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20 August 1993, Volume 13 Issue 3

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A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION DYNAMICS OF HAINAN ELD'S DEER AND FOOD RESOURCES IN ENCLOSURE

SONG Yanling, LI Shanyuan

1993, 13(3):  161-165. 

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Eighty-six eld's deer(Cervus eldi hainanus)werc included in the fence which was established in the Datian National Nature Reserve in 1986 and made an insulated population．Population size increased to 158 within 3 reproductive periods while the vegetation condition in the fencc changed．Density,height，and frequency of plant species which arc preferred by deer decreased and species which are less or not preferred increased．Natality and yearly incrcase rate of the deer population decreased year by year as the population size increased．The effect of crowding and physiological stress and shortage of food resources were the main reasons for the decline 0f population natality and yearly increase rate．Suggestions were given to managers of the Nature Reserve for management of deer and habitat．

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CHANGES OF URINARY 17β-ESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE LEVELS IN FEMALE GIANT PANDAS DURING OESTRUS AND ITS RELATION WITH BREEDING

LI Fudong, PENG Shiyuan, YE Zhiyong, HE Guangxin, HUANG Xiangming

1993, 13(3):  166-171. 

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The changes of urinary 17β-estradiol and progesterone levels of 3 female giant pandas(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)during oestrus were determined by using radioimmunoassay.
It is clear that the variation of their estrus behaviours is closely associated with the content of 17β-estradiol．During oestrus，the decline in the level of urinary progesterone is accompanied by rapid rise of the 17β-estradiol levels up to the peak value (28.2— 65．5 mμp／mg creatinine )，and then fall to the baseline level．The date of the maximum sexual activity or natural mating occurs one day after that of the urinary estradiol peak or on that sameday．
After estradiol peak，the urinary progesterone level apparently increases，the mean value of progesterone of metestrus is significently higher(p<0.01)than that of proestrus．
The successfully fertile mating of the 3 giant pandas in this experiment indicates that the suitable time of natural mating or artificial insemination can be achieved by monitering urinary estradiol in females．
The relationship between the hormone and the mating behavior of giant pandas has baen discussed.

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SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF COPULATION IN THIBETAN MONKEYS (MACACA THIBETANA)

XIONG Chengpei

1993, 13(3):  172-180. 

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Observational resultsof sexual harassment behavior occurring within a wild troop of Thibetan monkeys are reported．266 of 766 copulations that involved the harassmentis analyzed and an age／rank breakdown of the harassers is povided．The possible motivation of harassment in this species is discussed．

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MAJOR CATEG0RIES OF VOCAL BEHAVIOUR lN WILD SICHUAN GOLDEN MONKEY (RHINOPITHECUS ROXELLANA )

LI Baoguo, CHEN Fuguan, LUO Shiyou, XIE Wenzhi

1993, 13(3):  181-187. 

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Sichuan golden monkeys are distributed in montane forests.Their vocal sound have important functions in their situation of 1ife．On the basis of observation of vocal behaviour and sound recording，this paper presents the major categories of vocalizations produced by free-living Sichuan golden monkeys，and describess their emission with accompanying troop behaviour and bodymovements.Differences between wild and captive animals are simply analysed here．

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STUDIES ON THE CHROMOSOMES OF YUNNAN HARE (LEPUS COMUS)

CHEN Zhiping, WANG Yingxiang, LIU Ruiqing

1993, 13(3):  188-192. 

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The karyotype of Yunnan hare (Lepus coomus)has been studied by banding techniques (G-，C-banding)and silver staining． The number of diploid chromosome is 48,autosomes consist of 6 pairs of metacentrics， 5 pairs of submetacentrics， 10 pairs of subtelocentrics and 2 pairs acrobentrics． X is a larger submetaeentric．And very faint secondary constrictions is found on pairs 17，19．21．
The G-banded， C-banded and silver-stained karyotypes have been observed． The chromosomal homologies of genus Lepus are high by comparing their G-banded karyotypes．The certromeric heterochromatin is found in all chromosomes except Nos．9，14，l6， 20，whereas the centromeric C-bands of Nos．13， 15，18 are very fanitly stained．The sequential studies of conventional and silver stained karyotypes show Ag-NORs at the faint secondary constrictions of Nos． 17， 19，21． The Polymorphism of Ag-NORs of No．21 is found．And the karyotype evolution of Leporides has been discussed by comparison with other species．

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THE PINEAL ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PLATEAU PIKA

WANG Dianqun

1993, 13(3):  193-197. 

