ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (3): 404-419.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151061
• ORIGINAL PAPERS • Previous Articles Next Articles
Jinmei LI(
), Tao WU, Enze TANG, Jinping LIAO, Gefei ZHANG, Zhixiao LIU(
)
Received:2025-01-25
Accepted:2025-04-21
Online:2026-05-30
Published:2026-06-04
Contact:
Zhixiao LIU
李金美(
), 吴涛, 汤恩泽, 廖金屏, 张格菲, 刘志霄(
)
通讯作者:
刘志霄
作者简介:李金美(2002- ),女,本科生,主要从事生物科学研究. E‑mail:3347992963@qq.com
基金资助:CLC Number:
Jinmei LI, Tao WU, Enze TANG, Jinping LIAO, Gefei ZHANG, Zhixiao LIU. Investigation into the PAE ethogram, breeding behaviors and activity rhythm of cave-dwelling Hipposideros armiger[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 46(3): 404-419.
李金美, 吴涛, 汤恩泽, 廖金屏, 张格菲, 刘志霄. 洞栖性大蹄蝠PAE行为谱、繁育行为及活动节律研究[J]. 兽类学报, 2026, 46(3): 404-419.
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Fig. 1 Diagram of tunnel structure of Baihu Cave. A: Cave entrance; B1 - B6: Setting points of monitoring equipments; C1, C2: The emergency shelter position for Hipposideros armiger
| 姿势 Posture | 定义 Definition | 编码 Code |
|---|---|---|
双足倒挂 Hanging upside-down with two feet | 蝙蝠头部朝下,足爪朝上,用双足爪倒扣在岩壁、房梁、树枝等物体上 The bat has its head down and feet up. It uses its feet and claws to invert itself on rock walls, roof beams,branches and other objects | 1 |
单足倒挂 Hanging upside-down with one foot | 蝙蝠头部朝下,足爪朝上,仅用单足爪倒扣在岩壁、房梁、树枝等物体上 The bat has its head down and feet up. It only uses one foot and its claws to upside down on rock walls, roof beams, branches and other objects | 2 |
翼全展 Wings full spreading | 蝙蝠的肱骨、前臂骨、掌骨和指骨两侧或单侧完全伸展使翼展开 The humerus, forearm bones, metacarpals and phalanges of the bat are fully extended on either side or one side to spread the wings | 3 |
翼半展 Wings half-spreading | 蝙蝠的肱骨、前臂骨、掌骨和指骨两侧或单侧没有完全展开 The humerus, forearm, metacarpal and phalanges of the bat are not fully deployed on either side or on one side | 4 |
翼包裹 Wing packing | 蝙蝠的肱骨、前臂骨、掌骨和指骨收拢,使两侧或单侧翼膜收拢 The humerus, forearm bones, metacarpal bones and phalanges of the bat are retracted, allowing the bilateral or unilateral flying membranes to retract | 5 |
匍匐 Lying prone | 蝙蝠整个身体的腹部贴在缝隙里或接触面上不需要双足及前臂承重 The entire abdomen of the bat is attached to the crevice or on the other contact surface without its body weight held by its feet and forearms | 6 |
爬 Creeping | 蝙蝠使用足爪和第一指抓住接触面,腹部贴着接触面,拖拉着身体发生位移 The bat uses its feet and claws and the first finger to grasp the contact surface, and its abdomen is pressed against the contact surface, dragging its body to move | 7 |
飞 Flying | 蝙蝠翼膜完全展开,翼膜不停地拍打以使整个身体悬空 The bat’s wing membrane is fully unfolded, and the membrane is constantly flapping to keep the entire body suspended in the air | 8 |
行 Walking | 蝙蝠仅使用双足承重,左右交替移动身体 The bat only uses the feet to bear its body weight and moves alternately its body left and right | 9 |
抱 Embrace | 两只以上的蝙蝠身体紧贴在一起,其中一只用翼将另一只揽住 Two or more bats are closely attached, one of them holding the others with its wings | 10 |
含挂 Hanging upside-down with fake nipple in mouth | 蝙蝠幼仔用嘴部含住母蝠的假乳头,后肢抓挂于母蝠腋下 The bat young holds one false nipple of its mother with its mouth, while it hangs upside down and grasps the mother’s armpits by its hind legs and claws | 11 |
| 其他 Other | 以上被定义以外的所有姿势 All postures other than those defined above | 12 |
Table 1 Basic postures and their codes of Hipposideros armiger
| 姿势 Posture | 定义 Definition | 编码 Code |
|---|---|---|
