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20 May 1993, Volume 13 Issue 2

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THE SCAPULAR C0MPARIS0N 0F RHESUS MONKEYS IN SICHUAN ，YUNNAN ，HUBEI AND HUNAN IN CHINA

YU Fahong， PENG Yanzhang， PAN Ruliang， YE Zhizhang， WANG Hong

1993, 13(2):  81-87. 

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This paper carried out the functional comparative study of scapula in Macaca mu-
latta distriburing over Sichuan，Yunnan，Huhei and Hunan Provinces in China．The results of multivariate analyses suggested that the lengths of scapular spine and acromion，the angle of glenoidalis cavity and the insertion of m．deltoldeus on humerus played an important role for distinguishing the subspecies of M．mulatta of China． Sichuan's race which showed more terrestrial quadrupedal activities，is significantly different from other two subspecies．The scapular morphologies of rhesus monkey's race in Yunnan shared some similar features with that of ones in Hunan and Hubei．And both races possess much arboreal locomotions than Sichuan race． It suggests that their classificatory position may be most closely and same subspecies as showed by Zhang et al． (1991)．

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DETERMINATION ON THE HEMOGRAM VALUE，MORPH0LOGY 0F RED BLO0D CELL AND VENTRICULAR WEIGHT IN WHITE-LIPPED DEER

LI Chuanfang， CHEN Junmin ，CHEN Minqi

1993, 13(2):  88-91. 

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The blood sample of 42 health White-lipped deer and the weight of 14 deer's hearts were determind from 1990．The results showed that the hemogram value of redblood cell system increased with the altitude risen．The morphology of red blood cellwas both sunken of tyre, A lateral view in electron microscope was dumbbell and itsdiameter was 4.368± 0.1926μm．The ratio of ventricular weight(R/L+S×100) was25.0%-33.3%　in different altitude，it difference was no significant．The mechanism　of hypoxiaenvironment to adapte was discussed in this paper．

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C0MPARATIVE STUDIES 0N THE ADRENAL C0RTEX ULTRASTRUCTURE AND THE FUNCTI0N 0F MARMOTA HIMALAYANA

CHEN Qinming， YE Yucong

1993, 13(2):  92-97. 

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This paper reports 24 unhibernaton Marmota himalayana which were reared in
temperature 5- 20℃ room of altitude 3 300 m district．The authors divide it into threeage groups(juvenile，adult,old)．Adrenal weight，the cholesterol contents of adrenal，the plasma level of hydrocortisone and aldosterone，the variation of mitochondria， lipid droplets and Golgi apparatus of zona glomerulosa as well as the ultrastructurc of thezona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate and zona reticularis of adrenal cortex were determind respectively．
The results indicated the comparison between the old and juvenile or the old andadult presented the decrease of AW/BW ，the decrease of adrenal cholesterol contents(see table 1),the decrease of hydrocortisone and aldosterone in plasma level (see table2)，the decrease of number and size of mitochondria，lipid droplets,Golgi apparatus inzona glomerulosa (see table 3)． The synthesis of adrenocortical hormone was depenedmainly the esterase in SER and lysosomes in the cytoplasm ，the synthesis functiondecreased and the zona reticularis presented degeneration in the old．

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AUDIT0RY RESP0NSE PR0PERTIES 0F INFERIOR C0LLICULAR NEUR0NS 0F JUVENILE BATS，Rhinolophus rouxi

SUN Xinde, Jen P.H．S．, ZHANG Senfu, SUN Dexue

1993, 13(2):  98-103. 

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Under free-field acoustic stimulus conditions，we studied the responses of inferior collicular neurons(IC)to acoustic stimulus(40ms，0.5ms rise-decay times)in the adult and juvenile(6-8days)rufous horseshoe bat，Rhinolophus rouxi．A total of 162 and 471 IC neurons were isolated from the juvenile and adult batsrespectively．In generaI，IC neurons from the juvenile bats had higher minim um thresholds and longer response latencies than those from the adult bats ．The best frequencies(BFs)of the 0verwhelming majority of IC neurons of the adult bats were 88 to 90 kHz but they were 43 to 47 kHz in the juvenile bats．Although the BFs of IC neurons sequentially isolated by the advancement of an orthogonally penetrating electrode systematically increased from low to high in the aduIt bats such a tonotopic organization along the dorsoventral axis of the IC was not observed in the juvenile bats．IC neurons of juvenile bats also tuned to a broader band of frequencies than those of adult bats． These data provide evidence for a postnatal developmental change of auditory signal processing in bats．

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EVAPORATIVE WATER LOSS ANDTHERMOREGULATION IN PLATEAU PIKA (OCHOTONA CURZONIAE)

WANG Dehua, SUN Ruyong, WANG Zuwang

1993, 13(2):  104-113. 

