阿尔金山山脉东段雪豹活动节律和空间分布

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150933

兽类学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (6): 729-737.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150933

阿尔金山山脉东段雪豹活动节律和空间分布

王天晖¹, 马永胜¹, 吴昊¹, 贺孜尔汗·萨塔尔¹, 胡阿提·哈比亚西¹, 高帅帅², 张宇³, 李佳²

1 甘肃安南坝野骆驼国家级自然保护区管护中心, 阿克塞 736400;
2 中国林业科学研究院生态保护与修复研究所, 北京 100091;
3 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所, 北京 100091

收稿日期:2024-04-01 修回日期:2024-07-25 出版日期:2024-11-30 发布日期:2024-12-02
通讯作者: 李佳，E-mail:lijia250@126.com
作者简介:王天晖(1990-),男,工程师,主要从事自然保护区监测等工作.
基金资助:
中央财政林业草原生态保护恢复资金国家级自然保护区项目“安南坝地区豺食性分析和栖息地选择研究”(2023kj50)；第三次新疆综合科学考察项目资助(2021xjkk1200)；国家自然科学基金(32201430)

Activity patterns and spatial distribution of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in eastern Altun Mountains

WANG Tianhui¹, MA Yongsheng¹, WU Hao¹, HEZIERHAN Sataer¹, HUATI Habiyaxi¹, GAO Shuaishuai², ZHANG Yu³, LI Jia²

1 Gansu An'nanba Wild Camel National Nature Reserve, Akesai 736400, China;
2 Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;
3 Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China

Received:2024-04-01 Revised:2024-07-25 Online:2024-11-30 Published:2024-12-02

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 了解阿尔金山山脉东段雪豹(Panthera uncia)的活动节律和空间分布，为雪豹有效保护提供科学依据。2021年5月至2023年1月，利用59台红外相机在阿尔金山山脉东段开展雪豹旱季和雨季活动节律调查，利用占域模型分析雪豹空间分布及影响因素。结果表明：(1)红外相机累计工作37 760个相机日，共在28个点位监测到雪豹活动，获得545张独立有效照片。(2)在旱季拍摄到472张雪豹独立有效照片，明显高于雨季(73张)；11月拍摄最多(105张)。(3)雪豹在旱季呈现明显的晨昏时段活动，活动高峰出现在09:00和19:00左右，傍晚活动高于清晨；在雨季日活动节律主要表现为夜间偏晨昏，活动高峰出现在08:00和22:00左右。(4)阿尔金山东段雪豹的平均占域率(ψ)为0.699 ±0.07，平均探测率(Pr)为0.083 ±0.005。海拔(Dem)对雪豹占域率有正向影响(β=2.272 ±2.779)，降水量(Pre)对其占域率有负向影响(β=-0.331 ±0.779)。本研究初步填补了阿尔金山山脉雪豹的野外生态研究空缺，为后续雪豹生态学的深入研究及保护提供基础信息和科学支持。

关键词: 雪豹, 红外相机技术, 占域模型, 活动强度

Abstract: As the apex predator of plateau ecosystems in Central Asia and the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) plays an essential role in maintaining ecosystem stability. However, the secretive nature of this rare species, and the inaccessibility and harshness of the areas have limited the availability of research data, and thus resulted in scattered and slow progress in the ecology and conservation research on this species. Understanding snow leopard activity patterns and spatial distribution is vital for the development of effective conservation. In this study, we used camera trapping to survey activity patterns of snow leopard during dry and rainy season in eastern Altun Mountains, China, and used occupancy models to document the spatial distribution and influence factors, from May 2021 to January 2023. We obtained 545 independent detections of snow leopard during a total camera trapping effort of 37 760 effective camera trap days at 59 sites. The number of independent detections of snow leopard activity captured by infrared cameras in the dry season were significantly higher than in the rainy season, and detections were highest in November. During the dry season, snow leopards showed mainly crepuscular activity patterns, and the activity peaks were around 09: 00 and 19: 00, with activity intensity higher in dusk than dawn. The species showed nocturnal to crepuscular activity pat‐terns during the rainy season; the activity peaks were around 08: 00 and 22: 00. The average occupancy rate (ψ) estimated was 0. 699 ±0. 07 and average detection probability (Pr) was 0. 083 ±0. 005. Occupancy models reveal that snow leopard is positively (β = 2. 272 ±2. 779) associated with elevation and negatively (β = -0. 331 ±0. 779) associated with precipitation. Our study filled the gaps in field ecological research of snow leopard in Altun Mountains, provided basic information for further in-depth ecology research of species, and supported scientific conservation planning.