双足倒挂 Hanging upside-down with two feet | 蝙蝠头部朝下,足爪朝上,用双足爪倒扣在岩壁、房梁、树枝等物体上 The bat has its head down and feet up. It uses its feet and claws to invert itself on rock walls, roof beams,branches and other objects | 1 |
单足倒挂 Hanging upside-down with one foot | 蝙蝠头部朝下,足爪朝上,仅用单足爪倒扣在岩壁、房梁、树枝等物体上 The bat has its head down and feet up. It only uses one foot and its claws to upside down on rock walls, roof beams, branches and other objects | 2 |
翼全展 Wings full spreading | 蝙蝠的肱骨、前臂骨、掌骨和指骨两侧或单侧完全伸展使翼展开 The humerus, forearm bones, metacarpals and phalanges of the bat are fully extended on either side or one side to spread the wings | 3 |
翼半展 Wings half-spreading | 蝙蝠的肱骨、前臂骨、掌骨和指骨两侧或单侧没有完全展开 The humerus, forearm, metacarpal and phalanges of the bat are not fully deployed on either side or on one side | 4 |
翼包裹 Wing packing | 蝙蝠的肱骨、前臂骨、掌骨和指骨收拢,使两侧或单侧翼膜收拢 The humerus, forearm bones, metacarpal bones and phalanges of the bat are retracted, allowing the bilateral or unilateral flying membranes to retract | 5 |
匍匐 Lying prone | 蝙蝠整个身体的腹部贴在缝隙里或接触面上不需要双足及前臂承重 The entire abdomen of the bat is attached to the crevice or on the other contact surface without its body weight held by its feet and forearms | 6 |
爬 Creeping | 蝙蝠使用足爪和第一指抓住接触面,腹部贴着接触面,拖拉着身体发生位移 The bat uses its feet and claws and the first finger to grasp the contact surface, and its abdomen is pressed against the contact surface, dragging its body to move | 7 |
飞 Flying | 蝙蝠翼膜完全展开,翼膜不停地拍打以使整个身体悬空 The bat’s wing membrane is fully unfolded, and the membrane is constantly flapping to keep the entire body suspended in the air | 8 |
行 Walking | 蝙蝠仅使用双足承重,左右交替移动身体 The bat only uses the feet to bear its body weight and moves alternately its body left and right | 9 |
抱 Embrace | 两只以上的蝙蝠身体紧贴在一起,其中一只用翼将另一只揽住 Two or more bats are closely attached, one of them holding the others with its wings | 10 |
含挂 Hanging upside-down with fake nipple in mouth | 蝙蝠幼仔用嘴部含住母蝠的假乳头,后肢抓挂于母蝠腋下 The bat young holds one false nipple of its mother with its mouth, while it hangs upside down and grasps the mother’s armpits by its hind legs and claws | 11 |
| 其他 Other | 以上被定义以外的所有姿势 All postures other than those defined above | 12 |
| 动作 Act | 定义 Definition | 编码 Code |
|---|---|---|
| 头颈部 Head and neck | ||
| 摆头 Shake head | 以颈部为轴,头向左、右快速摆动 Swing the head quickly to the left and right with the neck as the axis | 1 |
| 抬头 Rise head | 躯干部保持不变,头部上扬,呈仰视状态 Keep the trunk unchanged, head up, looking up | 2 |
| 低头 Lower head | 躯干部保持不变,头部前倾,呈俯视状态 Keep the trunk unchanged, with the head tilting forward, looking down | 3 |
| 左转 Turn left | 以颈部为轴,头向左转动小于90° With the neck as the axis, turn the head to the left by less than 90° | 4 |
| 右转 Turn right | 以颈部为轴,头向右转动小于90° With the neck as the axis, turn the head to the right by less than 90° | 5 |
| 后转 Turn back | 以颈部为轴,头向左或向右转动大于90° With the neck as the axis, rotate the head to the left or right by more than 90° | 6 |
| 顶 Gore | 用头部撞向其他的个体 Hit other individual with the head | 7 |
| 嘴部 Mouth | ||
| 张嘴 Open mouth | 上下颌分开,口腔扩大,露出牙齿 The upper and lower jaws are separated, and the mouth is enlarged, exposing the teeth | 8 |
| 吮吸 Suck | 嘴唇闭合用力把液体或乳汁吸入口腔 Close the lips and forcibly suck liquid or milk into the mouth | 9 |
| 伸舌 Stick out tongue | 把口腔内的舌头从嘴唇中伸出 Extend the tongue in the mouth from the lips | 10 |
| 呲牙 Bare teeth | 上下嘴唇分开,口腔微张,露出牙齿 The upper and lower lips are separated, and the mouth is slightly open to expose the teeth | 11 |
