黑龙江省张广才岭北部小飞鼠的遗传多样性与种群历史动态

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150629

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

小飞鼠 (Pteromys volans) 为树栖夜行滑行类啮齿动物，在森林种子传播和维持生态系统平衡等方面发挥着重要的生态学作用。本研究利用mtDNA Cytb、控制区和nDNA微卫星3种分子标记，对黑龙江省张广才岭北部的小飞鼠种群进行遗传多样性与历史动态分析。检测出Cytb全序列 (1 140 bp) 的平均单倍型多样性为0.909，平均核苷酸多样性为0.616%；控制区全序列 (1 066 bp) 的平均单倍型多样性为0.945，平均核苷酸多样性为1.698%；微卫星检测出种群平均等位基因数13.167个，观测杂合度0.727，期望杂合度0.864，近交系数0.159。结果表明，小飞鼠种群遗传多样性丰富，但存在一定程度的杂合度不足和近亲繁殖；未检测到种群近期遗传瓶颈效应，种群内无遗传分化。高比例的稀有单倍型 (≥ 60%) 、低频率等位基因与近亲繁殖，提示未来种群面临遗传多样性下降的风险，建议加大对该物种的关注和保护力度。基于Cyt b基因的系统进化关系结果表明，小飞鼠存在3个明显的遗传谱系：远东、欧亚大陆北部和日本北海道，本研究中张广才岭和大兴安岭的样本单倍型归属为远东谱系。

关键词: 小飞鼠, mtDNA, 微卫星, 遗传多样性, 种群历史动态

Abstract:

The Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans) is an arboreal, nocturnal, and gliding rodent. It plays an important role in forest seed dispersal and ecosystem balance maintenance. We used three molecular markers, namely mtDNA Cytb, control region, and nDNA microsatellites, to conduct genetic diversity and demographic history analyses of the flying squirrel population in the north Zhangguangcai Mountains, Heilongjiang Province. The mean haplotype diversity based on the complete sequence of Cyt b gene (1 140 bp) was 0.909 and the mean nucleotide diversity was 0.616%. The mean haplotype diversity based on the complete sequence of the control region (1 066 bp) was 0.945 and the mean haplotype diversity was 1.698%. The mean number of alleles in the population detected by 12 microsatellite loci was 13.167, the observed heterozygosity was 0.727, the expected heterozygosity was 0.864 and the inbreeding coefficient was 0.159. Our results indicated a high level of genetic diversity in the flying squirrel population, but low heterozygosity and some level of inbreeding. No evidence of population genetic bottleneck or within-population genetic differentiation was found. However, high proportion of rare haplotypes (≥ 60%), low frequency of alleles, and inbreeding indicate a risk of declining genetic diversity in the Siberian flying squirrel population in the future. It is suggested that conservation efforts forSiberian flying squirrels in this region should be improved. The phylogenetic relationship of Cyt b haplotypes confirmed that there are three major lineages of Siberian flying squirrel occupying the Far Eastern, northern Eurasia, and the island of Hokkaido. The haplotypes of Zhangguangcai and Daxing’an Mountains in this study are part of the lineage Far Eastern.

Key words: Pteromys volans, mtDNA, Microsatellites, Genetic diversity, Population demographic history

中图分类号:

Q346

田新民, 廉明栋, 宋雅祺, 刘小慧, 杨孟平, 陈红. 黑龙江省张广才岭北部小飞鼠的遗传多样性与种群历史动态[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(4): 398-409.

Xinmin TIAN, Mingdong LIAN, Yaqi SONG, Xiaohui LIU, Mengping YANG, Hong CHEN. Genetic diversity and demographic history of Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans) population in northern Zhangguangcai Mountains, Heilongjiang, China[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2022, 42(4): 398-409.

图/表 12

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位点 Locus	引物序列 Primer sequence （5′ ~ 3′）	等位基因 Allele （bp）	退火温度 Annealing temperature （℃）
Pvol10¹	F： gtcataacatcagtctttgg R： atcacaaaaaaataaataaaagtc	100 ~ 126	50
Pvol41⁴	F： aggaaataggtctagtatatgg R： tggagtatataatttttcctg	110 ~ 142	50
PvolE1¹	F： caggactcaagggggaaaa R： gcagaagccattctactgga	259 ~ 315	55
PvolE5²	F： gcacaatttcagctgcttacc R： tgagctagggactacatgatatgg	139 ~ 169	50
PvolE6³	F： tccttactaatgtgaaccctgaca R： cagtcttcaagcacacttcct	169 ~ 205	50
PvolE10¹	F： gggtctataatttgaaaagagaaaga R： tgttctggtggtgagaagca	115 ~ 141	50
Scv3³	F： ttggctcatggtttcagaga R： cccctcacttcctccatttc	208 ~ 260	52
Hlep59¹	F： aataaatgctgctgaaacaaactc R： gctgtgcattagcctcaaag	304 ~ 358	59
Hlep72⁴	F： gccaaaccactgctatcc R： gkgrtaatcctagccacttg	206 ~ 236	55
Hlep80¹	F： aatactkaatgsaatgtgtgcaa R： cttccatcagctcggtca	269 ~ 301	55
Hph17²	F： gagtccakkgccaaakgaga R： agcctggaaactaggacagtg	158 ~ 182	59
ScnFO35⁴	F： gatggacatctgaaatagtgaga R： acactgggctaaacaacaaa	154 ~ 172	55

