Suitable habitat and daily activity patterns of Ursus thibetanus in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.151010

Abstract

Abstract: Understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of species, along with their influencing factors, is crucial for effective species conservation and habitat management. To evaluate the suitable habitat distribution and activity patterns of Ursus thibetanus in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, we deployed 246 infrared cameras to monitor bears from August 2020 to February 2023. We constructed a MaxEnt model using the distribution data collected from the camera traps and relevant news reports to analyze the suitable habitats for Ursus thibetanus. Additionally, we assessed the daily activity patterns of the bears using kernel density estimation based on the time data captured by the cameras. The results showed that distance to cultivated land, mean diurnal range, temperature annual range, and precipitation of wettest month were the main environmental factors affecting the habitat selection of Ursus thibetanus. These factors collectively accounted for a contribution rate of 87. 6%. The suitable habitats for Ursus thibetanus are mainly distributed in the intersection of Yiliang, Daguan, Yongshan, Yanjin, Suijiang, and Shuifu counties, with an area of 245 508 hm². Furthermore, the analysis of the protection gap indicates that the suitable habitat area of Ursus thibetanus in the nature reserve is 57 652 hm², accounting for 23. 48% of the suitable habitat of Ursus thibetanus in Zhaotong. Black bears have frequent activities in summer and autumn, with significant differences in seasonal activity intensity. The activity peak period of Ursus thibetanus is from May to October, and the average low temperature is the main factor affecting their monthly activity. Black bears exhibit morning and evening activity mode, with peaks of activity between 06: 00 - 10: 00 and 16: 00 - 20: 00. The results reveal the temporal and spatial distribution pattern of Ursus thibetanus in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, and provide references for habitat protection and management of this species.

Key words: Ursus thibetanus, MaxEnt, Suitable habitat, Activity rhythm, Zhaotong

摘要： 了解物种的时空格局及其影响因素，对于物种保护和栖息地管理有着重要的意义。为了评估云南昭通亚洲黑熊 (Ursus thibetanus) 的适宜栖息地分布和活动节律，2020 年 8 月至 2023 年 2 月，在昭通布设 246 台红外相机对亚洲黑熊开展调查监测工作。利用红外相机和新闻报道获取的亚洲黑熊分布位点构建 MaxEnt 模型，以分析亚洲黑熊的适宜栖息地。根据红外相机拍摄的时间数据，利用核密度估计法分析亚洲黑熊的日活动节律。结果显示：(1) 距耕地距离、平均气温日较差、气温年较差和最湿月份降水量是影响亚洲黑熊栖息地选择的主要环境因子，其累计贡献率达到 87.6% 。 (2) 亚洲黑熊的适宜栖息地主要分布在彝良、大关、永善、盐津、绥江和水富六县交接处，面积为 245 508 hm²。保护空缺分析表明，亚洲黑熊在自然保护区内的适宜栖息地面积为57 652 hm²，占昭通亚洲黑熊适宜栖息地的 23.48%。(3) 亚洲黑熊在夏秋季活动频繁，冬春季则相反，季节性活动强度差异显著。5—10 月为亚洲黑熊的活动高峰期，平均低温是影响亚洲黑熊月活动强度变化的主要因素。(4) 亚洲黑熊属于晨昏活动模式，活动高峰为 06: 00—10: 00 和 16: 00—20: 00。研究结果揭示了亚洲黑熊在云南昭通的时空分布模式，为该物种的栖息地保护和管理提供参考。

关键词: 亚洲黑熊, MaxEnt模型, 适宜栖息地, 活动节律, 昭通

CLC Number:

Q958.1

CHEN Ting, LI Binqiang, LIAO Zhenghang, LI Wei, PENG Can. Suitable habitat and daily activity patterns of Ursus thibetanus in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(5): 641-654.

陈婷, 李斌强, 廖正杭, 李伟, 彭灿. 云南昭通亚洲黑熊适宜栖息地与日活动节律[J]. 兽类学报, 2025, 45(5): 641-654.