| 舔 Lick | 舌头伸出口腔用以舔触自己的身体或者别的个体 The tongue sticks out of the mouth to lick its own body or another individual | 12 |
| 叫 Yell | 从口腔发出“吱——吱——”的声音 Make a ‘squeaking-squeaking-’ sound from the mouth | 13 |
| 嚼 Chew | 嘴巴微张,用牙齿磨碎食物 Open the mouth slightly and grind food with the teeth | 14 |
| 咬 Bite | 嘴巴张开后,再用力闭合,以咬住或者压碎东西 After opening the mouth, close it hard to bite or crush something | 15 |
| 眼耳鼻部 Eye, nose and ear | ||
| 闭眼 Close eyes | 上下眼睑闭合,将眼球遮盖 The upper and lower eyelids are closed to cover the eyeballs | 16 |
| 睁眼 Open eyes | 上下眼睑分开,使眼球外露 Separate upper and lower eyelids to expose eyeballs | 17 |
| 急促呼吸 Tachypnea | 呼吸速度很快,可见腹部快速起伏 The breathing rate is fast, and the rapid ups and downs of the abdomen can be seen | 18 |
耳前后转动 Ear turn back and forth | 以躯体的前后为方向轴,耳朵向面部或尾部方向转动,常伴随回声定位声波的接收 With the front and back of the body as the direction axis, the ears rotate towards the face or the tail, often accompanied by the reception of echolocation sound waves | 19 |
耳郭收缩 Auricle contraction | 耳缘向前弯曲,耳朵形状变小 The ear margins bend forward and the shape of the ear becomes smaller | 20 |
耳前伏 Ear fold forward | 耳向前对半折,一半耳朵贴着头部 Fold the ear in half forward, with other half of the ear pressed against the head | 21 |
| 耳直立 Ear up-right | 耳朵保持直立状态,没有向前或向后折 Keep the ears upright without folding forward or backward | 22 |
| 四肢 Limbs | ||
后肢弯曲 Bend hind limbs | 后肢弯曲,身体重心后移,常出现在受惊时、起飞前、飞行结束时 The hind limbs are bent and the body's center of gravity moves backward, often occurring during shock, before takeoff, and at the end of flight | 23 |
倒挂式行走 Walk upside down | 双足爪交替变换位置,使完全倒悬着的身体向前或向后发生位移 The feet and their claws alternate positions to displace the completely upside-down body forward or backward | 24 |
倒挂 Hang upside down | 身体倒挂在岩壁上,没有发生位移 The body hangs upside down on the rock wall without displacement | 25 |
| 飞行 Fly | 四肢及腹部离开栖挂点,整个身体呈悬空状,双翼拍打而使身体在空中发生位移 The limbs and abdomen leave the roost, and the entire body floats in the air while the wings flap and the body displaces in the air | 26 |
| 侧移 Move sidesway | 双足爪左右交替移动,使身体向左或向右发生位移 Move the feet and their claws alternately left and right to displace the body to the left or righ | 27 |
| 贴壁 Attach | 躯体贴在岩壁上,没有发生位移 The body was pressed against the rock wall without displacement | 28 |
| 爬行 Creep | 腹部接触附着面,使用双足爪和前臂交替移动,使身体发生位移 When the abdomen touches the attachment surface, use the claws and forearms to move alternately to displace the body | 29 |
| 挠 Scratch | 用足爪或第一指上的爪对自身或其他个体进行抓挠 Scratch itself or another individual with the claws on the feet or the claw on the first finger | 30 |
| 拍 Slap | 用前肢或翼拍打周围的同伴 Slap the companions with the forelimbs or wings | 31 |
| 勾 Hook | 用第一指勾住同伴的身体或者其他物体,帮助移动 Hook its partner’s body or other object with its first finger to help moving | 32 |
| 抱 Hold | 用前肢包裹幼仔 Wrap the young with forelimbs | 33 |
| 腰荐及腹部 Waist sacral and abdomen | ||
左右转身 Turn left or right | 身体向左或向右转动角度小于或等于90° The angle of turning the body to the left or right is less than or equal to 90° | 34 |
| 后转身 Rear pivot | 身体向左或向右转动角度大于90° The angle of turning the body to the left or right is greater than 90° | 35 |
| 直腰 Straight waist | 腰部和后肢在同一平面上 Waist and hind limbs on the same plane | 36 |
| 弯腰 Stoop down | 身体向前倾斜角度等于或大于90° Tilt the body forward at an angle equal to or greater than 90° | 37 |
| 排粪 Defecate | 指蝙蝠将未被消化和吸收的食物残渣、消化道分泌物、无机盐及水等组成的混合物从肛门排出 It refers to the bat discharging a mixture of undigested and unabsorbed food residues, secretions of digestive tract, inorganic salts and water from the anus | 38 |
