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30 March 2026, Volume 46 Issue 2

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ORIGINAL PAPERS

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Construction of the expression vector for the PRDX1 gene in Tarim red deer and its bioinformatic analysis

Buweihailiqiemu ABABAIKERI, Aibibula ABUDULA, Buhailiqiemu YIMINGAILI, Huabin ZHAO

2026, 46(2):  153-170.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151026

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To investigate the structural and functional characteristics of Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1)，which may play an antioxidant role in the adaptation of the Tarim red deer (Cervus elaphus yarkandensis) to arid environments, this study amplified the coding sequence (CDS) of the PRDX1 gene (CeyPRDX1) using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The CDS sequence was successfully cloned into the pcDNA3.1 (+) vector to construct an expression vector and named pcDNA3.1 (+) -CeyPRDX1. The pLJM1-EGFP Lentivirus vector with EGFP fluorescent label was used to construct overexpression vector of CeyPRDX1 (pLJM1-CeyPRDX1-EGFP), and its subcellular localization was observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of human HaCaT cells. The results of homology comparison and phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that CeyPRDX1 has the highest homology and the closest phylogenetic relationship with Eastern European red deer (Cervus elaphus) and red deer (Cervus canadensis). Bioinformatic analysis revealed that CeyPRDX1 is a conserved, hydrophilic protein without N-glycosylation or transmembrane regions, and interacts with various antioxidant proteins. This study provides a foundation for future functional research on the CeyPRDX1 gene.

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Exploring the function of immune cells in the heart of high-altitude yaks based on transcriptomic sequencing data

Xun ZHANG, Nating HUANG, Jingyi LI, Jiarui CHEN, Qing WEI

2026, 46(2):  171-183.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151004

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Hypoxia can affect the redox state of animal tissue cells, leading to endoplasmic reticulum（ER）stress. The heart plays a crucial role in the regulation of oxygen supply and demand in the body and is particularly susceptible to damage under ER stress. Yaks, which live year-round in high-altitude hypoxic environments, have adapted well to these conditions. However, the changes in immune cell functions within the hearts of high-altitude yaks in response to hypoxia-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are not yet fully understood. To address this, we selected yaks from two different altitudes in Qinghai Province, China: Qumalai County (4 500 m) and Xunhua County (2 600 m). We then used transcriptome and single-cell transcriptome sequencing to investigate differences in immune-related gene expression and functional changes in major immune cells in the hearts of yaks from high and low altitudes. This study aims to deepen our understanding of the adaptive changes in the immune characteristics of yak heart tissues. The results from transcriptome sequencing data showed that, compared to low-altitude yaks, upregulated genes in the hearts of high-altitude yaks were primarily enriched in pathways related to ER stress, damaged cell clearance, and the removal of misfolded proteins, all of which are associated with immune function. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed that pathways related to ER stress, damaged cell clearance, and the removal of misfolded proteins were activated in the heart tissues of high-altitude yaks. RT-qPCR experiments confirmed that the expression levels of immune-related genes (eg.LCP1, HLA-A, IGHM, FCGR3) were significantly higher in the heart tissues of high-altitude yaks compared to those of low-altitude yaks (P < 0.05), and the expression trends were consistent with the transcriptome results. Single-cell transcriptome sequencing results showed a decrease in the frequency of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the heart tissues of high-altitude yaks. Furthermore, the sequencing revealed that upregulated genes in these three types of immune cells in high-altitude yaks were significantly enriched in immune pathways, including Fcγ-R-mediated phagocytosis, T-cell receptor signaling, and antigen processing and presentation, all of which are involved in the clearance of cellular foreign bodies. In summary, the enhanced phagocytic, cytotoxic, and immune complex clearance capabilities of immune cells in the hearts of high-altitude yaks effectively ensure the removal of increased misfolded proteins and other foreign bodies induced by ER stress. This adaptation helps them better cope with the high-altitude hypoxic environment.