位点 Locus	引物序列 Primer sequence （5′ ~ 3′）	等位基因 Allele （bp）	退火温度 Annealing temperature （℃）
Pvol10¹	F： gtcataacatcagtctttgg R： atcacaaaaaaataaataaaagtc	100 ~ 126	50
Pvol41⁴	F： aggaaataggtctagtatatgg R： tggagtatataatttttcctg	110 ~ 142	50
PvolE1¹	F： caggactcaagggggaaaa R： gcagaagccattctactgga	259 ~ 315	55
PvolE5²	F： gcacaatttcagctgcttacc R： tgagctagggactacatgatatgg	139 ~ 169	50
PvolE6³	F： tccttactaatgtgaaccctgaca R： cagtcttcaagcacacttcct	169 ~ 205	50
PvolE10¹	F： gggtctataatttgaaaagagaaaga R： tgttctggtggtgagaagca	115 ~ 141	50
Scv3³	F： ttggctcatggtttcagaga R： cccctcacttcctccatttc	208 ~ 260	52
Hlep59¹	F： aataaatgctgctgaaacaaactc R： gctgtgcattagcctcaaag	304 ~ 358	59
Hlep72⁴	F： gccaaaccactgctatcc R： gkgrtaatcctagccacttg	206 ~ 236	55
Hlep80¹	F： aatactkaatgsaatgtgtgcaa R： cttccatcagctcggtca	269 ~ 301	55
Hph17²	F： gagtccakkgccaaakgaga R： agcctggaaactaggacagtg	158 ~ 182	59
ScnFO35⁴	F： gatggacatctgaaatagtgaga R： acactgggctaaacaacaaa	154 ~ 172	55

研究地区 Region	地点 Location	代码 Code	单倍型 Haplotype	GenBank登录号 GenBank accession No.
韩国Korea	京畿道Gyeonggi-do	KGD	PV30， PV31	EU919147， EU919146
韩国Korea	全罗南道Jeollanam-do	KJD	PV32 ~ PV36	EU919142 ~ EU919145， EU919148 ~ EU919155
中国China	黑龙江省Heilongjiang Province	CHJ	PV41 ~ PV45	FJ360736 ~ FJ360740
俄罗斯东部 Eastern Russia	兴凯湖Khanka Lake （滨海边疆区Primorsky Krai）	RKL	PV11， PV17	AB164656， AB164662
	乌苏里江Ussuri River （滨海边疆区Primorsky Krai）	RUS	PV13	AB164658
	松花江Sungari River （滨海边疆区Primorsky Krai）	RSU	PV08	AB164653
	苏昌河Suchan River （滨海边疆区Primorsky Krai）	RSH	PV22	AB164667
俄罗斯西部 Western Russia	列宁格勒州Leningrad	RLE	PV14， PV03	AB164659， AB164648
	卡累利阿共和国Karlia	RKA	PV10	AB164655
	诺夫哥罗德州Novgorod	RNO	PV09	AB164654
	莫斯科州Moskovskaya	RMO	ZMMU： S195971	KT962998
	基洛夫州Kirov	RKI	PV25， PV40	AB164670， EU919156
	彼尔姆边疆区Permskiy	RPE	PV03	AB164648
	乌拉尔山脉Ural Mountains	RUM	Pt1， Pt6， Pt8	KR063240 ~ KR063244
	阿尔泰共和国Altai	RAL	PV24	AB164669
	克拉斯诺亚尔斯克边疆区Kansnoyarsk	RKY	PV23， PV02	AB164668， AB164479
	萨彦岭山脉Sayan Mountains	RSM	PV04	AB164649
俄罗斯中西伯利亚 Central Siberian of Russia	伊尔库茨克州Irkutsk	RIR	PV21	AB164666
	雅库特共和国Yakutia	RYA	PV12， PV15 ~ PV19	AB164657， AB164660 ~ AB164664
	布里亚特共和国Buryatia	RBU	PV07	AB164652
	赤塔州Chitinskajaoblast	RCH	PV37 ~ PV39	EU919157 ~ EU919160
	阿穆尔州Amur	RAM	PV01	AB164478
	阿纳德尔Anadyr （楚科奇自治区Chukotskiy）	RAN	PV20	AB164665
蒙古Mongolia	蒙古北部North Mongolia	MON	PV05， PV06	AB164650， AB164651
日本Japan	北海道Hokkaido	JHO	PV26 ~ PV29	AB164671 ~ AB164674， AB097683， AB023910