| 排尿 Urinate | 通过尿道,将自身产生的代谢终产物液体排出体外 Through the urethra, excrete the metabolic product fluid produced by itself | 39 |
腹部收缩 Abdominal contraction | 随着呼气和吸气,腹部肌肉收缩 With exhalation and inhalation, the muscles in the abdomen contract | 40 |
| 整个躯体 Whole body | ||
| 摇晃 Shake body | 栖息时,以爪为支点,身体向左或向右晃动 When resting, it uses its claws as the fulcrum and shake the body to the left or right | 41 |
| 颤动 Tremble | 随着心率加快,腹部起伏带动身体发生颤动 As the heart rate accelerates, the ups and downs of the abdomen cause the body to tremble | 42 |
Table 2 Basic acts and their codes of Hipposideros armiger
| 动作 Act | 定义 Definition | 编码 Code |
|---|---|---|
| 头颈部 Head and neck | ||
| 摆头 Shake head | 以颈部为轴,头向左、右快速摆动 Swing the head quickly to the left and right with the neck as the axis | 1 |
| 抬头 Rise head | 躯干部保持不变,头部上扬,呈仰视状态 Keep the trunk unchanged, head up, looking up | 2 |
| 低头 Lower head | 躯干部保持不变,头部前倾,呈俯视状态 Keep the trunk unchanged, with the head tilting forward, looking down | 3 |
| 左转 Turn left | 以颈部为轴,头向左转动小于90° With the neck as the axis, turn the head to the left by less than 90° | 4 |
| 右转 Turn right | 以颈部为轴,头向右转动小于90° With the neck as the axis, turn the head to the right by less than 90° | 5 |
| 后转 Turn back | 以颈部为轴,头向左或向右转动大于90° With the neck as the axis, rotate the head to the left or right by more than 90° | 6 |
| 顶 Gore | 用头部撞向其他的个体 Hit other individual with the head | 7 |
| 嘴部 Mouth | ||
| 张嘴 Open mouth | 上下颌分开,口腔扩大,露出牙齿 The upper and lower jaws are separated, and the mouth is enlarged, exposing the teeth | 8 |
| 吮吸 Suck | 嘴唇闭合用力把液体或乳汁吸入口腔 Close the lips and forcibly suck liquid or milk into the mouth | 9 |
| 伸舌 Stick out tongue | 把口腔内的舌头从嘴唇中伸出 Extend the tongue in the mouth from the lips | 10 |
| 呲牙 Bare teeth | 上下嘴唇分开,口腔微张,露出牙齿 The upper and lower lips are separated, and the mouth is slightly open to expose the teeth | 11 |
| 舔 Lick | 舌头伸出口腔用以舔触自己的身体或者别的个体 The tongue sticks out of the mouth to lick its own body or another individual | 12 |
| 叫 Yell | 从口腔发出“吱——吱——”的声音 Make a ‘squeaking-squeaking-’ sound from the mouth | 13 |
| 嚼 Chew | 嘴巴微张,用牙齿磨碎食物 Open the mouth slightly and grind food with the teeth | 14 |
| 咬 Bite | 嘴巴张开后,再用力闭合,以咬住或者压碎东西 After opening the mouth, close it hard to bite or crush something | 15 |
| 眼耳鼻部 Eye, nose and ear | ||
| 闭眼 Close eyes | 上下眼睑闭合,将眼球遮盖 The upper and lower eyelids are closed to cover the eyeballs | 16 |
| 睁眼 Open eyes | 上下眼睑分开,使眼球外露 Separate upper and lower eyelids to expose eyeballs | 17 |
| 急促呼吸 Tachypnea | 呼吸速度很快,可见腹部快速起伏 The breathing rate is fast, and the rapid ups and downs of the abdomen can be seen | 18 |
耳前后转动 Ear turn back and forth | 以躯体的前后为方向轴,耳朵向面部或尾部方向转动,常伴随回声定位声波的接收 With the front and back of the body as the direction axis, the ears rotate towards the face or the tail, often accompanied by the reception of echolocation sound waves | 19 |
耳郭收缩 Auricle contraction | 耳缘向前弯曲,耳朵形状变小 The ear margins bend forward and the shape of the ear becomes smaller | 20 |
耳前伏 Ear fold forward | 耳向前对半折,一半耳朵贴着头部 Fold the ear in half forward, with other half of the ear pressed against the head | 21 |
| 耳直立 Ear up-right | 耳朵保持直立状态,没有向前或向后折 Keep the ears upright without folding forward or backward | 22 |
| 四肢 Limbs | ||
后肢弯曲 Bend hind limbs | 后肢弯曲,身体重心后移,常出现在受惊时、起飞前、飞行结束时 The hind limbs are bent and the body's center of gravity moves backward, often occurring during shock, before takeoff, and at the end of flight | 23 |