References

Abolmaali M S, Tarkesh M, Bashari H. 2018. MaxEnt modeling for predicting suitable habitats and identifying the effects of climate change on a threatened species, Daphne mucronata, in central Iran[J]. Ecological Informatics, 43:116-123.
Chen C, Li Y Q, Yang D H, Wang J X, Xin J D. 2022. Spatiotemporal dynamic changes of land use and vegetation coverage in northern Yunnan[J]. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 50 (10):101-107. (in Chinese)
Chen D Z. 2007. Wildlife damage in Yunnan Province and management strategy study[J]. Joumal of West China Forestry Science, 36 (3):92-96. (in Chinese)
Dai Y C, Huang H Q, Qing Y, Li J T, Li D Y. 2023. Ecological response of an umbrella species to changing climate and land use:Habitat conservation for Asiatic black bear in the Sichuan-Chongqing region, southwestern China[J]. Ecology and Evolution, 13 (6):1-17.
Diao K P, Li M F, Pan S Y, Gu W L, Zhang X O, Wen C. 2017. Role of vertebrates in wild animal corpses degradation process by camera trap in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve[J]. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 36 (6):616-623. (in Chinese)
Du H R. 2023. The current population status, habitat suitability assessment and dening habitat selection of Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in eastern Jilin Province, China[D]. Ph. D thesis. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University. (in Chinese)
Fahrig L, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Bennett J R, Boucher-Lalonde V, Cazetta E, Currie D J, Eigenbrod F, Ford A T, Harrison S P, Jaeger J A G, Koper N, Martin A E, Martin J L, Metzger J P, Morrison P, Rhodes J R, Saunders D A, Simberloff D, Smith A C, Tischendorf L, Vellend M, Watling J I. 2019. Is habitat fragmentation bad for biodiversity?[J]. Biological Conservation, 230:179-186.
Geldmann J, Barnes M, Coad L, Craigie L D, Hockings M, Burgess N D. 2013. Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas in reducing habitat loss and population declines[J]. Biological Conservation, 161:230-238.
Hazlerigg D G, Tyler N J C. 2019. Activity patterns in mammals:Circadian dominance challenged[J]. PLoS Biology, 17 (7):e3000360. DOI:10. 1371/journal. pbio. 3000360.
He M X, Chen L X, Luo G, Gu X D, Wang G, Rang J H. 2018. Suitable habitat prediction and overlap analysis of two sympatric species, giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and Asiatic black bear(Ursus thibetanus) in Liangshan Mountains[J]. Biodiversity Science, 26 (11):1180-1189. (in Chinese)
Hu J, Xie P G, Li T T, Guo R, Xu L J, Song X, Xu A C. 2022. Temporal and spatial niche differentiation of sympatric black muntjac and Reeves'muntjac[J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 42 (6):641-651. (in Chinese)
Itoh K, Ide K, Kojima Y, Terada M. 2010. Hibernation exhibit for Japanese black bear Ursus thibetanus japonicus at Ueno Zoological Gardens[J]. International Zoo Yearbook, 44:55-64.
IUCN. 2024. Red list of threatend species[EB/OL]. http://www.iucnredlist.org.