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This paper describes the morphology and fine structure of the pineal body of plateau pika (0chotona curzoniae)and discuss the correlation between the structure and function of pineal cells．The results are as follows:
1． The pineal complex that is composed of the superficial and the deep of pineal in plateau pika is similar to that of mammalian．The morphological structure of supercficial and deep of pineal body is similar．The pineal body of plateau pika is essentially composed of pinealocytes，glialcells，neurons，blood canals and neural fibers．The pinealoeyte is composed of two kinds of celltypes,a "bright"and a"dark" cell. The abundant mitochondria，predominant Golgi apparatus，rough and smooth of endoplasmic reticulum,ribosome occasional microtubules and lipid droplets are seen in both cell types。
2．The numbers of vesicles，micsrotubules andsynaptic ribbon in the pinealocytes are related to secreting effects of pinealocytes.
3．The secretory substances of the pinealocytes are let out to the perivascular and intercellular spaces by means of exocytosis and diffusion and may directly enter the third ventricle．

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STUDIES 0N THE P0PULATION ECOLOGY OF SULPHUR BELLIED RAT

ZHANG Jie

1993, 13(3):  198-204. 

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In the period of 1983- 1986，the author had carried out the study on the population ecology of Sulphur Bellied Rat Rattus niviventer in Xishan area of Beijing。A totalnumber of 870( ♂464,♀406)rats were captured as samples．These sample rats were divided into five age groups according to their body weight excluding viscera ． Results showed that there were obvious seasonall disparities in age composition． The changes of the age composition were mainly caused by the changes of the reproductive behavior．Studies on the sex ratio represented that the proportion of female rats were generally higher than that of male in young and sub—adult groups．
The sulphur bellied rats started to breed from March to April， and most of them finished the breeding in September．Occasionally some individuals were found to be pregnant in October to December．The weight of the testis of the matured male rats were more than 0．8g．Females became matured at the age of 3— 8 months after being born， and usually started to breed only after overwintering．Most of females bred two foetus，but some of them bred once ，only a little individuals were found to breed three foetus in a year． The average of litter sizes for one foetus were 5.20． The number of litter sizes varied between 4．78—5．55．
The ecological life of sulphur bellied rat was 1．5 years or more．Some individuals participated breeding activities in two years．There were obvious seasonal difference in the number of population owing to the effect of reproduction and weather．The pattern of the changes in population was basically“S" type．The sulphur bellied rats inhabit onlv in mountain areas．They had not been found in plain．

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A STUDY OF THE RODENT COMMUNITY SUCCESSION IN HUANGNIHE FOREST REGION

YANG Chunwen, CHEN Ronghai, DONG Zhigang, ZHAO Riliang

1993, 13(3):  205-210. 

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The rodent community structures and the biomass changes of the 5 types of vegetation successions were studied in Huangnihe forest region，Jilin Province from June to september，1988．After the cutting of the conifer-broadleaf mixed forests，the number of the Clethrionomys rufocanus increased while that of the Apodemus peninsulae decreased and the Apodemus agrarius invaded．After the formation of the secondary broadleaf forests and artificial larch forests，the rodent communitY was still the type of Agodemua peninsulae+Clethrlonomys rufocanus．The forming of the artificial Korean pine forests Made the number of the Clethrionomys rufocanus decrease apparently． and the Apodemus peninsulae community came into being accordingly .The forests were cultivated into farmlands，hence the formation of the Apodemus agrarius+Apodemus pentnauiae community．The grassy marshlands developed into grassy marshland forests .The rodent community was evolved into Clethrionomys rufocanus community from Microtus fortia+Clethrlonomys rafocanus community．The influences of environmental elements upon the rodent successions were also analysed in this paper．

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THE ROLE OF BRAIN SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM IN HIBERNATION OF GROUND SQUIRREL

HUANG Qinheng， CAI Yipeng， ZHANG Chongli， WANG Hong

1993, 13(3):  211-216. 

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In this work the role of brain serotonergic system in natural hibernation and hibernation induced by i．c．v．injection of 6-hydroxydopamine were studied in ground squirrel (Citellus dauricus)after intraperitonal administration of para-chloro phenylalanine(pACA )． a specifiedepletor of brain serotonin． The results showed： (1) The contentof 5-HT in whole brain， after pCPA injection was depleted to 42% of control valueat 2nd day， and reached to the lowest at 4th day， about 19%of control， then gradually recovered with time， arrived at 84%of control value at 16th day． (2) In thenatural hibernating ground squirrels， the induction period for hibernation were 26± 6days。and 5-HT content in brain increased when compared with the euthermic animals，while the induction period for hibernation in ground squirrels pretreated with pCPAwere 35±5 days， significantly longer than that of natural hibernating animals． (3)The ground squirrels treated with i．p． pCPA +i．c．v．6-oHDA were able to enter into hibernation when 5-HT content in brain has not recovered to the control level．howeverthe induction period for “ hibernation (15±5 days) was longer than that of animalstreated with i．P．saline+i．c．v．6-OHDA， indicating that a basal 5-HT level was stillnecessary for hibernating under the condition of i．c．v． injection of 6-OHDA．
These results sugested that both the decrease of NE system activity or／and theincrease of 5-HTsystem in brain are the important controlling factors in triggeringthe onset of hibernation．

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0N S0ME C0MM0N ERRORS IN ANALYSIS OF AGE-STRUCTURED P0PULATIONS

Richard B．Harris, Lee H ． M etzgar

1993, 13(3):  217-222. 

