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20 August 1985, Volume 5 Issue 3

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THE STUDY ON KARYOTYPE OF FINLESS PORPOISE (NEOPHOCAENA PHOCAENOIDES)

PENG Xianbu, CHEN Juncai

1985, 5(3):  161-165. 

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The karyotype of finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) has been determined in the bone marrow cells of the sternum by the colchicine-hypot-onic-fire drying technique.This is the first report of the karyotype of finless porpoise.The diploids of chromosomes amount to 44 (2 n = 44) .They may be classified into four groups and one pair of sex chromosomes.Group A consists of 5 metacentric chromosome pairs; group B has 9 sub-metacentric chromosome pairs5 group C has 2 sub-acrocentric chromosome pairs which are largest among all chromosome pairs; group D has 5 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes. The last pair of group D is smallest among the autosomes.Sex chromosomes are of X, Y type.The X chromesome is metacentric and is similar in size to the first pair of group D and the fourth pair of group B.The Y chromosome is a minute element and can be identified as acrocentric in favorable preparations.The karyotype of finless porpoise is different from those of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and of Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) as shown in Table 2 .

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THE DISC ELECTROPHORESIS OBSERVATIONS ON LDH ISOENZYME OF TISSUES OF GIANT PANDA CARCASS

FENG Wenhe¹, LUO Changrong¹, HE Guangxin², YE Ziyong², CHANG Anju²

1985, 5(3):  167-172. 

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This paper deals with disc electrophoresis of LDH isoenzyme of 16 tissues of giant panda carcasses, the 16 tissues are cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord, crystal, bone marrow, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, gastric liquid, liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland, lung, ovary, testis and epididymis. 5 giant panda carcasses have been observed.The 16 tissues of giant panda carcasses have been studied by polyacryl-amide gel disc electrophoresis and the results are as follows:1. 5 components of LDH isoenzyme band of 16 tissues of giant panda carcasses range, from positive electrode to negative electrode, LDH₁,LDH₂, LDH₃, LDH₄, LDH₅.2. The activity of LDH₁ is higher, while the activities of LDH₄ and LDH₆ are lower in cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord, cardiac muscle, kidney, adrenal gland and epididymis; the activity of LDH₅ is higher, while the activities of LDH₁ and LDH₂ are lower in gastric liquid, skeletal muscle and liver; the activity of LDH₂ is higher, while the activities of LDH₄ and LDH₅ are lower in crystal, bone marrow, ovary and testis; the activity of LDH₃ is higher, while the activity of LDH₅ is lower in spleen and lung.

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OBSERVATIONS ON THE POSITION OF GENUS RHINOPITHECUS IN PHYLOGENY

PENG Yanzhang, YE Zhizhang, ZHANG Yaoping, LIU Ruilin

1985, 5(3):  173-181. 

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The viewpoint to consider the genus Rhinopithecus, as a subgenus of Pygathrix in primate phylogeny was first proposed by Groves in 1970 and has been accepted by many authors, such as Delson (1975), Swindler (1976), Szalay and Delson (1979) and Corbet et al. (1980), etc.This paper deals with the comparisons of Rhinopithecus with Pygathrix and with other primates in gross anatomy and ecology, especially with Pygathrix, The following results are discussed:( 1 ) We found that the genus Rhinopithecus is more distinct from Pygathrix in dentition, sexual dimorphism, social structure and behaviour, and that they later can be placed in between Presbytis and Rhinopithecus despite a lack of more anatomical references for the comparison;(2 ) As for its relationship to Nasalis and Simias or Pygathrix, we agree with Groves (1970) and Grzimek (1975), who considered Rhinopithecus as a sister genus or subgenus of Nasalis or Pygathrix,possibly an incomplete one considering the similarity of body size, limb proportion, nasal structure and skull, which all show a case of convergent evolution. Having been isolated long ago, Nasalis and Simias may be more premitive than Rhinopithecus, for the skull of Mesopithecus is similar to that of either Nasalis or Rhinopithecus (see Szalay et al., 1979).( 3 ) Through the morphological comparison of Rhinopithecus with Presbytis and homonids, we have recognized that Rhinopithecus should hold an intermediate position between Presbytis and Hylobates, and they are possibly the most advanced monkeys among Old World Monkeys.(4 ) The similar morphological characters between Rhinopithecus and homonids are considered as the peculiarity of the genus Rhinopithecus.(5 ) As mentioned above, it seems that the parentage of Colobidae illustrated by Delson (1975) should be slightly revised (see Fig. 1).