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Analysis of the distribution patterns and characteristics of microsatellites in Meles meles genome

Hongyuan XI, Wenjing LIU, Hailong DOU

2026, 46(2):  184-198.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151022

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The Eurasian badger (Meles meles) belongs to the order Carnivora and the genus Meles. It lives in social groups in underground environments and exhibits distinct territorial behaviors. The Eurasian badger is primarily nocturnal, with a broad dietary preference, and it is also an important wildlife host for bovine tuberculosis. This study systematically investigates the distribution characteristics of microsatellites in the Eurasian badger genome using bioinformatics methods and annotates and functionally analyzes genes containing microsatellites in coding regions. The results show that the Eurasian badger genome is 2.74 Gb in size and contains 975 935 microsatellites, with a relative abundance of 356.35 loci/Mb. The distribution pattern of microsatellites across the whole genome is as follows: mononucleotide > dinucleotide > tetranucleotide > trinucleotide > pentanucleotide > hexanucleotide repeats. Among these, dinucleotide repeats have the highest GC content, while mononucleotide repeats have the lowest. Microsatellites with A/T-rich sequences dominate in the genome. The abundance of microsatellites varies in different regions of the genome, with the highest number found in intergenic regions (595 769), the highest relative abundance in introns (385.22 loci/Mb), and the lowest in coding regions (1 724 loci and 48.40 loci/Mb). The distribution characteristics of microsatellites in intergenic regions are similar to those in the whole genome, while the exons show a higher frequency of trinucleotide repeats, with a strong preference for trinucleotide and hexanucleotide repeat types in the coding regions. Regarding the positional features of microsatellite abundance, the highest abundance is found in the intron regions, followed by the 500 bp upstream and downstream regions of genes, with the lowest in the exonic regions. There are 1 724 CDSs containing microsatellites in the Eurasian badger genome, with 1 325 genes annotated in the Gene Ontology (GO) database, which are assigned to 11 971 GO terms and categorized into 39 major functional groups. The most significantly enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway is the signaling pathway, containing 207 genes. This study provides fundamental data for the subsequent development of high-quality microsatellite markers for the Eurasian badger and offers a reference for understanding the functional and distribution characteristics of microsatellites in the whole genome of carnivorous species.

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Comparison of rodents, bats, and non-human primates as reservoirs and vectors of microbes

Jie LAN, Hongfeng LI, Xuemin WEI, Yuhao WANG, Wenqiang ZHANG, Yifei XU

2026, 46(2):  199-208.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151020

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Rodents, bats, and non-human primates are mammalian groups that share a significant proportion of microbes with humans. Comparing the contribution of these three mammalian taxa as reservoirs of zoonotic microbes and transmission hosts is important for preventing emerging infectious diseases in humans. In this study, we integrated data on host-microbe interactions of rodents (Rodentia), bats (Chiroptera), and non-human primates. We constructed host-microbe networks and microbe-sharing networks for both total microbes and human-associated microbes. We also compared the diversity of microbes of these three groups and their capacity for microbe transmission. The results suggested that non-human primates have a more significant role in the emergence and transmission of human-associated microbes compared to rodents and bats. Specifically, the average proportion of human-associated microbes carried per species of non-human primates was higher than that of the other two groups, demonstrating their greater capacity to carry these microbes. Furthermore, the microbe-sharing networks for non-human primates exhibited notably higher connectivity, suggesting that microbes may spread more easily among species within this group. In contrast, bats carry a high proportion of viruses among both their microbes and their human-associated microbes, underscoring their critical role in the emergence and transmission of human-associated viruses. Notably, the centrality of rodent species in the network surpassed that of both bats and non-human primates, indicating that the role of rodents in microbe transmission should not be underestimated. This study provides new insights into the significance of these three mammalian groups in the emergence and transmission of human-associated microbes, providing information for identifying potential hosts of emerging infectious diseases in humans.

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Study on dietary composition and pest control roles of ten sympatric insectivorous bat species

Qiang QU, Li WANG, Hui WU, Jiang FENG

2026, 46(2):  209-219.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151075

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As efficient nocturnal predators, the quantitative assessment of pest control services of insectivorous bats has become a research focus. Accurately analyzing the proportion of agricultural pests in bat diets, particularly comparing dietary differences among different bat guilds with distinct foraging habitat preferences in heterogeneous agricultural landscapes, is crucial for evaluating their pest control services. We used insectivorous bats in the heterogeneous agricultural landscapes of Pu’er City, Yunnan Province as research subjects. Using DNA metabarcoding technology, we systematically analyzed the dietary composition and pest proportion in three bat foraging guilds: open-space foragers, narrow-space foragers and edge-space foragers. The correlation between the insect composition in bat diets and the availability of food resources in their environments was examined. The results showed that the most common insect order among the 10 species of insectivorous bats was Lepidoptera, accounting for 73.1% of the total insects. The proportion of pests in the dietary composition of insectivorous bats was more than 88.7%. There was a significant correlation between insect order composition in bat diets and environmental resources for all three guilds. The proportion of pests in the dietary composition of open space foraging guild was more than 85.0%. The highest diversity was found at the order level in the dietary composition of narrow-space foraging guild. The edge-space foraging guild exhibited a specialized predation pattern on agricultural pests, dominated overwhelmingly by Lepidoptera (99.13%). This study provides a detailed analysis of dietary composition and pest proportions among three foraging guilds in heterogeneous landscapes, confirming the effectiveness of insectivorous bats in pest control. The findings not only offer direct evidence for bats’ pest control functions in the ecosystem but also provide scientific basis for bat biodiversity conservation.

