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20 August 1988, Volume 8 Issue 3

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THE AGE DETERMINATION FOR GIANT PANDA

WEI Fuwen¹, XU Guangzan¹, HU Jinchu¹, LI Pei²

1988, 8(3):  161-165. 

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This paper reports the age determination methods for giant panda. The results are as follows:Having studied the incisor sections of known-age panda specimens,we find their age in years corresponds to the number of cementum annuli. The true age of a panda can be obtained by adding one to the number of cementum annuli,as the incisors drop away after they are one-year-old.Having studied the wear of molars we find the older the panda is, the more the molars wear. According to the wear of molars and skull growth we can divide the panda into six age classes: 0-2 years old, 3-4,5-9,10-14,15-19 and 20-26. It's more convenient to determine approximate age in the field by age classes without sectioning the incisors.

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TIME BUDGET AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OF MI-LU (ELAPHURUS DAVIDIANUS) IN RUTTING SEASON

CAI Guiquan¹, XIE Jiahua², Nihal Mathur³

1988, 8(3):  166-171. 

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From July 7-9, 1985, behavior of Mi-lu (or Pere David's Deer) were observed, recorded and analysed. Time budgets of the behaviors in the males varied largely in their feeding and resting activities.In the adult females,however, no significant differences in time budget was found. The study of aggressive behaviour suggested that there was a hierarchy of dominance in the herd. And the affiliative behaviours in the Mi-lu were found to be more frequent among the members of the same sex, age and class.

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OBSERVATION STUDIES ON REPRODUCTION OF GOLDEN MONKEY IN CAPTIVITY Ⅰ. COPULATORY BEHAVIOUR

QI Jingfen

1988, 8(3):  172-175. 

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The golden monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) is rare in number and little is known about its sexual behaviour. The present paper deals with its characteristics of sexual activities. The examined animals included two adult male and four females which were housed at Beijing Zoo and observed from August to September, 1986.Either the male or the female may be initiator of sexual activities. The female initiates sexual behaviour by displaying the following gestures: She lies on the belly, fully flexing her limbs under it, and the back is level, while her head turning to the side, looking at the male with the tail falling on the ground,The male initiates sexual behaviour by chasing. Throughout copulation his tail forms itself into a circle.After copulation the male is groomed, sitting or lying.In golden monkey, the sexual skin of perineum region of both sex may change into light blue, their callosities being light red but perineum swelling will not occur.The sexual behaviour for the golden monkey is different from that observed in Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus) .

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SEASONAL HABITAT USED BY THIBETAN MONKEYS

XIONG Chengpei^1,2, WANG Qishan^1,3

1988, 8(3):  176-183. 

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Based on the data obtained during the period from 1973 to 1977, we made a survey of seasonal changes of Thibetan monkeys' habitats and their foods in the Huangshan moutains, from October, 1985 to July, 1986.The seasonal habitat changes of Thibetan monkeys are as follows: in spring they utilized evergreen broadleaved forest, deciduous and evergreen mixed broadleaved forest and deciduous broadleaved forest between 570m and 1,600m above sea level, while the habitat was limited to the deciduous broadleaved forest of over 1,000m asl in summer. The autumn habitat consisted of evergreen broadleaved forest, and deciduous and evergreen mixed broadleaved forest between 650m-1,200m asl, and in winter they only utilized evergreen broadleaved forest from 600m to 900m asl. Therefore, the utilized habitat range was the most abundant in spring and the most limited in winter.45 species of plants were found as the foods of Thibetan monkeys.these species were consisted of 26 evergreen trees (58%), 17 deciduous trees (38%), and 2 herbs (4 %), with seasonal changes, they utilized the different parts of plants. In spring, unfolding bud, soft leaf and soft stem were dominated, and in summer too. In autumn, seeds of Fagaceae and fruits were their main foods. In winter, both bark and stem of the trees were increased in their food list.

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CHROMOSOME STUDIES OF CHINESE HEDGEHOG ERINACEUS EUROPAEUS DEALBATUS(INSECTIVORA)

WANG Jinxing¹, ZHANG Xirar², ZHAO Xiaofan¹, WANG Shengwu², LU Haoquan¹, CHEN Yifeng², SUN Yunhui¹

1988, 8(3):  184-192. 

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The karyotypes of Erinaceus europaeus dealbatus in Nanjing and Jinan have been studied from the chromosome preparations of culture leucocytes and bone marrow cells. The diploid chromosome number is 48. All autosomes are matched in 23 pairs, and one pair is sex chromosome.The karyotypes of Nanjing and Jinan specimens are different. The former consists of 13 pairs of metacentrics,6 of submetacentrics,3 of subtelocentries, and one telocentric pair;X is a medium sized metacentric, Y a metacentric and approximates to the size of the No.22.The latter consists of 14 pairs of metacentries, 5 of submetacentrics, 3 of subtelocentrics and one telocentric pair which is larger than that in Nanjing specimens;X is the same as that of Nanjing specimens, Y a telocentric.In addition, the C-banded, G-banded and silver-stained karyotypes have been observed The results show that C-bands are located at 6 pairs of chromosomes predominantly in Nanjing specimens, among which 2 pairs are subtelocentrics, 3 pairs are submetacentrics and the other is a small metacentirc; and at 5 pairs of chromosomes constantly in Jinan specimens, among which 2 pairs are subtelocentrics, 2 are submetacentrics and one is telocentric.The G-banded karyotypes of Nanjing and Jinan specimens are similar.The large regions composed of heterochromatin are all weekly stained. Ag-NORs are predominantly located at 2 pairs of subtelocentrics and one of submetacentric in Nanjing specimenSjand appear preferentialy at one pair of metacentric, one pair of subtelocentric and one pair of telocentric in Jinan specimens.Ag-NORs are always associated with constitutive heterochromatin. Generally C-banded, G-banded, and silver-stained karyotypes of Chinese hedgehog show certain differences from those of the Western and Eastern European hedgehogs.