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Plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)is a dominant species in Kobresia humilis meadow in Alpine Meadow Ecosystem of Qinghai plateau．The evaporative water loss(EW L)， basal and resting metabolism (BMR and RMR) nonshiverlng thermogenesis (NST) were measured，the total thermal conductance (C)，dry conductance,and thermoregulatory index(TI) were calculated and the role of evaporative heat loss in thermoregulation， especilly at high ambient temperature (Ta)of O．curzoniae were discussed． The results obtained mainly are as follows：
1．The thermal neutral zone (TNZ) is about 25-30℃ ． BMR is 1．54 mlO_2/g·h,
42% higher to that predicted by Kleiber(1961)．Below TNZ their isa inversly relat
ionship between RMR and Ta， which can be described as:
RMR(m1 O₂/g·h)=4．6909－0．1115Ta
while the metabolism increased significantly above 30℃ ， reach to 3.29ml O₂/g·h ，and the pikas will be die about1h at 95℃ because of the thermaI stress．
2．C of O．curzoniae at different temperatures were calculated according to the Newton' s law， mean value of C below TNZ is 0.152ml O₂/g·h·℃ ， 51% higher to that predicted by Herried et al．(1967)and 42% higher relative to that predicted by Bradly et al． (1980)．
3． EWL is lower below TNZ， increased markedly during and above TNZ．Mean
EWL below TNZ is 1.788 mg／g·h， and reach to peak at 30℃ ， 3.557mg／g·h．The relationship between EWL and Ta in and above TNZ is described as:
EWL(mg／g·h)= -3.096+0.210Ta
4．The contribution of EWL to total thermal conductance is 13% below TNZ,
18.0% in TNZ and 15% above TNZ．The variation pattern of dry C is similar as that
of total thermal conductance．The ratio of EWL to metabolic rate (MR) is the
function of Ta， increasing with Ta．The regression equation within 15～ 30℃ is：
EWL／MR =-1.266+0.102Ta 5．Body temperature (Tb) is nearly contant beloW 27．5℃ ， mean 37．5⁰C， independent to Ta,but increasing with Ta above 27．5℃ ．The equation is
Tb(℃ )=24．75+0．454Ta
6．The response of O．curzoniae to noradrenaline is very strong． Maximum NST is 4．34 ml O_2/g·h ，NST scope (NST／BMR)is 2．82 and NST capacity (NST- BMR)is 2．80 ml O_2/g·h ，Tb of pikas increased 1．8℃ after noradranaline injection．
7．The maximum thermal conductance (C_max ) is 0．8323 ml O_2/g·h·℃ ， while dry C is 0．6909 ml O_2/g·h·℃ ， Evaporative C is 0．1414ml O₂／g．h·℃ (about 17 C_max )，The ratio of maximum C to minimum C is 5 49%．The thermoregulatory index (TI) is 15．40， while physical thermoregulatory index is 5．49 and chemical thermoregulatory index is 2．80．
Our results indicated that O．curzoniae is a species that well adapt to the cold and high altitude region．The thermoregulatory characteristics Of O．curzoniae such as high BMR level，relative low Tb and high NST，limiting thermoregulatory ability to high Ta suggest that the main stress of O．curzoniaefaced in the environment that they lived is cold．From the evolutionary scale，O．curzoniaeadapt the environment mainly by increasing thermogenesis capacity， and incorporating the anatomical and behavioral mechanisms．

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STUDY ON POPULATION REPRODUCTION OF BRANDT'S VOLES (MICROTUS BRANDTI)

LIU Zhilong, SUN Ruyong

1993, 13(2):  114-122. 

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The overwintering volce can reproduce three litters．The first litter was born
from Late April to Early June． The 2nd from Middle May to Early July and the third from Middlel June to Late July． The peaks birthday curve of each litter in
population—increasing—year (1987) were ten days earlier than those of population-decreasing-year(1988)．The ratio of pregnant voles to all females was 100% in Late April of 1987． But the ratio in Late April of 1988 was only 44.44%．The overwintering voles played main part in population reproduction before Early July from percentage of overwintering pregnants to all pregnants．Then the voles bron of this year replaced overwintering rapidly．
Four cohorts were produced from Late April to Early September ．The 1st cohorts (K₁) and K₂ grew and matured rapidly．Those voles can be reproduced 1-3 litters and most of K₁ and K₂disappeared from population ．K₃ delayed sexual maturation and enter winter as sex-non-maturing voles . Though body mass and lenghth increased，the sexual organs remained dormant, resumed growing in late winter or early spring and became the breeding population as overwinterings in Early April．K₄， a small number of voles,very few survived the long and cold winter or reproduced.The mean litter size of overwinterings was higher than that of the volce born of this year significantly．The mean litter size of population-increasing-year was significantly higher than that of population-decreasing-year. There were not significant difference of mean litter size of the voles born of this year between 1987 and 1988.

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AGE DETERMINATION AND AGE C0MPOSITION OF RATTUS NORVEGICUS POPULATION ON DONGTING PLAIN

LI Shibin, CHEN Anguo, LI Bo, WANG Yong, GUO Cong, LIU Huifen

1993, 13(2):  123-130. 