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Influence of group size on home range and habitat use of white-headed langurs

Youjian DENG, Jianzhong LIN, Shijun WU, Dengpan NONG, Chengming HUANG, Penglai FAN, Qihai ZHOU

2026, 46(2):  220-229.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151019

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Group size is one of the key factors influencing home range and habitat utilization in primates. However, whether group size affects the home range and habitat utilization in folivorous primates remain unclear. From September 2017 to August 2018, we studied four groups of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) in the Banli area of Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve, Guangxi. We systematically collected data on home range, daily travel distance, and habitat utilization to investigate the effect of group size on home range and habitat use in this species. The results showed no correlation between the home range of white-headed langurs and group size, possibly due to high population density of langur groups and low availability of high-quality sleeping sites, which may limit the expansion of their home ranges. However, the average daily travel distance of larger groups was significantly greater than that of the smaller ones. While small groups preferred to rest on cliffs and forage on slopes and hillfoot, larger groups used hill feet habitats significantly more and correspondingly decreased use of hilltop and cliffs compared to smaller ones.

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Study on species density estimation and habitat suitability prediction of spotted linsang (Prionodon pardicolor) in Jiangxi Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve

Wei LUO, Mi ZHANG, Changchun WEI, Jun DENG, Zufu ZHANG, Yuying SONG, Weiwei ZHANG

2026, 46(2):  230-239.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151023

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The spotted linsang (Prionodon pardicolor) was once widely distributed in southern and southwestern China as well as South and Southeast Asia. However, its population has drastically declined in recent years. From April 2023 to March 2024, we estimated the population density using infrared cameras and random encounter models, and generated current (2020s) and future (2050s) habitat suitability models using MaxEnt for the spotted linsang in the Jiangxi JiulianShan National Nature Reserve. This study showed that the population density of spotted linsang was (2.039 ± 0.243) civets/km² in the Reserve. The MaxEnt model showed high accuracy in predicting suitable habitats for both current and future periods. Under future climatic conditions, suitable habitats for spotted linsang within the reserve may decrease by 14.44%, while those outside the reserve will decrease by 46.61% compared to the current period. High-suitability habitats will contract inward in the reserve and migrate to higher altitudes. The main environmental factors affecting the current distribution are distance to rivers, isothermality, vegetation type, precipitation in the driest season, and slope direction. For future distributions, the primary influencing factors are distance to rivers, mean temperature in the driest season, vegetation type, and the coefficients of seasonal variation of aspect and precipitation. This study preliminarily investigated the field ecological habits of spotted linsang and provided scientific support for the conservation of spotted linsang in the JiulianShan Reserve and beyond.

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Characteristics of Asian elephant group in Nangunhe National Nature Reserve based on spatio-temporal analysis

Jingshan WANG, Qiang GUO, Wenguang DUAN, Xu LI, Weibin WANG, Zhisheng WANG, Shaobing YANG

2026, 46(2):  240-250.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150901

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Animal grouping is widespread in natural populations, but detecting individual group membership is still in the stage of empirical identification based on photos and videos, without refined technical details. In this study, we examine grouping characteristics of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) using infrared-triggered camera trapping techniques in Nangunhe National Nature Reserve from November 2022 to May 2023. We deployed 64 camera traps totaling 7 635 effective camera working days. Through meticulous analysis, we identified 255 individually valid photos of Asian elephants and a total of 17 Asian elephants. The capture rates of group and solitary were 18.63% and 16.83% respectively. Through spatial analyses such as distance grouping and correlation, combined with the results of spatial niche overlap, we found that 11 Asian elephants had a high degree of similarity and correlation in their spatial utilization, and formed a group. The spatial activity of two solitaries was highly consistent and formed a small group, while the other solitaries were differentiated. In addition, the activity rhythm data showed that the daily activity rhythm of 11 Asian elephants was highly consistent, and the overall distribution was unimodal. Similarly, the daily activity rhythm of the solitaries highlighted the differences between the small group and the other solitaries. Consequently, the grouping characteristics of the Asian elephants are characterized by a family group of 11 Asian elephants and a small group composed of 2 solitaries, with 4 remaining solitaries. This study fills the research gap in understanding the characteristics of Asian elephant groups in Nangunhe and provides important support for the population management and protection of this species and sympatric species in protected areas.