Key words: Snow leopard(Panthera uncia), Camera trapping, Occupancy model, Activity intensity

中图分类号:

Q958.1

王天晖, 马永胜, 吴昊, 贺孜尔汗·萨塔尔, 胡阿提·哈比亚西, 高帅帅, 张宇, 李佳. 阿尔金山山脉东段雪豹活动节律和空间分布[J]. 兽类学报, 2024, 44(6): 729-737.

WANG Tianhui, MA Yongsheng, WU Hao, HEZIERHAN Sataer, HUATI Habiyaxi, GAO Shuaishuai, ZHANG Yu, LI Jia. Activity patterns and spatial distribution of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in eastern Altun Mountains[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(6): 729-737.

参考文献

Chi X W, Jiang F, Gao H M, Qin W, Wu T, Zhang J J, Cai Z Y, Zhang T Z. 2019. Habitat suitability analysis of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and bharal (Pseudois nayaur) in the Sanjiangyuan National Park. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 39 (4): 397-409. (in Chinese)
Forrest J L, Wikramanayake E, Shresha R, Areendran G, Gyeltshen K, Maheshwari A, Mazumdar S, Naidoo R, Thapa G J, Thapa K. 2012. Conservation and climate change: assessment the vulnerability of snow leopard habitat to treeline shift in the Himalaya.Biological Conservation, 150 (1): 129-135.
Hacker C E, Jevit M, Hussain S, Muhammad G, Munkhtsog B, Munkhtsog B, Zhang Y G, Li D Q, Liu Y L, Farrington J, Balbakova F, Alamanov A, Kurmanaliev O, Buyanaa C, Bayandonoi G, Ochirjav M, Liang X C, Bian X X, Weckworth B, Jackson R, Janecka J. 2021a. Regional comparison of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) diet using DNA metabarcoding. Biodiversity and Conseration, 30 (3): 797.
Hacker C E, Dai Y C, Cheng Y F, Zhang Y, Zhang Y G, Miller L J, Janecka J. 2021b. Determinants of herder attitudes towards the vulnerable snow leopard Panthera uncia in Yushu Prefecture, China.Oryx, 55 (5): 783-790.
Hong Y, Zhang J D, Wang Y J. 2020. Progress in the ecology and conservation research on Panthera uncia. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 39 (6): 711-720. (in Chinese)
Johansson Ö, Koenhle G, Rauset G R, Samelius G, Andrén H, Mishra C, Lhagvasuren P, McCarthy T, Low M. 2018. Sexspecific seasonal variation in puma and snow leopard home range utilization.Ecosphere, 9 (8). DOI: 10. 1002/ecs2. 2371.
Johansson Ö, Ausilio G, Low M, Lkhagvajav P, Weckworth B, Sharma K. 2021. The timing of breeding and independence for snow leopard females and their cubs. Mammalian Biology, 101 (2):173-180.
Kusi N, Sillero-Zubiri C, Macdonald D W, Johnson P J, Werhahn G. 2020. Perspectives of traditional Himalayan communities on fostering coexistence with Himalayan wolf and snow leopard. Conservation Science and Practice, 2. DOI: 10. 1111/cspz. 165.
Li J. 2012. Ecology and conservation strategy of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Sanjiangyuan area on the Tibetan Plateau. Ph. D thesis. Beijing: Peking University. (in Chinese)