Ji Y R, Liu F, Li D Q, Chen Z Y, Chen P. 2022. Spatial-temporal patterns of sympatric Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) and brown bears (Ursus arctos) in northeastern China[J]. Animals, 12(10):1262. DOI:10. 3390/ani12101262.
Ji Y R, Wei X L, Li D Q, Zhao J C, Li J H, Feng S Q. 2023. A framework for assessing variations in ecological networks to support wildlife conservation and management[J]. Ecological Indicators, 155:110936. DOI:10. 1016/j. ecolind. 2023. 110936.
Jiang H L, Zhou S C, Zhang M H, Xu W P, Li W, Liu J Y. 2023. Activity rhythm of wild boar and roe deer and its relationship with moonlight cycle in sympatrie distribution[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 43 (8):3128-3136. (in Chinese)
Jiang Z G, Li L L, Luo Z H, Tang S H, Li C W, Hu H J, Ma Y, Wu Y, Wang Y X, Zhou K Y, Liu S Y, Feng Z J, Cai L, Zang C X, Zeng Y, Meng Z B, Ping X G, Fang H X. 2016. Evaluating the status of China's mammals and analyzing their causes of endangerment through the red list assessment[J]. Biodiversity Science, 24 (5):552-567. (in Chinese)
Li X Y, Hu W Q, Bleisch W V, Li Q, Wang H J, Lu W, Sun J, Zhang F Y, Ti B, Jiang X L. 2022. Functional diversity loss and change in nocturnal behavior of mammals under anthropogenic disturbance[J]. Conservation Biology, 36 (3):e13839. DOI:10. 1111/cobi. 13839.
Liang D, Giam X, Hu S, Ma L, Wilcove D S. 2023. Assessing the illegal hunting of native wildlife in China[J]. Nature, 623 (7985):100-105.
Liu C, White M, Newell G. 2013. Selecting thresholds for the prediction of species occurrence with presence-only data[J]. Journal of Biogeography, 40 (4):778-789.
Liu Y, Liu B C, Ma J, Cheng C G, Wang K Y, Mao L X, Yang X J. 2021. Evaluation of potential climatic production of apple during the possible growing period at Zhaotong, Yunnan across cool highland of southwest China[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorolology, 42 (2):87-101. (in Chinese)
Liu Z C, Chen G K, Wen Q K, Yi L, Zhao J J. 2024. Extraction of rocky desertification information based on multi-feature combination optimization and random forest algorithm:a case study of Zhaotong City in Yunnan Province[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 22 (1):95-105. (in Chinese)
Ma K, Chen Y H, Tang X L, Wang Y Y. 2023. Research on spatial optimization of protected areas based on threatened species protection in the middle Yangtze River Basin[J]. Geographical Research, 42 (12):3115-3129. (in Chinese)
Merow C, Smith M J, Silander J A. 2013. A practical guide to MaxEnt for modeling species'distributions:What it does, and why inputs and settings matter[J]. Ecography, 36 (10):1058-1069.
Phillips S J, Anderson R P, Schapire R E. 2006. Maximum entropy modelling of species geographic distributions[J]. Ecological Modelling, 190 (3-4):231-259.
Piao Z J, Piao L G, Wang Z C, Luo Y M, Wang C, Sui Y C. 2012. Population size variation of black bear (Ursus thibetanusand) and brown bear (U. arctos) between 1986 to 2010 in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 47 (3):66-72. (in Chinese)