倒挂式行走 Walk upside down | 双足爪交替变换位置,使完全倒悬着的身体向前或向后发生位移 The feet and their claws alternate positions to displace the completely upside-down body forward or backward | 24 |
倒挂 Hang upside down | 身体倒挂在岩壁上,没有发生位移 The body hangs upside down on the rock wall without displacement | 25 |
| 飞行 Fly | 四肢及腹部离开栖挂点,整个身体呈悬空状,双翼拍打而使身体在空中发生位移 The limbs and abdomen leave the roost, and the entire body floats in the air while the wings flap and the body displaces in the air | 26 |
| 侧移 Move sidesway | 双足爪左右交替移动,使身体向左或向右发生位移 Move the feet and their claws alternately left and right to displace the body to the left or righ | 27 |
| 贴壁 Attach | 躯体贴在岩壁上,没有发生位移 The body was pressed against the rock wall without displacement | 28 |
| 爬行 Creep | 腹部接触附着面,使用双足爪和前臂交替移动,使身体发生位移 When the abdomen touches the attachment surface, use the claws and forearms to move alternately to displace the body | 29 |
| 挠 Scratch | 用足爪或第一指上的爪对自身或其他个体进行抓挠 Scratch itself or another individual with the claws on the feet or the claw on the first finger | 30 |
| 拍 Slap | 用前肢或翼拍打周围的同伴 Slap the companions with the forelimbs or wings | 31 |
| 勾 Hook | 用第一指勾住同伴的身体或者其他物体,帮助移动 Hook its partner’s body or other object with its first finger to help moving | 32 |
| 抱 Hold | 用前肢包裹幼仔 Wrap the young with forelimbs | 33 |
| 腰荐及腹部 Waist sacral and abdomen | ||
左右转身 Turn left or right | 身体向左或向右转动角度小于或等于90° The angle of turning the body to the left or right is less than or equal to 90° | 34 |
| 后转身 Rear pivot | 身体向左或向右转动角度大于90° The angle of turning the body to the left or right is greater than 90° | 35 |
| 直腰 Straight waist | 腰部和后肢在同一平面上 Waist and hind limbs on the same plane | 36 |
| 弯腰 Stoop down | 身体向前倾斜角度等于或大于90° Tilt the body forward at an angle equal to or greater than 90° | 37 |
| 排粪 Defecate | 指蝙蝠将未被消化和吸收的食物残渣、消化道分泌物、无机盐及水等组成的混合物从肛门排出 It refers to the bat discharging a mixture of undigested and unabsorbed food residues, secretions of digestive tract, inorganic salts and water from the anus | 38 |
| 排尿 Urinate | 通过尿道,将自身产生的代谢终产物液体排出体外 Through the urethra, excrete the metabolic product fluid produced by itself | 39 |
腹部收缩 Abdominal contraction | 随着呼气和吸气,腹部肌肉收缩 With exhalation and inhalation, the muscles in the abdomen contract | 40 |
| 整个躯体 Whole body | ||
| 摇晃 Shake body | 栖息时,以爪为支点,身体向左或向右晃动 When resting, it uses its claws as the fulcrum and shake the body to the left or right | 41 |
| 颤动 Tremble | 随着心率加快,腹部起伏带动身体发生颤动 As the heart rate accelerates, the ups and downs of the abdomen cause the body to tremble | 42 |
环境 Environment | 生物环境 Biotic | 非生物环境 Abiotic | 编码 Code |
|---|---|---|---|
| 洞顶壁 Cave ceiling | + | 1 | |
| 洞侧壁 Cave side wall | + | 2 | |
| 洞道地面 Cave ground | + | 3 | |
| 钟乳石上 Stalactite | + | 4 | |
| 石缝里 Rock crack | + | 5 | |
| 空中 Air | + | 6 | |
| 雄性 Male | + | 7 | |
| 雌性 Female | + | 8 | |
| 幼仔 Young | + | 9 | |
| 母体与幼仔 Female and young | + | 10 | |
| 混合群 Mixed group | + | 11 | |
| 人类与蝙蝠 Human and bats | + | 12 | |
| 其他Other | + | 13 |
Table 3 Behavioral environments and their codes of Hipposideros armiger
环境 Environment | 生物环境 Biotic | 非生物环境 Abiotic | 编码 Code |
|---|---|---|---|
| 洞顶壁 Cave ceiling | + | 1 | |
| 洞侧壁 Cave side wall | + | 2 | |
| 洞道地面 Cave ground | + | 3 | |
| 钟乳石上 Stalactite | + | 4 | |
| 石缝里 Rock crack | + | 5 | |
| 空中 Air | + | 6 | |
| 雄性 Male | + | 7 | |
| 雌性 Female | + | 8 | |
| 幼仔 Young | + | 9 | |
| 母体与幼仔 Female and young | + | 10 | |