Li J, McCarthy T M, Wang H, Weckworth B V, Schaller G B, Mishra C, Lü Z, Beissinger S R. 2016. Climate refugia of snow leopards in High Asia. Biological Conservation, 203: 188-196.
Li J, Weckworth B, McCarthy T, Liang X C, Liu Y L, Xing R, Li D Q, Zhang Y G, Xue Y D, Jackson R, Xiao L Y, Cheng C, Li S, Xu F, Ma M, Yang X, Diao K P, Gao Y F, Song D Z, Nowell K, He B, Li Y H, McCarthy K, Paltsyn M Y, Sharma K, Mishra C, Schaller G B, Lü Z, Beissinger S R. 2020a. Defining priorities for global snow leopard conservation landscapes. Biological Conservation, 241. DOI: 10. 1016/j. biocon. 2019. 108387.
Li J, Xue Y D, Zhang Y, Dong W, Shan G Y, Sun R Q, Hacker C, Wu B, Li D Q. 2020b. Spatial and temporal activity patterns of Golden takin (Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi) recorded by camera trapping. PeerJ, 8. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 10353.
Li J, Xue Y D, Hacker C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Cong W, Jin L X, Li G, Wu B, Li Q D, Zhang Y G. 2021. Projected impacts of climate change on snow leopard habitat in Qinghai Province, China. Ecology and Evolution, 11: 17202-17218.
Li J, Xue Y D, Liao M F, Dong W, Wu B, Li D Q. 2022. Temporal and spatial activity patterns of sympatric wild ungulates in Qinling Mountains, China. Animals, 12. DOI: 10. 3390/ani1213. 1666.
Li J, Cheng Y, Wang X Q, Zhang Y G, Xue Y D. 2023. Brown bear(Ursus arctos) was found in Wild Camel National Nature Reserve of Lop Nur in Xinjiang, China. Terrestrial Ecosystem and Conservation, 3 (4): 87-88. (in Chinese)
Li S, Mcshea W J, Wang D J, Shao J K, Shi X G. 2010. The used of infrared-triggered cameras for surveying Phasianids in Sichuan Province, China. Ibis, 152: 299-309.
Li S, Wang D J, Xiao Z S, Li X H, Wang T M, Feng L M, Wang Y. 2014. Camera-trapping in wildlife research and conservation in China: review and outlook. Biodiversity Science, 22 (6): 685-695. (in Chinese)
Liu Y J, Li X Y, Liang X C, Liu Y L, Cheng C, Li J, Tang P P, Qi H Y, Bian X X , He B, Xing R, Li S, Shi X G, Yang C M, Xue Y D, Lian X M, Awangjiumei, Xierannima, Song D Z, Xiao L Y, Lü Z. 2019. Where and how many? The status of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) density surveys and knowledge gaps in China. Biodi
versity Science, 37 (9): 919-931. (in Chinese)
Liu J Q, Bu S H, Zhang J D, Zheng X L. 2022. Mammalian fauna and diversity in Gansu Annanba Wild Camel National Nature Reserve. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry Science Technology, 42 (6):55-62. (in Chinese)
Li X Y, Xiao L Y, Liang X C, Cheng C, Feng C, Zhao X, Liu Y L, Bian X X, He B, Zhang C Z, Alexander J S, Xing R, Huang Y H, Awangjiumei, Xierannima, Song D Z, Huang Q W, Zhaxisange, Peng K, Yin H, Lian X M, Yang X, Li S, Shi X G, Yang C M, Lü Z. 2019. Ongoing threats and the current status of snow leopard conservation in China. Biodiversity Science, 27 (9): 932-942. (in Chinese)