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THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF OUNCES IN QINGHAI PROVINCE

LIAO Yanfa

1985, 5(3):  183-188. 

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This paper deals with the geographical distribution of ounces(Ptnthera uncia Schreber) in Qinghai Province.Ources are distributed in 20 counties-Guide, Huzhu,Menyuan,Qilian, Tianjun, Dulan, Golmud, Guinan, Xinghai, Zhidoi, Zadoi, Nangqen, Yushu,Chindu,Qumarleb,Madoi,Maqen,Jigzhi,Baima,Darlag. Among them, there are 4 counties-Qilian, Tianjun, Dulan,Zadoi,in which the numbers of ounces are bigger.The numbers of ounces are shown in table 2. There are altogether 73 ounces(40 ♂,33♀ )which is supported to every park of China for ornamental, they were captured by fellow-villagers,and 44 ounces(23 ♂,21 ♀)of them are below 6 months old, 9 ounces( 6 ♂, 3 ♀)of them are 1 year old, 2 ounces (2 )are 2 years old, 18 ounces(9 ♂, 9 ♀)are adults.Ounces live at an altitude of 3000-4100 metres above the sea,and prefer to eat Bhaial(Pseudois ncycur).Its breeding period goes from April to June, the number of embryos being 2-3.A female ounce was successfully reproduced for the first time at Xining People's Park of China, in September, 1984, and she gave birth to 3 young ounces.

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A STUDY ON KARYOTYPES OF THE BATS TADARIDA TENIOTIS INSIGNIS BLYTH AND HIPPOSIDEROS PRATTI THOMAS

ZHANG Weidao

1985, 5(3):  189-193. 

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The karyotypes of bone marrow cells of Tadarida teniotis insignis Blyth and Hipposideros pratti were examined and described.The numbers of diploid chromosomes are 48 in T. teniotis insignis, comprising 4 pairs of metacentrics, 7 pairs of submetacentrics, 6 pairs of subtelocentrics and 6 pairs of telocentrics. There is a medium submetacentric X and a very small telocentric Y chromosome in its sex chromosomes. There is a small satellite on the short arm of the chromosome No. 18.The numbers of diploid chromosomes are 32 in H. pratti, comprising 13 pairs of metacentrics, 2 pairs submetacentrics. There is a medium metacentric X and a small subtelocentrics Y chromosome in its sex chromosomes. There is a secondary constriction on the long arm of the chromosome No.7.

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A PRELIMINARY SURVEY ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE RODENTS IN HEXI CORRIDOR, GANSU PROVINCE

CHEN Jun¹, WANG Dingguo²

1985, 5(3):  195-200. 

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The Hexi Corridor is situated in northwest Gansu, it is a part of the west desert subregion in the Mongolia-Xinjiang area. It is of desert and semi-desert ecotype. There are altogether 4 families and 21 species of rodents in the Hexi Corridor.The rodents of desert and semidesert fauna in the Hexi Corridor are mainly composed of 5 species of Gerbillinae and 8 species of Dipodidae, and these species account for 60% of the rodents in the Hexi Corridor.The habitats of rodents in the Hexi Corridor can be divided into six types as follows:1. Sandy desert type: the main habitat of Meriones meridianus.2. Gravel desert type: the main habitat of Dipus sagitta.3. Piedmont plain desert type: the main habitat of Allactaga sibirica,4. Oasis type: the main habitat of Dipus sagitta and species of Cricetinae and Muridae.5. Wasteland type: the main habitat of Dipus sagitta and Allactaga sibirica.6. Salt-soaked desert and depression type: the main habitat of species of Dipodidae.