Qi Z X, Xu W H, Xiong X Y, Ouyang Z Y, Zheng H, Gan D X. 2011. Assessment of potential habitat for Ursus thibetanus in the Qinling Mountains. Biodiversity Science, 19 (3):343-352. (in Chinese)
R Core Team. 2024. R:A language and environment for statistical computing[CP]. R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project. org/. (accessed on 2024-04-17)
Reid D, Jiang M, Teng Q, Qin Z, Hu J. 1991. Ecology of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Sichuan, China[J]. Mammalia, 55 (2):221-238.
Ridout M S, Linkie M. 2009. Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data[J]. Biological and Environmental Statistics, 14 (3):322-337.
Schoener T W. 1974. Resource partitioning in ecological communities[J]. Science, 185 (4145):27-39.
Tredick C A, Stauffer D F, Kelly M J, Vaughan M R. 2017. Landscape-level habitat use and movement patterns of black bears in northeastern Arizona[J]. The Southwestern Naturalist, 62 (1):85-91.
Wang B, Xu Y, Ran J. 2017. Predicting suitable habitat of the Chinese monal (Lophophorus lhuysii) using ecological niche modeling in the Qionglai Mountains, China[J]. PeerJ, 5:e3477. DOI:10. 7717/peerj. 3477.
Wang T H, Ma Y S, Wu H, Hezierhan S, Huati H, Gao S S, Zhang Y, Li J. 2024. Activity patterns and spatial distribution of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in eastern Altun Mountains[J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 44 (6):729-737. (in Chinese)
Williams D R, Rondinini C, Tilman D. 2022. Global protected areas seem insufficient to safeguard half of the world's mammals from human-induced extinction[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119 (24):e2200118119. DOI:10. 1073/pnas. 2200118119.
Wu D, Yan D R. 2016. Analysis on behavior rhythm and time budget of captive black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus) in daytime during winter[J]. Journal of Economic Animal, 20 (1):22-28. (in Chinese)
Wu M F, Hu Z B, Zhou Q H, Wu J B. 2021. Habitat suitability assessment of the white-headed langur (Trachy-pithecus leucocephalus)
based on MaxEnt modeling:a case study of the Chongzuo WhiteHeaded Langur Nature Reserve, Guangxi[J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 41 (1):20-31. (in Chinese)
Xiang D, Meng B S, Xie B, Huang X L, Wang C, Ran J C, Su H J, Zhang M M. 2024. Daily activity rhythm of sympatric ungulate species in Fanjingshan Reserve, China[J]. Global Ecology and Conservation, 56:e03271. DOI:10. 1016/j. gecco. 2024. e03271.
Zahoor B, Liu X H, Wu P F, Sun W L, Jia X D, Lv Z X, Zhao X Y, He X B, He B S, Cai Q, Songer M. 2021. Activity pattern study of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in the Qinling Mountains, China, by using infrared camera traps[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28:25179-25186.
Zhang L S, Liu F, Ji Y R, Chen J, Yu H L, Ma G F, Yang J Y, Li D Q. 2023. Study on activity rhythm of Asiatic black bear in Shennongjia National Park Pilot Area[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 35 (2):201-207. (in Chinese)