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Satellite collar data reveals dual-peak activity rhythm of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)

Jiansong ZHANG, Jishan WANG, Zicheng YANG, Mingwei BAO, Bin WANG, Chaoyong XIONG, Rui SU, Fei CHEN

2026, 46(2):  251-263.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151015

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The study of wildlife activity rhythms requires long-term and continuous data collection, which is challenging for animals that are rare, elusive, and sensitive to human disturbance, leading to insufficient understanding of their activity patterns. The efficiency, ease, dependability, and other benefits of satellite-positioning tracking collars make them appealing for tracking and monitoring of wildlife, and the data are increasingly been used to analyze patterns of animal activity rhythms. The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) is listed as a ClassⅠ National Key Protected Wildlife of China and is considered Critically Endangered (CR) in China’s Red List. Using satellite-tracking collars, we explored Asian elephant activity patterns in Yunnan Xishuangbanna from June 2023 to May 2024. The activity rhythms of Asian elephant were evaluated using two types of data, activity quantity and movement rate. The Asian elephant with collar had been successfully and effectively tracked for 366 days, and 13 520 data records were collected. Each day throughout the tracking period, the tracked elephant traveled a maximum of 12.79 km, with a daily average of (4.114 ± 0.10) km. Data on the elephant’s daily activity rhythms indicate a distinct bimodal pattern, with the morning hours of 07: 00 - 09: 00 and the evening hours 19: 00 - 21: 00 showing the highest activity levels. Furthermore, analysis of monthly activity rhythm revealed that the elephant’s relative activity intensity varies significantly from month to month (χ² = 490.303, df = 11, P < 0.01), with the activity frequency peaking in April. The daily activity level of the elephant clearly fluctuates with the season. Daily activity intensity increases from summer to autumn to spring and winter. The wet and dry seasons also differed significantly in terms of activity intensity, with the rainy season having lower afternoon activity intensity than the dry season. Although there are differences in the low and peak times of the elephant activity identified by the two data types during each period, the activity rhythm curves produced by the two data show a similar trend. This study provided a detailed description of the activity rhythms based on various collar data and revealed individual activity rhythms and seasonal differences of the tracked Asian elephant. This study serves as an important resource and guidance for future research and management of Asian elephants.

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Distribution and threats of cetaceans near the East China Sea: an analysis based on local ecological knowledge (LEK)

Jiancheng DENG, Sikai WANG, Yang ZHANG, Jintao JIA, Tingting ZHANG, Feng ZHAO

2026, 46(2):  264-277.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151029

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Effective conservation and management of cetaceans require detailed information on species composition and spatial distribution. Local ecological knowledge (LEK) has increasingly been recognized as a valuable tool for assessing key species and biological resources, particularly in marine mammal studies. From November to December 2023, a large-scale LEK survey was conducted in coastal areas adjacent to the East China Sea. The study aimed to investigate the diversity, distribution patterns, population trends, and potential threats faced by cetacean species in the region. A total of 534 fishermen were interviewed across 59 ports and docks. During the survey, 11 cetacean species were recorded based on local reports, including the East Asian finless porpoise (Neophocaena sunameri), common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus), Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis), rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis), Fraser’s dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei), pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata), short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus), and killer whale (Orcinus orca). No sightings of large baleen whales were reported. Most respondents indicated that cetacean sightings were most frequent during August and September, with key hotspots located in Haizhou Bay, the East China Sea Bridge area, the mid-lower section of the Yangtze Estuary fishing ground, Dongtou, and the northern waters of the Nanji Islands. About half (50.19%) of respondents believed that cetacean populations are declining. Additionally, 20.22% reported incidental bycatch of cetaceans, primarily associated with trawl and gillnet fisheries. These findings provide a foundational understanding of cetacean distribution and threats in the East China Sea and offer valuable insights for future conservation strategies.