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STUDIES ON POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF FERAL MUS MUSCULUS

YAN Zhitang, ZHONG Mingming

1985, 5(3):  201-210. 

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To study the relationships of sex ratios,the ratios of adults to subadults, pregnancy rates and litter sizes with population densities, a total of 7007 specimens of house mice (Mus musculus L.) were collected in Taxihe Region, Xinjiang, 1970-1973.It is clear that the population characteristics of house mice vary with densities. And there is an action of cooperation or restriction between them.Males comprise 42.99% in the whole house mice population. As a result of different growing stages of the house mice population, there are many variations in the sex ratios. The sex ratios of that year present a positive correlation with the population densities of the next year (r = 0.552, Y = 0.762X-24.13).The ratios of adults to subadults of that year are also closely correlated with the population densities of the next year (r= 0.738, Y = 6.35X + 4.6). 85-89% of the ratios of adults to subadults of house mice may be of optimal proportion value in age structure of the population.The pregnancy rates and litter sizes in female adults become highest before the population reaches the peak density of a year.In October of the same year, the pregnancy rates and the litter sizes are both negatively correlated with population density, r₁ = -0.699, r₂ = -0.729, Y₁ =29.607-0.290X, Y₂ = 59.717 - 5.634X.

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THE EFFECT OF THE HUDDLING AND AMBIENT THERMOREGULATION ON HEAT ENERGY METABOLISM OF NEWBORNS OF FUR ANIMALS

WANG Peichao, QLAN Guozhen, LU Houji, SHENG Helin, ZHU Longbiao, ZHAO Shi

1985, 5(3):  211-221. 

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1. The paper reports the effect of the 3 or 4 animals of a huddling and ambient temperatures(from 15℃ to 33℃)on heat energy metabolism and thermoregulation of newborns of three species' fur animals,viz.weasels(Mustela sibirica)3-35-day-old, 1-44-day-old minks(Mustela vison)and 1-24-day-old domestic rabbits.2. The heat energy metabolism of the newborns were measured under a simple closedsystem respirameter.3. The body temperatures of the newborns rose or fell with ambient temperatures until they reached homeothermic days old(Figs. 1 to 3 ),but the heat energy metabolism (cal/g/day) increased with the ambient temperatures falling (Figs. 4 to 6 ). The increased extra heat energy was not enough to maintain the steady body temperature level during the falling of ambient temperature.4. The homeothermic ability of newborns of the three species increased with their age(Figs. 1 to 3 ).5. (1) Exposed to coldness the body temperatures of the huddling of newborns were higher than singles(Figs 1 to 3 ):For rabbits of l-18-day-old,the average body temperature of a huddling was higher by 1.09℃,0.5℃ and 0.3℃ under ambient' temperatures of 15℃, 25℃ and 33℃ respectively than singles;Minks (Mustela visora)l-44-day-old, the average body temperatures of a huddling was higher by 2 ℃ and 0.72℃ than singles under 22℃ and 26℃ respectively.Weasels(Mustela sibirica) 3 -35-day-old,the average body temperatures of a huddling was higher by 1.38℃ and 0.97℃ than singles under 22℃ and 25℃ of ambient temperatures respectively. (2) But the heat energy metabolism (cal/g/day)of a huddlirg is lower than the single when exposed to coldness(Figs. 4 to 6 ):Rabbits l-6-day-old,the average heat energy metabolism(cal/g/day) of a huddling was lower by 35.02% and 37.75% than singles urder 25℃ and 33℃ of ambient temperatures respectively.Minks (Mustela vison) 1-40-day-old, the average heat energy metabolism (cal/g/day)of a huddling was lower by 40.68% and 46.95% than singles under 22℃ and 26℃ of ambient temperature respectively.Weasels(Mustela sibirica)3-35-day-old,the heat energy metabolism(cal/g /day)of a huddling was lower by 39.45% and 27.41% than singles under 22℃ and 25℃ of ambient temperature respectively.6. It is an ecological strategy that any uneffective extra energy consumption of the newborns should decrease in their huddling or in a warm nest.