Zhang Y J, He Y C, Zhao J J, Chen Y, Li Y P, Huang Z P, Cui L W, Xiao W. 2021. Activity patterns of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) on the Mt. Lasha Yunling Nature Reserve[J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 41 (2):136-143. (in Chinese)
Zhao C G, Yang W, Zhong Q J, Wu M H, Hu L Q, Dou W L, Wu H, Duan Y B. 2024. Preliminary survey of mammals and birds diversity using camera traps in Yaoshan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province[J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 44 (5):642-653.(in Chinese)
Zheng W C, Chen Z Q, Zheng Z H, Wang Y, Feng L, Guo K, Ma L, Ding G H, Yu Z C, Shangguan H P, Guo H X. 2021. Monitoring of activity of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Zhejiang Jiulongshan National Natural Reverse and prediction of potential suitable distribution in east China[J]. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 56 (4):509-521. (in Chinese)
Zhu G P, Qiao H J. 2016. Effect of the Maxent model's complexity on the prediction of species potential distributions[J]. Biodiversity Science, 24 (10):1189-1196. (in Chinese)
刁鲲鹏, 李明富, 潘世玥, 顾伟龙, 张晓鸥, 闻丞. 2017. 基于红外相机研究脊椎动物在唐家河国家级自然保护区动物尸体分解过程中的作用[J]. 四川动物, 36 (6):616-623.
马坤, 陈颖晖, 唐晓岚, 王燕燕. 2023. 基于受威胁物种保护的长江中游流域自然保护地空间优化研究[J]. 地理研究, 42 (12):3115-3129.
王雪宇, 黄凯, 夏万才, 朱蒙恩, 潘炳锟, 张宏, 郑红伟, 申剑, 黎大勇. 2022. 基于红外相机监测的雅鲁藏布江加查峡谷亚洲黑熊的活动节律研究[J]. 普洱学院学报, 38 (3):1-4.
王天晖, 马永胜, 吴昊, 贺孜尔汗·萨塔尔, 胡阿提·哈比亚西, 高帅帅, 张宇, 李佳. 2024. 阿尔金山山脉东段雪豹活动节律和空间分布[J]. 兽类学报, 44 (6):729-737.
齐增湘, 徐卫华, 熊兴耀, 欧阳志云, 郑华, 甘德欣. 2011. 基于 MaxEnt 模型的秦岭山系黑熊潜在生境评价[J]. 生物多样性, 19(3):343-352.
朴正吉, 朴龙国, 王卓聪, 罗玉梅, 王超, 睢亚橙. 2012. 长白山自然保护区黑熊和棕熊种群数量动态分析[J]. 动物学杂志, 47 (3):66-72.
刘字呈, 陈国坤, 温庆可, 易玲, 赵晶晶. 2024. 基于多特征组合优选与随机森林算法的石漠化信息提取:以云南省昭通市为例[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 22 (1):95-105.
刘园, 刘布春, 马钧, 程存刚, 王珂依, 毛留喜, 杨晓娟. 2021. 西南冷凉高地苹果最大可能生育期内气候生产潜力评价:以云南昭通为例[J]. 中国农业气象, 42 (2):87-101.
朱耿平, 乔慧捷. 2016. Maxent 模型复杂度对物种潜在分布区预测的影响[J]. 生物多样性, 24 (10):1189-1196.
江辉龙, 周绍春, 张明海, 徐万鹏, 李薇, 刘静岩. 2023. 同域分布的野猪与狍活动节律及与月光周期的关系[J]. 生态学报, 43 (8):3128-3136.
邬丹, 闫大任. 2016. 圈养黑熊冬季昼间行为节律和时间分配[J]. 经济动物学报, 20 (1):22-28.
张永俊, 和育超, 赵娟钧, 陈尧, 李延鹏, 黄志旁, 崔亮伟, 肖文. 2021. 云岭自然保护区拉沙山区域亚洲黑熊的活动模式[J]. 兽类学报, 41 (2):136-143.
张留栓, 刘芳, 姬云瑞, 陈静, 余辉亮, 马国飞, 杨敬元, 李迪强. 2023. 神农架国家公园体制试点区亚洲黑熊活动节律研究[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 39 (6):758-766.
杜海荣. 2023. 吉林东部地区亚洲黑熊种群现状、生境适宜性评估及置仓生境选择研究[D]. 哈尔滨:东北林业大学博士学位论文.
陈德照. 2007. 云南野生动物肇事危害情况及对策探讨[J]. 西部林业科学, 36 (3):92-96.
陈成, 李亚强, 杨栋淏, 王建雄, 辛京达. 2022. 滇北区域土地利用类型及植被覆盖度的时空动态变化[J]. 东北林业大学学报, 50(10):101-107.
吴曼菲, 胡湛波, 周岐海, 吴坚宝. 2021. 基于 MaxEnt 模式的白头叶猴栖息地评价:以广西崇左白头叶猴保护区为例[J]. 兽类学报, 41 (1):20-31.
和梅香, 陈俪心, 罗概, 古晓东, 王戈, 冉江洪. 2018. 凉山山系大熊猫和黑熊适宜生境预测及重叠分析[J]. 生物多样性, 26 (11):1180-1189.
郑伟成, 陈智强, 郑子洪, 王宇, 冯磊, 郭坤, 马力, 丁国骅, 余著成, 上官海平, 郭洪兴. 2021. 浙江九龙山国家级自然保护区黑熊活动监测及其华东地区潜在分布区预测[J]. 动物学杂志, 56 (4):509-521.
胡娟, 谢培根, 李婷婷, 郭瑞, 许丽娟, 宋虓, 徐爱春. 2022. 同域分布的黑麂和小麂的时空生态位分化[J]. 兽类学报, 42 (6):641-651.
赵晨光, 杨维, 钟乾娟, 吴明慧, 胡隆琴, 豆文理, 段玉宝. 2024. 云南药山国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类多样性红外相机监测初报[J]. 兽类学报, 44 (5):642-653.
蒋志刚, 李立立, 罗振华, 汤宋华, 李春旺, 胡慧建, 马勇, 吴毅, 王应祥, 周开亚, 刘少英, 冯祚建, 蔡蕾, 臧春鑫, 曾岩, 孟智斌, 平晓鸽, 方红霞. 2016. 通过红色名录评估研究中国哺乳动物受威胁现状及其原因[J]. 生物多样性, 24 (5):552-567.