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Analyzing age-structured population data can be useful in deducing factors affectingpopulation trend，and projecting future population levels．However，in a review of recent literature,we noted 3 errors jn analyses，a11 of which may lead to erroneous inferences．
(1)In life-table analyses，it is incorrect to equate Sx(the proportion of animals
in each age-class x) with lx (the proportion of a cohort surviving to the beginning of
age-class x) ．unless it is known that r=0 and the population has achieved a stable age distribution．However， if these two conditions hold， the lifetable cannot ‘calculate’ r; rather， knowledge of r is a prerequisite to building the life-table．
(2)In building a life-table，problems can arise when pooling birth rates across
age-categories of mothers without accounting for mortality of mothers within the pooled age category．If resultant birth rates are not discounted in some way，resulting estimates of r will be biased in a positive direction．
(3) When calculating the finite growth rate λusing a Leslie matrix。it is incorrect to substitute mx for Fx．The former is the more commonly obtained term (number of female young per female of age x just after the birth season); the latter is Leslie's term，which is more complex and difficult to gather in the field．
We discuss implications of these errors and suggest ways to avoid making them.

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NOTES ON CLASSICAL LITERATURES AND CONTEMPORARY RESEARCHES ON THE FINLESS PORPOISE(NEOPHOCAENA PHOCAENOIDES)

GAO An1i, ZHOU Kaiya

1993, 13(3):  223-234. 

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The earliest record of the finless porpoise in the Chinese classical literatures was
made in the book．《Shuo wen jie zi(To explain sentences and characters)》，by Xu Shen(AD 58- 1487)．The" Ju" ，the earlist name for the finless porpoise，was said to inhabit the middle reaches of Yangtze River and off the coast of Korea．About 13 names were given to the finlessporpoise in Chinese classicalworks．"Jiangzhu(River pig) the most popular name for finless porpoise in China，was listed for the first time in《Jiang fu (Articles on rivers)》published about 1700 years ago．
The finless porpoise，Neophocaena phocaenoides，is distributed in the form of a narrow band along the coast line of tropical andtemperate Asia including some rivers．It reaches the Persian Gulf in the west，the northern coast of Java in the south，the northern border of the Liaodong Gulf(4l^。N latitude，122^。E longitude)in the north，and the Sendai Bay(38^。20' N latitude，140^。50' E longitude)in Japan in the east．
Since 1829 when this species was described by Cuvier，studies on the finless porpoise were mainly taxonomical and faunal in the first 100 years．Morphological researches of the finless porpoise were begun in 1920s．So far，at least 130 papers or books has been published in various disciplines．Such as anatomy and histology，karyotypes，biochemical index of blood，chemical components of the blubber，content rations of heavy metals and organochlorines in the tissues．MDH and ADH isozymes,parasites，ecology，underwater acoustic signal，incidental kill in fishing gears，and captive breeding．
Anatomical and histological studies on most of the organ systems of the finlees
porpoise were published．Morphological studies will be more related to important physiological functions from now on．The published works on genetics and biochemistrywerepreliminaty．Molecular genetic techniques such as DNA RFLP，fingerprinting,molecular hybridization and sequence analysis should be used more often in the 1990s．The conservation biology of the finless porpoise is also a weak link．Attention should be focused on the studies of population size，social structure，movevhent and the impacts of water pollution，incidental capture in fishing gears and other environmental changes on the finless porpoise hereafter．In order to estimate the population size accurately，the ecological surveys of the f inless porpoise should be conducted on the Yangtze River and off the Chinese Coast．and the methods used in the field studies should be improved．
The present name，Neophocaena phocaenoides was claimed by Palmer jn 1899．The differences in the skull between geographic populations was first notied by Fraser in 1964．Although Pilleri and Gihr(1972，1975)proposed to divide the finless porpoise into 2 and 3 species respectively，neither of their suggestions was accepted by most of the cetologists．Van Bree(1973)and Wang et a1．(1989，1990)suggested 2 and 3 subspecies respectively．Based on studieson218exterral and 140 skeleton specimens and the polymorphism of restriction fragment length of mtDNA the present authors compared the differences between the geographic populations and showed that 3 subspecies should be recognized for the finless porpoise：Neophocaena phoeaenoides phocaenoides．N P．sunameriand N．p．asiaeorientalis.wefound that the finless porpoise in the East China Sea should be referred to N ．p．sunameri instead of to N ．p．asiaeorientalis as suggested by Wang et a1．(1999，1990)．

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ASSESSMENT OF SIX ESTIMATIED METHODS FOR UTILIZATION RATE OF CURRENT GROWTH OF PLANT BY RED DEER

1993, 13(3):  235-237. 

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