Lu Q, Hu Q, Shi X G, Jin S L, Li S, Yao M. 2019. Metabarcoding diet analysis of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province. Biodiversity Science, 27 (9):960-696. (in Chinese)
Mackenzie D I, Nichols J D, Lachman G B, Droege S, Royle A, Langtimm C A. 2002. Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one. Ecology, 83 (8): 2248-2255.
Maheshwari A, Niraj S K. 2018. Monitoring illegal trade in snow leopards: 2003-2014. Global Ecology and Conservation, 14.DOI: 10. 1016/j. gecco. 2018. e00387.
McCarthy T, Mallon D, Jackson R, Zahler P, McCarthy K. 2017. Panthera uncia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22732A50664030. https://dx. doi. org/10. 2305/IUCN.UK. 2017-2. RLTS. T22732A50664030. en. (Accessed on 27
May 2024)
Meredith M, Ridout M S. 2021. Overlap: Estimates of coefficient of overlapping for animal activity patterns. https://cran. r-project.org/web/packages/overlap. (Accessed on 03 July 2022)
Mella-Méndez I, Flores-Peredo R, Pérez-Torres J, Hernández-González S, González-Urbie D U, Bolívar-Cimé B S. 2019. Activity patterns and temporal niche partitioning of dogs and medium-sized wild mammals in urban parks of Xalapa, Mexico. Urban Ecosystem, 22: 1061-1070.
Moreno-Sosa A M, Yacelga M, Craighead K A, Kramer-Schadt S, Abrams J F. 2022. Can prey occupancy acts as s surrogate for mesopredator occupancy? A case study of ocelot (Leopardus pardalis). Mammal Biology, 102 (1): 163-175.
Nouvellet P, Rasmussen G S A, MacDonald D W, Courchamp F. 2012. Noisy clocks and silent sunrises: measurement methods of daily activity pattern. Journal of Zoology, 286: 179-184.
Rashid W, Shi J, Rahim I, Sultan H, Dong S, Ahmad L. 2020. Research trends and management options in human-snow leopard conflict. Biological Conservation, 242. DOI: 10. 1016/j. biocon. 2020. 108413.
Shi X G, Shi X Y, Hu Q, Feng X, Jin S L, Cheng Y H, Zhang J, Yao M, Li S. 2021. Spatiotemporal relationships between snow leopard(Panthera uncia) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Qionglai Mountains, Sichuan Province. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 41 (2): 115-127. (in Chinese)
Shi X G, Yue Y, Lu S, Zhang C C, Du L N, Jin Y G, Feng Q, Ming J, Hu Q, Jin S L, Dai Q. 2023. Spatio-temporal relationship between the activities of snow leopard and domestic yak in Wolong National Nature Reserve. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, 29 (3): 523-527. (in Chinese)
Sun R Y, Wang D H, Niu C J, Liu D Z, Zhang L. 2019. Principles of Animal Ecology. Fourth edition. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press. (in Chinese)
Vilella M, Ferrandiz-ovira M, Sayol F. 2020. Coexistence of predators in time: effects of season and prey availability on species activitywithin a Mediterranean carnivore guild. Ecology and Evolution, 10: 11408-11422.