[1]	LI Huihuang, ZHUO Yingying, Batubayier, DOU Ziwei, SHARMA Sabina Koirala, WANG Muyang, YANG Weikang. Impacts of climate and land-use changes on suitable habitats for Felis silvestris ornate in the Tarim Basin [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(5): 615-628.
[2]	LYU Yonglei, WANG Weibo, CUI Yaqian, LIU Ying, ZHOU Wei, WANG Yuan, LIU Feng, WANG Guanglong, HU Jingjing, Pubudunzhu, Bianbaduoji, Danzeng, HU Kai, WANG Xiao-chuan, WEN Zhixin, YANG Qisen. Suitable distribution area and activity patterns study of Asiatic black bear in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(5): 629-640.
[3]	GUI Jian, CAO Yue, PAN Dan, LI Jiaqi, LI Keyuan, LIU Xiang, LI Shiru, YANG Mengdie, YANG Daode. Infrared camera monitoring and daily activity rhythm analysis of birds and mammals in the Hunan Dupangling National Nature Reserve [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(4): 513-526.
[4]	Weixi WANG, Yi LIU, Dan XIANG, Jichi HUANG, Li YUE, Hao CHEN, Shize LI, Mingming ZHANG. Preliminary exploration of the spatial ecological relationships of Carnivorous species in Renhuai, Guizhou [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(3): 312-323.
[5]	Minghui LI, Xinjun HUANG, Jin CHANG, Zhimin MO, Dongmei WAN, Yiting JIANG. Relative abundance, cluster type, and daily activity rhythm of Siberian roe deer Capreolus pygargus in Western Liaoning Province [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(3): 356-367.
[6]	Xuejun MA, Feng GAO, Yuqin MU, Han YAN, Kechun WANG, Weikang YANG, Feng XU. Effects of sex and season on daily activity rhythms of Cervus elaphus songaricus [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(3): 368-377.
[7]	Dapeng PANG, Lanrong WANG, Yuting LU, Jiawei HUANG, Peng XU, Qingyue JIANG, Zhongwen DING, Yunfeng CHEN, Jun DING, Baowei ZHANG. Temporal niche patterns of Anhui musk deer (Moschus anhuiensis) and sympatric ungulates [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(3): 302-311.
[8]	ZHAN Xiaqin, SU Haohui, HE Minyi, CAI Bin, YONG Fan, CUI Peng, WU Yi, YU Wenhua, WANG Xiaoyun. New chiropteran records of Murina shuipuensis in Hunan and Fujian provinces, China, and habitat suitability prediction [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(2): 209-217.
[9]	QIAO Jiang, JI Pengzhen, LI Qian, QIAN Zongliang, LI Xuqin, RUAN Guangfa, JIANG Yong, WANG Jie. Habitat suitability analysis of wolves (Canis lupus) in the Gongga Mountains, Sichuan Province [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(6): 762-770.
[10]	LI Xueyang, HE Yanjin, CHEN Xier, Yiyan, HUANG Hong, DONG Zhengyi, Bianbazhaxi, ZHAO Xiang, SHI Xiangying, Lü Zhi. The distribution status, occupancy, and spatiotemporal pattern of large carnivores in Dingqing County, Xizang Autonomous Region [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(6): 681-694.
[11]	HAN Yimin, XIAO Mei, HE Mengnan, LI Mingfu, HOU Rong, WU Pengcheng, HE Fang, SHEN Limin, HU Jie, CHEN Peng. The activity rhythm and space utilization among six species of ungulates in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(5): 598-610.
[12]	SHANGGUAN Zhouyi, FENG Chaofan, WANG Jianing, WAN Dongmei, ZHANG Lei. Habitat suitability analysis of Asian badgers (Meles leucurus) in the western Liaoning Province based on MaxEnt model [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(5): 611-621.
[13]	GUO Rui, TONG Genping, ZHENG Nanzhong, MA Tianwu, XU Lijuan, WANG Xuchi, XU Aichun. Temporal niche relationships among Cervus nippon kopschi and sympatric ungulates in Zhejiang Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(4): 456-465.
[14]	HUANG Xinjun, MO Zhimin, LI Minghui, ZHANG Lei, WAN Dongmei, JIANG Yiting. Evaluation of habitat suitability for Capreolus pygargus in the eastern Yanshan Mountains based on MaxEnt model [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(4): 478-488.
[15]	ZHAO Jiale, GONG Xiaofei, PAN Jiangyan, LI Yue, WEN Zuohao, YE Yi, GAO Jianming, ZHAO Ayong, LIN Zhihua. Comparative study on the spatial and temporal niche of the same domain distribution of Arctonyx collaris and Paguma larvata in Suichang, Zhejiang Province [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(3): 297-308.