| 混合群 Mixed group | + | 11 | |
| 人类与蝙蝠 Human and bats | + | 12 | |
| 其他Other | + | 13 |
| 行为 Behavior | PAE 编码 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| P 码 | A 码 | E 码 | |
| 一、摄食行为 Feeding behavior | |||
| 1. 倒挂吃食 Feeding upside down | 1,2,3,4 | 14,25 | 1,2,4,5,7,8,10,11,13 |
| 2. 倒挂饮水 Drinking while hanging upside down | 1,2 | 9,12 | 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,13 |
| 3. 吸乳 Sucking | 1,2,5,6 | 9 | 1,2,10 |
| 4. 咀嚼 Chewing | 1,2,3,4,5 | 14 | 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,13 |
| 二、排遗与排泄行为 Egestion and excrete behavior | |||
5. 双足倒挂排粪 Defecating while hanging upside down with two feet | 1,3,4 | 25,38 | 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 |
6. 单足倒挂排粪 Defecating while hanging upside down with one foot | 2,3,4 | 25,38 | 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 |
| 7. 飞行排粪 Defecating while flying | 3,8 | 26,38 | 6 |
| 8. 应激排粪 Defecating while emergency | 1,2,3,4 | 38 | 1,2,4,6,12,13 |
9. 双足倒挂排尿 Urinating while hanging upside down with two feet | 1,3,4 | 25,39 | 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10, 11,12,13 |
10. 单足倒挂排尿 Urinating while hanging upside down with one foot | 2,3,4 | 25,39 | 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10, 11,12,13 |
| 11. 飞行排尿 Urinating while flying | 3,8 | 26,39 | 6 |
| 12. 应激排尿 Urinating while emergency | 1,2,3,4 | 39 | 1,2,4,6,12,13 |
| 三、调温行为 Thermo-regulating behavior | |||
| 13. 身体颤动 Body trembling | 1,2,5,6 | 18,41,42 | 1,2,4,6,11,12 |
| 14. 头部摆动 Head shaking | 1,2,5,6,10 | 1 | 1,2,4,6,11,12 |
| 15. 飞行运动 Flying movement | 3,8 | 26 | 6 |
| 16. 倒挂静息 Resting while hanging upside down | 1,2,5,12 | 16,25 | 1,2,4,11 |
| 17. 匍匐静息 Prostrately resting | 6 | 16,28 | 5,10 |
| 四、繁育行为 Breeding behavior | |||
| 18. 哺乳 Suckling | 1,2,3,4,11 | 17,25,34 | 2,4,10 |
| 19. 抱仔 Embracing young | 1,2,5,10,12 | 33,25 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 20. 寻仔 Searching young | 3,4,7,8,9 | 13,24,26,27,29 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 21. 救幼 Saving young | 7,8,10 | 13,26,29 | 3,10 |
| 22. 舔仔 licking young | 1,2,5,10,12 | 3,10,12 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 23. 看护 Guarding young | 1,2 | 25 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 24. 挂仔 Hanging young | 1,2,7,8,9,12 | 25,33 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 25. 交配 Mating | 1,2,10 | 19,25,28,32,33,42 | 2,7,8 |
| 26. 搧翼教飞 Fight-teaching by flapping wings | 1,2,4 | 31,36 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 27. 抖仔教飞 Fight-teaching by shaking young | 1,2,12 | 25,41 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 五、集群行为 Clustering behavior | |||
| 28. 雌雄混合集群 Mix-sex clustering | P | A | 1,2,4,7,8,9,10,11,13 |
| 29. 母幼集群 Mother and young clustering | P | A | 1,2,4,8,10 |
| 30. 单性集群 Single-sex clustering | 1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9,10,12 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10, 11,12,13,14,15,16,17, 18,19,20,22,23,24,25, 26,27,28,29,30,31,32, 33,34,35,36,37,38,39, 40,41,42 | 1,2,4,7,8 |
| 六、冲突行为 Conflicting behavior | |||
| 31. 扭斗 Wrestling | 1,2,5 | 19,20,25,34,35 | 1,2,4,11,13 |
| 32. 拍翼 Flapping wings | 1,2,4 | 25,31 | 1,2,4,10,11,13 |
| 33. 冲撞 Bumping | 7,8,9 | 7,26 | 6 |
| 34. 咬 Biting | 1,2,3,4 | 15,25 | 1,2,3,4,11,12,13 |
| 35. 逃飞 Flying off | 8 | 24,26,27,29 | 6,11,13 |
| 36. 前臂拳击 Boxing with forearms | 1,2,5 | 30,32 | 1,2,4,11,13 |