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LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE ISOENZYMES OF THE PIKA AND THE PLATEAU ZOKOR

LIU Guofu, WEN Deqi, HU Xiaomei

1985, 5(3):  223-228. 

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The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from heart, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle in the pika (Ochotona curzoniae) and the plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi) was investigated in the present experiment.The isoenzyme patterns were analyzed by means of polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis, and the total enzyme activity was determined by the oxidation of NADH at 340 nm in a spectrophotometer.1. The electrophoretic pattern of LDH in the crude extract of the tissues of the zokor was significantly different from the pattern of the pika. The electrophoretic mobility to the zokor LDH H₄ was faster than the mobility to the pika LDH H₄.The result revealed that the pika and the zokor were quite different.The former belongs to the order Lagomorpha, the latter belongs to the order Rodentia.2. The LDH M₄ of the pika and the zokor was two analogical migrating zones towards the anode, and showed considerable homologies of primary structure.lt may be related to adaptive evolution of hypoxia for a long time.3. The liver in the zokor contained only LDH M₄, while the liver in the pika contained LDH H₄, H₃M, H₂M₂ and HM₃.Perhaps the characters were caused by their food behaviour.The pika is a grass eating animal. It needs certain tension oxygen when digesting grass, but there isn't special need in digesting procedure of the zokor.4. The LDH activities of the zokor were rather low. They were than activities of the pika.

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A STUDY ON GRID/PLATE METHOD AND THE ACCURACY OF DETERMINING DERATIZATION RESULTS BY TRANSPARENT PLATES OF VARIED SQUARE NUMBERS

ZHAO Chengshan, QU Baoquan, ZHANG Shishui

1985, 5(3):  229-232. 

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This paper reports a simplified grille/plate method. The tests have been carried out in three groups. The deratization rates with the 400 square plates are 55.10%, 84.63% and 97.73% respectively; with the 100 square plates are 54.31%, 84.80% and 97.80% respectively; with the 50 square plates are 55.61%, 84.76% and 97.82% respectively; with the 25 square plates are 55.24%, 83.84% and 97.62% respectively.The results suggest that the improved method is both simple and accurate. Comparatively, observations have been made at the same time on the deratization rates with the transparent plates divided evenly into 9, 12, 25, 50, 100 and 400 squares. The results show that the more the number of squares, the more accurate is the deratization rate.

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STUDY ON THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF THE GIANT PANDA

CHEN Yushu¹, CHEN Yuhua¹, CHEN Yuanzhi¹, LIN Yueming¹, LU Qiyan², CHEN Yuanhang², LIN Zengyun²

1985, 5(3):  233-239. 

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This paper deals with the oestrus behavior of two pandas in April, 1982 and in March-April, 1983.During their oestrus, the male shows expansion of testis and the female has scent-marking behavior, the most of the scent-marking of the female has come up to 247 times a day.One of the courtship behavior of female and male is bleating, the frequency of which is 257 at most in a day.The content of panda chorionic gonadotrophin(FCG)in serum and urine of the female after artificial insemination is determined. The content of PCG in serum is 5.9μg/ml in the 5th week, and 8.5μg/ml in the 10th week. The content of PCG in urine is 3.6μg/ml in the llth week, and 1-2 μg/ml in the 15th week, and the PCG disappeared entirely after 18th week. The content of PCG is determined on the first day of each week.The cutitular epithelial cells of the vaginal secretion during the oestrus are examined.Their body temperatures are higher in the period of oestrus than otherwi se.The normal range of body temperatures of pandas is 36.5-37.2℃ in non-oestrus. The body temperatures of the female range 38.2-38.8℃,the male 38,4-38.6℃ in the oestrus.