三江源国家公园人居环境中棕熊入室活动节律及人为影响因素分析

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.151001

兽类学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5): 655-667.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151001

• 研究论文 • 上一篇

三江源国家公园人居环境中棕熊入室活动节律及人为影响因素分析

李全邦^1,2, 王东^1,3, 魏海娟⁴, 牛少鹏⁵, 连新明^1,2,6

1 中国科学院西北高原生物研究所, 高原生物适应与进化重点实验室, 西宁 810008;
2 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049;
3 青海师范大学地理科学学院, 西宁 810016;
4 西藏自治区生态环境遥感监测中心, 拉萨 850000;
5 三江源国家公园长江源园区曲麻莱管理处生态环境和自然资源管理局, 曲麻莱 815500;
6 青海省动物生态基因组学重点实验室, 西宁 810008

收稿日期:2024-08-20 接受日期:2025-02-13 发布日期:2025-09-26
通讯作者: 连新明，E-mail:lianxinming@nwipb.cas.cn
作者简介:李全邦(1998-)，男，硕士研究生，主要从事保护生物学研究.E-mail:liquanbang@nwipb.cas.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1305000)；青海省自然科学与工程技术学科带头人专项资金

Analysis of patterns and human-related factors influencing brown bears’ incursions into human-settled areas within Sanjiangyuan National Park

LI Quanbang^1,2, WANG Dong^1,3, WEI Haijuan⁴, NIU Shaopeng⁵, LIAN Xinming^1,2,6

1 Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China;
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
3 School of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810016, China;
4 Xizang Autonomous Region Remote Sensing Monitoring Center for Ecological Environment, Lhasa 850000, China;
5 Bureau of Ecology, Environment and Natural Resources, Qumalai Administrative Office, Yangtze River Source Park, Sanjiangyuan National Park, Qumalai 815500, China;
6 Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810008, China

Received:2024-08-20 Accepted:2025-02-13 Published:2025-09-26

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 近年来，棕熊 (Ursus arctos) 入室活动导致的人熊冲突问题已成为三江源国家公园生态文明建设和民生改善工作实施过程中面临的重大挑战。同时，对园区内棕熊的行为习性及其与人类活动的时空响应等相关研究的匮乏进一步导致冲突管理处于被动局面。本研究于 2022 年 4 月至 2023 年 4 月，在青海省玉树藏族自治州曲麻莱县叶格乡龙麻村，利用红外相机陷阱技术共布设 20 个相机位点，获取了人居环境中总计 4 781 个有效相机工作日的棕熊活动数据，探讨了棕熊的入室活动规律以及人类和散养犬等人类相关因素的存在对棕熊行为的影响。结果表明：(1) 入室活动的棕熊多为单独个体，记录到的棕熊入室行为比例高达 79.56%，而入室行为中成功获得食物的比例为 60.55%；(2) 棕熊的入室行为均发生于夜间，22: 00 至次日 01: 00 为日活动高峰期，年入室高峰期出现在 4 月和 7 月；(3) 人居环境中人类和散养犬的活动均以昼间为主，两者的时间重叠指数最高，而夜间活动的棕熊与散养犬和人类的时间重叠指数均较低；(4) 棕熊入室活动强度与人类活动强度在日时间尺度上呈显著负相关，并与人类和散养犬的活动强度在年时间尺度呈显著正相关。根据本研究结果，建议加强人居环境中人类相关食物资源的管理，并配合房屋加固、防熊垃圾箱和食物储存箱的研发和使用等措施，以降低棕熊对人类相关食物资源的易获得性，进而降低棕熊入室行为并缓解人熊冲突。

关键词: 人兽冲突, 棕熊, 三江源国家公园, 人居环境, 红外相机

Abstract: In recent years, human-bear conflicts resulting from the incursion of brown bears (Ursus arctos) into human dwellings have emerged as substantial challenges to the implementation of ecological civilization and livelihood improvement initiatives in Sanjiangyuan National Park. Concurrently, the paucity of research on local brown bear behavior and their spatiotemporal responses to human activities has exacerbated the difficulties in managing these conflicts effectively. In this study, conducted from April 2022 to April 2023, twenty camera sites were established in Longma Village, Yege Township, Qumalai County, Qinghai Province. Using infrared camera trap technology over a total of 4 781 effective camera working days, we collected activity data on brown bears, free-roaming dogs, and human presence. The study analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns and human-related influencing factors associated with brown bear incursions into human-settled areas. We found that the proportion of brown bears recorded incursion behaviors reached as high as 79. 56% and the animals entering human dwellings were primarily solitary individuals. Among these incursion activities, the success rate of finding food was 60. 55%. The intrusion activity of brown bear occurred at night, with peak activity observed between 22: 00 and 01: 00. Annual peaks in activity were noted in April and July. In human-inhabited environments, both human and free-roaming dog activities predominantly occurred during the daytime, resulting in a high temporal overlap index. In contrast, the indices measuring temporal overlap between the nocturnal activities of brown bears and the diurnal activities of free-roaming dogs and humans were markedly lower. A significant negative correlation was observed between the intensity of brown bear break-in incursion activities and human activity on a daily timescale. Conversely, long-term correlations revealed significant positive associations between bear intrusions and the activity levels of both humans and free-roaming dogs. Based on the findings of this study, strict management of human-related foods and relevant waste are recommended. This should be complemented by promoting the development and utilization of reinforced housing structures, bear-proof garbage cans, and secure food storage containers. These measures aim to minimize the accessibility of human food and waste to brown bears, thereby reducing their intrusive behaviors and mitigating human-bear conflicts.

Key words: Human-wildlife conflict, Brown bear (Ursus arctos), Sanjiangyuan National Park, Human-inhabited area, Infrared camera traps

中图分类号:

Q958.1

李全邦, 王东, 魏海娟, 牛少鹏, 连新明. 三江源国家公园人居环境中棕熊入室活动节律及人为影响因素分析[J]. 兽类学报, 2025, 45(5): 655-667.

LI Quanbang, WANG Dong, WEI Haijuan, NIU Shaopeng, LIAN Xinming. Analysis of patterns and human-related factors influencing brown bears’ incursions into human-settled areas within Sanjiangyuan National Park[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(5): 655-667.

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三江源国家公园人居环境中棕熊入室活动节律及人为影响因素分析

Analysis of patterns and human-related factors influencing brown bears’ incursions into human-settled areas within Sanjiangyuan National Park

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