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Effect of sex on the gut microbiota of Tibetan antelopes

Yuting SUN, Dongdong YANG, Yinhu LI, Congran GONG, Han HU, Lina SU, Peiwei LI, Yan LIU, Hongfeng ZHANG, Xiaomin WU

2026, 46(2):  278-286.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151006

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Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in host physiological homeostasis and is influenced by many factors. We employed high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rDNA and bioinformatic analysis to investigate the composition and abundance of the gut microbiota of male and female Tibetan antelopes (Pantholops hodgsonii).The results showed that 6 896 OTUs were obtained from female, 5 609 OTUs from male, and 2 650 OTUs were shared between male and female. Female Tibetan antelopes had a higher bacterial richness than males (P < 0.05). Firmicutes and Bacteroidota were the predominant phyla in the microbial community. At the genus level, the relative abundance of 12 genera, including Aeromonas, Pseudomonas,and Methylobacterium, in the intestinal tract of male Tibetan antelope was significantly higher than that of female (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of 16 bacteria genera, including Ruminococcaceae_UCG, Akkermansia, and Peptococcus, in the intestinal tract of female Tibetan antelope was significantly higher than that of male (P < 0.05). Principal coordinate analysis revealed a significant difference in the structure of the intestinal flora between the two groups, and the reproducibility of female samples was better than that of male samples. Functional prediction analyses revealed that the gut microbiota of Tibetan antelopes was mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, and no significant differences in metabolic pathways were found between females and males. This study explored associations between sex of the host and their gut microbiota, which may provide a reference for further understanding of the adaptive evolutionary mechanism of Tibetan antelopes to extreme high-altitude environments.

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Mammals and birds survey using camera trapping in Guangdong Liannan Bandong Provincial Nature Reserve

Gang TANG, Xiangyang HE, Shude WU, Shuiyi LIAO, Wendong LI, Zhishu XIAO, Libiao ZHANG

2026, 46(2):  287-298.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151012

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In order to gain an in-depth understanding of the species diversity in the Guangdong Liannan Bandong Provincial Nature Reserve, we monitored terrestrial birds and mammals based on 72 km grid sites (52 grids inside vs. 20 grids outside) using camera traps inside and outside the reserve for one year. The difference in species diversity between inside and outside the reserve was also analyzed. A total of 5 428 independent photograph (2 287 mammals and 3 141 birds) were collected totaling 19 416 camera-days from March 2021 to March 2022. We recorded 55 species (16 mammals and 39 birds) belonging to 26 families, 11 orders, and 2 classes. Among them, 14 species were listed as Class Ⅱ National Key Protected Species in China (3 mammals, 11 birds). The top three mammal species with the highest relative abundance index (RAI) were Dremomys pyrrhomerus, Sus scrofa, and Callosciurus erythraeus, and the top three bird species with the highest RAI were Lophura nycthemera, Zoothera aurea, and Myophonus caeruleus. The top three mammal species with the highest grid occupancy were Dremomys pyrrhomerus, Sus scrofa, and Paguma larvata, and the top three birdf species with the highest grid occupancy were Lophura nycthemera, Zoothera aurea, and Garrulax pectoralis. Comparing the monitoring data of mammals and birds, species richness, Shannon-Wiener index, and Simpson index were all higher inside the reserve than outside the reserve, while there was no significant difference in the Pielou index. The monitoring results showed that the proportion of carnivore species was relatively high, but with few larger ones. Possible reasons include habitat loss and fragmentation, food shortages, and human activity interference. Comparing with the previous investigation, a total of 8 new records of birds and mammals were recorded in the reserve. This study provides basic data for wildlife monitoring and assessment in the Guangdong Liannan Bandong Provincial Nature Reserve.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES

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New record of the genus Chodsigoa (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Soricidae) in Zhejiang Province

Jinhui WANG, Hongdi GAO, Ailin CHENG, Weijun FANG, Zhe CHEN, Zhenxian ZHU

2026, 46(2):  299-305.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151014

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In November 2023, a shrew specimen was collected from Chun’an County, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province. This small shrew has dark gray dorsal fur and weighs 5.75 g. It has a head-body length of 65 mm, with a tail shorter than the head-body length. It features three upper unicuspid teeth with lightly pigmented red on the tips of incisors and unicuspids premolars, indicating that it belongs to the genus Chodsigoa. This represents the first record of Chodsigoa in Zhejiang Province. Through phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial Cyt b sequences, this specimen was recovered as sister to a clade containing C. dabieshanensis, C. hypsibia, and C. parva. The genetic distances between this specimen and the three species are 8.33%, 8.90%, and 9.53%, respectively. Further research is needed to clarify the taxonomic status of this specimen.

INFORMATION

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A piebaldism Chinese myotis (Myotis chinensis)found in Xingyi, Guizhou Province

Linlin GAO, Lan YANG, Yu MAO, Hao GU, Tinglei JIANG, Lixin GONG

2026, 46(2):  306-307.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151169

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