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The determination of the age groups of Rattus norvegicus were studied with data from 1O61 rats captured from the farm area of Dongting Plain，Hunan．With the body weight without viscera as a major indicator and the characteristics of reproductive organs as references，the Rattus norvegicus, were divided into 5 age groups：Ⅰ．Junior，female<60g，male< 70g；Ⅱ． Juvenile， female 60-99g，male 7O-119g; Ⅲ． adult I，female 100— 139g，male l20— 169g;Ⅳ．adut Ⅱ，female 140- 189g，male 170-219g;Ⅴ．Old，female> 190g，male>220g．The relations between age groups and the body weight,body length，tail Iength and reproduction were studied．The characteristics of seasonal changes of the population age composition were：age group Ⅲ and Ⅳ were the dominant parts in the begining of spring，age group Ⅰ andⅡ increased obviously in the begining of summer，each age group has a certain proportion from July to September， age group Ⅱ and Ⅲ were superior in winter．

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ANALYSlS ON THE RELATION BETWEEN P0PULATION OF MERIONES UNGUICULATUS AND FACTORS 0F METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA

LI Zhonglai, ZHANG Wanrong

1993, 13(2):  131-135. 

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According to the population of Meriones unguiculatus and 7 factors data of meteorological phenomena in Etuoke qi and Etuoke qianqi of Yikzhao Meng．Inner Mongolia Autonomous region in 1975- 1989．the optimum regression subsets of multipic linear regression analysis is conducted．The model of standard regression is also obtained． The conclusion is as following:Yearly rainfall is a main factors of meteorological phenomena affecting Meriones unguiculatus populations．The model of curve regression analysis between the yearly rainfall and the population of Meriones unguiculatus is given.

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CHROMOSOME STUDIES OF HOUSE SHREW,SUNCUS MURINUS MURINUS (INSECTIVORA)

CHEN Shuihua, ZHUGE Yang

1993, 13(2):  136-141. 

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The karyotype of Zhejiang house shrew，suncus murinus murinus in Xiaoshan has been studied from the chromosome preparations at bone marrow cell．The diploid chromosome number is 40，all autosome are divided into four groups: 8(m )+2(sm )+10(st)+18t )．X iS a large sized metacentric or submetacentric chromosome． Y is a medium sized metacentric or submetacentric chromosome．The G—banded， C—banded and silver-stained karyotypes have also been studied．The results show that each homologous pair has its own special G-banded patterns．C-bands are located at 10 pairs of chromosomes，among which4 pairs are metacentries，5 pairs are subtelocentrics，the others are Xand Y chromosome．According to the characteristics of banded patterns,the idiograms of G—banded and C-banded karyotypes were depicted， the chromosomes of G-banded and C-banded patterns were analyzed． Ag—NORs are predominately located at one pair of submetacentric and 2 pairs of subtelocentrics．
In comparison with the chromosomes of the house shrew in the other parts of
Asia, we found that G—banded and C-banded karyotypeS of chinese house shrew show certain differences from thpse other Asiatic taxa．

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THE DOUBLY LABELED WATER METHOD INTER LAB0RAT0RY C0MPARIS0N OF STABLE IS0T0PE MEASUREMENTS

Kenneth A.Nagy Yin Guan

1993, 13(2):  142-148. 

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Doubly labeled water(DLW ) method is the most correct method for measuring enerofwildanimals,and themost difficult key methodis the quantitative analysis for isotopesof body water in animals.For testing reliability of isotope measurements indifferent laboratories,the Chengdu Collegeof：Geology (CCG)and the University of Colifornia at Los Angeles (UCLA) had cooperated on measuring identical blood samples taken from doubly labeled goats living near Chengdu in May of1990,and got a successful result.The deuterium values determind by each laboratory were neary identical,but the ¹⁸O results from UCLA wereconsistently higher than those from CCG.However,the energy metabolism values determined by each laboratory were very similar.Metabolic rate valurs differed between laboratories by 6.6% on average,and water influx rates differed by an average of 1.2%,but neither difference is statistically significant. Because the UCLA laboratory has been calibrated against laboratories in United Kingdom and in the Netherland,the determined results in the isotope laboratories in CCG and UCLA have been validated for DLW method. This paper tries to discuss the error source in the different laboratories,and has a reference significance for the similar laboratories.


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THE ANALYSIS OF NUMBER DYNAMICS OF HOUSE RODENTS IN FUJIAN PUTIAN

1993, 13(2):  149-150. 

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STUDIES ON SERUM PROTEIN AND LDH ISOENZYMES IN PANTHERA TIGRIS AMOYENSIS,PANTHERA PARDUS AND NEPFELIS NEBULOSA

1993, 13(2):  151-151. 

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STUDIES ON LDH ISOENZYMES OF TISSUES IN SIKA DEER

1993, 13(2):  152-152. 

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STUDY ON REPRODUCIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF GANSU ZOKOR AND CHINESE ZOKOR

1993, 13(2):  153-155. 

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