| 37. 撞击警告 Alerting by collision | 8 | 7,26 | 1,2,4 |
| 38. 转头 Turning head | 1,2,5 | 2,3,4,5,6 | 1,2,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 |
| 39. 吼叫警示 Warning by yelling | 1,2 | 8,11,13 | 1,2,3,4,11,12,13 |
| 七、通讯行为 Communication behavior | |||
| 40. 耳动 Ear movement | 1,2,6 | 19,20,21,22 | 1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,13 |
| 41. 寻仔鸣叫 Calling for young | 1,2,7,9 | 24,26,27,29 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 42. 寻母鸣叫 Calling for mother | 1,2,7,8,9 | 13,24,26,27,29 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 八、休息行为 Resting behavior | |||
43. 双足倒挂休息 Resting while hanging upside down with two feet and claws | 1,5 | 16,25 | 1,2,4,11,13 |
44. 单足倒挂休息 Resting while hanging upside down with one foot and claws | 2,5 | 16,25 | 1,2,4,11,13 |
45. 附肢抓壁休息 Resting by grasping the wall with limbs (wings and hindlimbs) | 4,6 | 16,28 | 1,2,4,5 |
| 九、运动行为 Locomotive behavior | |||
| 46. 爬行 Creeping | 5,7 | 29 | 2,3,4,5 |
| 47. 侧行 Moving sideways | 4,9 | 27 | 1,2,4 |
| 48. 行走 Walking | 4,9 | 24 | 1,2,4 |
| 49. 飞行 Flying | 3,8 | 26 | 6,10 |
| 十、修饰行为 Grooming behavior | |||
| 50. 理毛 Grooming | 1,2,3,4 | 2,3,12,25,30,37 | 1,2,4,7,8,9,10,11,13 |
| 51. 舔舐翼膜 Licking patagium | 1,2,3,4 | 3,4,5,10,12,25 | 1,2,4,7,8,9,10 |
Table 4 PAE codeing system of behaviors for Hipposideros armiger
| 行为 Behavior | PAE 编码 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| P 码 | A 码 | E 码 | |
| 一、摄食行为 Feeding behavior | |||
| 1. 倒挂吃食 Feeding upside down | 1,2,3,4 | 14,25 | 1,2,4,5,7,8,10,11,13 |
| 2. 倒挂饮水 Drinking while hanging upside down | 1,2 | 9,12 | 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,13 |
| 3. 吸乳 Sucking | 1,2,5,6 | 9 | 1,2,10 |
| 4. 咀嚼 Chewing | 1,2,3,4,5 | 14 | 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,13 |
| 二、排遗与排泄行为 Egestion and excrete behavior | |||
5. 双足倒挂排粪 Defecating while hanging upside down with two feet | 1,3,4 | 25,38 | 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 |
6. 单足倒挂排粪 Defecating while hanging upside down with one foot | 2,3,4 | 25,38 | 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 |
| 7. 飞行排粪 Defecating while flying | 3,8 | 26,38 | 6 |
| 8. 应激排粪 Defecating while emergency | 1,2,3,4 | 38 | 1,2,4,6,12,13 |
9. 双足倒挂排尿 Urinating while hanging upside down with two feet | 1,3,4 | 25,39 | 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10, 11,12,13 |
10. 单足倒挂排尿 Urinating while hanging upside down with one foot | 2,3,4 | 25,39 | 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10, 11,12,13 |
| 11. 飞行排尿 Urinating while flying | 3,8 | 26,39 | 6 |
| 12. 应激排尿 Urinating while emergency | 1,2,3,4 | 39 | 1,2,4,6,12,13 |
| 三、调温行为 Thermo-regulating behavior | |||
| 13. 身体颤动 Body trembling | 1,2,5,6 | 18,41,42 | 1,2,4,6,11,12 |
| 14. 头部摆动 Head shaking | 1,2,5,6,10 | 1 | 1,2,4,6,11,12 |
| 15. 飞行运动 Flying movement | 3,8 | 26 | 6 |
| 16. 倒挂静息 Resting while hanging upside down | 1,2,5,12 | 16,25 | 1,2,4,11 |
| 17. 匍匐静息 Prostrately resting | 6 | 16,28 | 5,10 |
| 四、繁育行为 Breeding behavior | |||
| 18. 哺乳 Suckling | 1,2,3,4,11 | 17,25,34 | 2,4,10 |
| 19. 抱仔 Embracing young | 1,2,5,10,12 | 33,25 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 20. 寻仔 Searching young | 3,4,7,8,9 | 13,24,26,27,29 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 21. 救幼 Saving young | 7,8,10 | 13,26,29 | 3,10 |