Wei F W, Feng Z J, Wang Z W, Hu J C. 2000. Habitat use and separation between the giant panda and the red panda. Journal of Mammalogy, 81 (2): 448-455.
Xue Y D, Liu F, Guo T Z, Yuan L, Li D Q. 2014. Using camera traps to survey wildlife at sources on the northern slope of the Altun Mountains, China. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 34 (2): 164-171.(in Chinese)
Xu F, Ma M, Yin S J, Munkhtsog B. 2006. Autumn habitat selection by snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in Beita mountains, Xinjiang, China. Zoological Research, 27 (2): 221-224. (in Chinese)
Yuan L. 2009. The spatial and temporal dynamics of wild camel(Camelus ferus) distributions in Lop Nur, Xinjiang, China, and its conservation. Ph. D thesis. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University. (in Chinese)
Zhang C Z, Ma T, Wu L J, Liu X M. 2023. Temporal niche relationship between snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and its sympatric large carnivores in Qilian Mountains, Gansu Province. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 43 (1): 109-115. (in Chinese)
Zhang Y G, Hacker C, Zhang Y, Xue Y D, Wu L J, Dai Y C, Luo P, Xierannima, Janecka J E, Li D Q. 2019. An analysis of genetic structure of snow leopard populations in Sanjiangyuan and Qilianshan National Parks. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 39 (4): 442-449.(in Chinese)
刘沿江,李雪阳,梁妲昶,刘炎林,程琛,李娟,汤飘飘,齐惠元,卞晓星,何兵,邢睿,李晟,施小刚,杨创明,薛亚东,连新明,阿旺久美,谢然尼玛,宋大昭,肖凌云,吕植.2019.“在哪里”和“有多少”?中国雪豹调查空缺.生物多样性,37(9):919-931.
刘建泉,卜书海,张锦栋,郑雪莉.2022.甘肃安南坝野骆驼国家级自然保护区兽类区系和多样性分析.浙江林业科技,42(6):55-62.
孙儒泳,王德华,牛翠娟,刘定震,张立.2019.动物生态学原理(第4版).北京:北京师范大学出版社.
李小雨,肖凌云,梁旭昶,程琛,冯琛,赵翔,刘炎林,卞晓星,何兵,张常智,Alexander J S,邢睿,黄亚慧,阿旺久美,谢然尼玛,宋大昭,黄巧雯,扎西桑俄,彭奎,尹杭,连新明,杨欣,李晟,施小刚,杨创明,吕植.2019.中国雪豹的威胁与保护现状.生物多样性,27(9):932-942.
李佳,程芸,王欣琪,张于光,薛亚东.2023.新疆罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区发现棕熊.陆地生态系统与保护学报,3(4):87-88.
李晟,王大军,肖治术,李欣海,王天明,冯利民,王云.2014.红外相机技术在我国野生动物研究与保护中的应用与前景.生物多样性,22(6):685-695.
李娟.2012.青藏高原三江源地区雪豹(Panthera uncia)的生态学研究及保护.北京:北京大学博士学位论文.
库姆塔格沙漠综合科学考察队.2012.库姆塔格沙漠研究.北京:科学出版社.
迟翔文,江峰,高红梅,覃雯,吴彤,张婧捷,蔡振媛,张同作.2019.
三江源国家公园雪豹和岩羊生境适宜性分析.兽类学报,39(4):397-409.
张于光,Charlotte H,张宇,薛亚东,乌力吉,代云川,罗平,谢然尼玛,Janecka J E,李迪强.2019.三江源和祁连山国家公园雪豹种群的遗传结构分析.兽类学报,39(4):442-449.
张常智,马腾,乌力吉,刘晓敏.2023.甘肃祁连山脉雪豹及其同域分布大型食肉动物时间生态位关系.兽类学报,43(1):109-115.
陆琪,胡强,施小刚,金森龙,李晟,姚蒙.2019.基于分子宏条形码分析四川卧龙国家级自然保护区雪豹的食性.生物多样性,27(9):960-969.
施小刚,史晓昀,胡强,冯茜,金森龙,程跃红,张静,姚蒙,李晟.2021.四川邛崃山脉雪豹与赤狐时空生态位关系.兽类学报,41(2):115-127.
施小刚,岳颖,卢松,张成成,杜丽娜,金义国,冯茜,明杰,胡强,金森龙,戴强.2023.卧龙国家级自然保护区雪豹与牦牛活动的时空关系.应用与环境生物学报,29(3):523-527.
洪洋,张晋东,王玉君.2020.雪豹生态与保护研究现状探讨.四川动物,39(6):711-720.
袁磊.2015.新疆罗布泊野骆驼种群分布时空变化与保护策略研究.兰州:兰州大学博士学位论文.
徐峰,马鸣,殷守敬,Munkhtsog B.2006.新疆北塔山雪豹对秋季栖息地的选择.动物学研究,27(2):221-224.
薛亚东,刘芳,郭铁征,袁磊,李迪强.2014.基于相机陷阱技术的阿尔金山北坡水源地鸟兽物种监测.兽类学报,34(2):164-171.