研究地区 Region	地点 Location	代码 Code	单倍型 Haplotype	GenBank登录号 GenBank accession No.
韩国Korea	京畿道Gyeonggi-do	KGD	PV30， PV31	EU919147， EU919146
韩国Korea	全罗南道Jeollanam-do	KJD	PV32 ~ PV36	EU919142 ~ EU919145， EU919148 ~ EU919155
中国China	黑龙江省Heilongjiang Province	CHJ	PV41 ~ PV45	FJ360736 ~ FJ360740
俄罗斯东部 Eastern Russia	兴凯湖Khanka Lake （滨海边疆区Primorsky Krai）	RKL	PV11， PV17	AB164656， AB164662
	乌苏里江Ussuri River （滨海边疆区Primorsky Krai）	RUS	PV13	AB164658
	松花江Sungari River （滨海边疆区Primorsky Krai）	RSU	PV08	AB164653
	苏昌河Suchan River （滨海边疆区Primorsky Krai）	RSH	PV22	AB164667
俄罗斯西部 Western Russia	列宁格勒州Leningrad	RLE	PV14， PV03	AB164659， AB164648
	卡累利阿共和国Karlia	RKA	PV10	AB164655
	诺夫哥罗德州Novgorod	RNO	PV09	AB164654
	莫斯科州Moskovskaya	RMO	ZMMU： S195971	KT962998
	基洛夫州Kirov	RKI	PV25， PV40	AB164670， EU919156
	彼尔姆边疆区Permskiy	RPE	PV03	AB164648
	乌拉尔山脉Ural Mountains	RUM	Pt1， Pt6， Pt8	KR063240 ~ KR063244
	阿尔泰共和国Altai	RAL	PV24	AB164669
	克拉斯诺亚尔斯克边疆区Kansnoyarsk	RKY	PV23， PV02	AB164668， AB164479
	萨彦岭山脉Sayan Mountains	RSM	PV04	AB164649
俄罗斯中西伯利亚 Central Siberian of Russia	伊尔库茨克州Irkutsk	RIR	PV21	AB164666
	雅库特共和国Yakutia	RYA	PV12， PV15 ~ PV19	AB164657， AB164660 ~ AB164664
	布里亚特共和国Buryatia	RBU	PV07	AB164652
	赤塔州Chitinskajaoblast	RCH	PV37 ~ PV39	EU919157 ~ EU919160
	阿穆尔州Amur	RAM	PV01	AB164478
	阿纳德尔Anadyr （楚科奇自治区Chukotskiy）	RAN	PV20	AB164665
蒙古Mongolia	蒙古北部North Mongolia	MON	PV05， PV06	AB164650， AB164651
日本Japan	北海道Hokkaido	JHO	PV26 ~ PV29	AB164671 ~ AB164674， AB097683， AB023910

位点 Locus	Na	Ne	PIC	Ho	He	Fis	P_HW
Pvol10	13	8.899	0.877	0.759	0.888	0.145	0.045^*
Pvol41	13	8.245	0.867	0.897	0.879	-0.020	0.948
PvolE1	18	10.513	0.908	0.414	0.905	0.543	0.000^**
PvolE5	14	9.043	0.880	0.724	0.889	0.186	0.008^**
PvolE6	14	5.644	0.806	0.828	0.823	-0.006	0.158
PvolE10	11	5.986	0.806	0.552	0.833	0.338	0.000^**
Scv3	15	6.050	0.868	0.586	0.835	0.298	0.000^**
Hlep59	17	10.922	0.901	0.966	0.908	-0.063	0.669
Hlep72	12	7.897	0.863	0.931	0.873	-0.066	0.814
Hlep80	12	5.207	0.819	0.517	0.808	0.360	0.000^**
Hph17	11	7.543	0.851	0.793	0.867	0.086	0.260
ScnFO-35	8	6.622	0.829	0.759	0.849	0.106	0.112
平均值Mean	13.167	7.714	0.856	0.727	0.864	0.159	0.000^**