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COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON HAIR OF SABLE (MARTES ZIBELLINA) AND MINK (MUSTELA VISON)

ZHAO Baosheng

1988, 8(3):  193-198. 

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There are three categories of hair in sable (Martes zibellna) and mink (Mustela vison) . The guard hairs are straight, and thicken very gradually from the base to the distal three quarters of the shaft with a well-developed cortical layer. The pile hairs are shorter and thinner, and have a three waves or more, well-developed medulla. The fur hairs are shortest and thinnest, and have five waves. The medulla is well developed.By scanning electron microscope (SEM), the cuticles hair according to the shape of edge are roughly divided into four categories: ripple, acuminate, rhombus and inverted triangle. By light microscope (LM), the patterns of hair medulla are roughly divided into three categories: net-medulla, mono-column and poly-column medulla. The comparison of the observed results show that there are diferences at the shape of cuticle as well as medulla between the sable and mink. They show the distinction of species. So the patterns of cuticle and medulla may be acted as the reference index in the classification of the mammal.

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STUDIES ON THE SEASONAL POPULATION FLUCTUATION IN RATTUS RATTOIDES

ZHENG Zhimin¹, HUANG Yingxiu²

1988, 8(3):  199-207. 

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The seasonal fluctuation of R. rattoides in Xinglin, Xiamen from March 1979 to February 1981 exhibited a high-low-high annual pattern.The first peak occurred in spring (April) and the second in winter (December to February), with a sight increase from August to September.The amount of R. rattoides living in vegetable plots essentially determined the quantitative pattern in comparison with those of other habitats. Of the 894 individuals investigated, the sex ratio is 1:1.2(♀:♂); the average number of fetuses and the survival rate of newborns are the highest in autumn, in accordance with the sustained population peak in winter.The quantitative fluctuation of R. rattoides population has related to temperature, relative humidity and rainfall, as well as the farming activities.

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STUDIES ON THE ANTI-FERTILITY EFFECT OF GOSSYPOL FOR RATS

LIN Tongxian, ZENG Jinxiang

1988, 8(3):  208-214. 

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1. The healthy male and female rats were selected for this experiment. The fed doses of gossypol acetic acid were 30mg/kg·day and 50mg/kg·dy for 6 weeks. The results of cage cross showed that the males were infertility and the females were not pregnancy (anti-implantation).2. The morphological examinations indicated that gossypol caused testicular lesion in contrast with that of the control group. Spermatozoa, spermatid and spermatocytesin seminiferous tubules were mainly damaged. At the same time, the walls of seminiferous tubules became atrophy, deformities and thin obviously.The morphological changes were not noticed in females while the weight of ovaries decreased, but mucous layers of the uterus became atrophy and thin, numbers of the glands decreased obviously.3. The measurement of organ coefficients of the male and the female rats indicated that organs in 50mg groups made a great difference in contrast with those of control groups except adrenal glands of the male rats. Only the livers, pituitary glands andspleens of the male rats in 30mg groups made significant difference.4. The results described above showed that gossypol acted on male and female rats as anti-fertile and had an obvious effect on pest control of the cold storage.

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STUDY ON THE TECHNIQUE OF AGRICULTURAL RODENT PEST CONTROL IN HUNAN Ⅰ. THE INVESTIGATION ON PEST SPECIES, PEST AREAS AND THE BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO RODENT CONTROL

CHEN Anguo¹, YUAN Zhuzhong¹, ZHANG Jianyun¹, WANG Yong¹, GUO Cong¹, CHENG Jingbao², TAN Shulin³

1988, 8(3):  215-223. 

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There are 7 main species of agricultural rodents in Hunan Province: R. norvegicus, A. agrarius, R.rattoides, R.flavipectus, M.fortis, Mus musculus and R.confucianus.The rodent pest area in Hunan Province can be divided into 5 types according to the dominant species:( 1 ) M. fortis pestarea, ( 2 ) R. norvegicus and A. agrarius pest area, ( 3 ) R. flavipecius and R. ratioides past area, ( 4 ) M. musculus and R. rattoides pest area, ( 5 ) R. confucianus pest area.The percentage composition of rodent species varied with seasons and years. The heavy losses were caused by R. norvegicus. They characterized by the habits of den and food selection, the composition of community and competition between species of rodents in different areas. It is helpful to investigate these characteristics to select baits and use the bait correctly."The second hit" can solve the problem of the remainders of mice.

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VARIATION OF TESTOSTERONE AND ESTRADIOL LEVELS IN PLASMA DURING EVERY STAGE OF GROWTH OF SIKA DEER ANTLER

LI Chunyi¹, LIU Zhongan¹, ZHAO Shizhen¹, DU Yuchuan²

1988, 8(3):  224-231. 

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The authors tested the contents of testosterone and estradiol in plasma of sika deer during every stage of growth of deer antler by radioimmunoassay in 1984. The role of sex hormones in the growth of deer antlers was discussed.17 male sika deer from deer farm of the Institute of Special Products,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, were divided into 3 age groups.The first group had 6 individuals (8 years old), the second 5 individuals (4 years old), the third 6 individuals (3 years old) .In velvet, the contents of testosterone differed greatly from that of estradiol, the testosterone level was low and the estradiol high during the fast growth period of pilose antler.In olssification and antler bony period,the contents of testosterone and estradiol increased fast.The authors considered that there was a cooperation of testosterone and estradiol in the growth of deer antler,the pilose antler could become bony antler thoroughly only when the two sex hormones increased at the same time.