WANG, Xiao YANG, Chunlin LIAO, Yang YU, Cheng GUO. Diversity and activity rhythm of mammals and birds in the Badagongshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan inferred through camera traps [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 43(3): 342-351.
[14]	Xuefeng SHAO, Xiaoying PING, Yueyuan LI, Long CHEN, Zhiwen NIE, Yuanman HU, Yuehui LI. The pellet-decay rate of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Lesser Xing’an Mountains [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 43(2): 157-163.
[15]	Bo XIE, Xiuping NONG, Guoli HUANG, Rong HUANG, Wei YAO, Jianzhong LIN, Qihai ZHOU. Preliminary survey of mammals and birds diversity by using camera traps in the Guangxi Encheng National Nature Reserve [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 43(2): 215-223.