| 22. 舔仔 licking young | 1,2,5,10,12 | 3,10,12 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 23. 看护 Guarding young | 1,2 | 25 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 24. 挂仔 Hanging young | 1,2,7,8,9,12 | 25,33 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 25. 交配 Mating | 1,2,10 | 19,25,28,32,33,42 | 2,7,8 |
| 26. 搧翼教飞 Fight-teaching by flapping wings | 1,2,4 | 31,36 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 27. 抖仔教飞 Fight-teaching by shaking young | 1,2,12 | 25,41 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 五、集群行为 Clustering behavior | |||
| 28. 雌雄混合集群 Mix-sex clustering | P | A | 1,2,4,7,8,9,10,11,13 |
| 29. 母幼集群 Mother and young clustering | P | A | 1,2,4,8,10 |
| 30. 单性集群 Single-sex clustering | 1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9,10,12 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10, 11,12,13,14,15,16,17, 18,19,20,22,23,24,25, 26,27,28,29,30,31,32, 33,34,35,36,37,38,39, 40,41,42 | 1,2,4,7,8 |
| 六、冲突行为 Conflicting behavior | |||
| 31. 扭斗 Wrestling | 1,2,5 | 19,20,25,34,35 | 1,2,4,11,13 |
| 32. 拍翼 Flapping wings | 1,2,4 | 25,31 | 1,2,4,10,11,13 |
| 33. 冲撞 Bumping | 7,8,9 | 7,26 | 6 |
| 34. 咬 Biting | 1,2,3,4 | 15,25 | 1,2,3,4,11,12,13 |
| 35. 逃飞 Flying off | 8 | 24,26,27,29 | 6,11,13 |
| 36. 前臂拳击 Boxing with forearms | 1,2,5 | 30,32 | 1,2,4,11,13 |
| 37. 撞击警告 Alerting by collision | 8 | 7,26 | 1,2,4 |
| 38. 转头 Turning head | 1,2,5 | 2,3,4,5,6 | 1,2,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 |
| 39. 吼叫警示 Warning by yelling | 1,2 | 8,11,13 | 1,2,3,4,11,12,13 |
| 七、通讯行为 Communication behavior | |||
| 40. 耳动 Ear movement | 1,2,6 | 19,20,21,22 | 1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,13 |
| 41. 寻仔鸣叫 Calling for young | 1,2,7,9 | 24,26,27,29 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 42. 寻母鸣叫 Calling for mother | 1,2,7,8,9 | 13,24,26,27,29 | 1,2,4,10 |
| 八、休息行为 Resting behavior | |||
43. 双足倒挂休息 Resting while hanging upside down with two feet and claws | 1,5 | 16,25 | 1,2,4,11,13 |
44. 单足倒挂休息 Resting while hanging upside down with one foot and claws | 2,5 | 16,25 | 1,2,4,11,13 |
45. 附肢抓壁休息 Resting by grasping the wall with limbs (wings and hindlimbs) | 4,6 | 16,28 | 1,2,4,5 |
| 九、运动行为 Locomotive behavior | |||
| 46. 爬行 Creeping | 5,7 | 29 | 2,3,4,5 |
| 47. 侧行 Moving sideways | 4,9 | 27 | 1,2,4 |
| 48. 行走 Walking | 4,9 | 24 | 1,2,4 |
| 49. 飞行 Flying | 3,8 | 26 | 6,10 |
| 十、修饰行为 Grooming behavior | |||
| 50. 理毛 Grooming | 1,2,3,4 | 2,3,12,25,30,37 | 1,2,4,7,8,9,10,11,13 |
| 51. 舔舐翼膜 Licking patagium | 1,2,3,4 | 3,4,5,10,12,25 | 1,2,4,7,8,9,10 |
Fig.2 Five notable breeding behaviors of Hipposideros armiger. a - c: Birthing process of Hipposideros armiger indoor,a:The female genitalpore enlarging, and transparent amniotic membrane appearing; b: The young bat given birth in a head-down posture; c: The mother licking her young bat. d - f: The flight-teaching process of Hipposideros armiger, d: The young hanging on the mother and gradually sinking; e: The mother shaking the young off; f: The young hanging from the mother by one forearm (thumb claw). g - i: Mother-seeking behavior of the young, g: The young coming to its mothers by walking; h: The young putting one of its wings on the mother; i: The young hunging successfully upside down on its mother. j: Carrying-young behavior of Hipposideros armige. k: The mother licking the tail membrane of her young
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