[1]	李彦知, 姜楠, 马存新, 贾丁, 高雅月, 黄红, 赵翔, 史湘莹, 李雪阳, 吕植. 祁连山国家公园青海片区疏勒河源区雪豹占域率及种群数量估计[J]. 兽类学报, 2024, 44(6): 717-728.
[2]	李雪阳, 何彦瑾, 陈熙尔, 依严, 黄红, 董正一, 边巴扎西, 赵翔, 史湘莹, 吕植. 西藏丁青县大型食肉动物分布现况、栖息地影响因素及时空生态位关系[J]. 兽类学报, 2024, 44(6): 681-694.
[3]	韩一敏, 肖梅, 何梦楠, 李明富, 侯蓉, 吴鹏程, 何芳, 谌利民, 胡杰, 陈鹏. 唐家河国家级自然保护区同域分布六种偶蹄类动物的活动节律与空间利用[J]. 兽类学报, 2024, 44(5): 598-610.
[4]	赵晨光, 杨维, 钟乾娟, 吴明慧, 胡隆琴, 豆文理, 吴涵, 段玉宝. 云南药山国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类多样性红外相机监测初报[J]. 兽类学报, 2024, 44(5): 642-653.
[5]	白小节, 肖文宏, 张廷跃, 刘邦友, 肖治术, 刘伟. 赤水桫椤自然保护区小灵猫及其潜在啮齿类猎物活动节律的季节适应格局[J]. 兽类学报, 2024, 44(3): 309-320.
[6]	宋宇豪, 毕俊怀, 温苏雅勒图, 王国林, 李峰, 吕文兵, 周一凡, 潘幸幸, 张瑞东. 内蒙古乌拉特荒漠北山羊集群行为及季节变化[J]. 兽类学报, 2023, 43(5): 544-552.
[7]	林炜明, 翁悦, 阿家, 王敏, 王琦, 王放. 四川八月林自然保护区大灵猫日活动节律、栖息地利用及其对人类活动响应的初步研究[J]. 兽类学报, 2023, 43(4): 364-377.
[8]	郑伟成, 郑子洪, 刘菊莲, 王宇, 杨晓君, 黄林平, 丁平, 曾頔. 浙江九龙山国家级自然保护区六种兽类占域分析及其影响因素[J]. 兽类学报, 2023, 43(4): 378-386.
[9]	谢博, 农秀萍, 黄国力, 黄蓉, 姚维, 林建忠, 周岐海. 广西恩城国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类多样性红外相机监测初报[J]. 兽类学报, 2023, 43(2): 215-223.
[10]	张常智, 马腾, 乌力吉, 刘晓敏. 甘肃祁连山脉雪豹及其同域分布大型食肉动物时间生态位关系[J]. 兽类学报, 2023, 43(1): 109-115.
[11]	郝宇波, 金红, 杨林, 李可欣, 胡义波. 雪豹保护遗传学和基因组学研究进展[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(5): 508-518.
[12]	戎战磊, 高雅月, 陈生云, 张同作. 祁连山国家公园青海片区雪豹栖息地适宜性评价[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(5): 553-562.
[13]	杨光美, 李佳琦, 张明明, 胡灿实, 粟海军. 贵州坡岗喀斯特森林自然保护区红外相机兽类和鸟类监测及活动节律分析[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(3): 325-338.
[14]	张日, 靳勇超, 朱世兵, 李冬伟, 孙权, 张明海. 基于占域模型的中国珲春地区人虎冲突特征分析[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(2): 144-151.
[15]	苏宇晗, 蔡琼, 朱自煜, 何祥博, 刘雪华, Melissa Songer. 利用红外相机技术监测道路对野生动物丰富度的影响——以观音山国家级自然保护区道路为例[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(1): 49-57.

阿尔金山山脉东段雪豹活动节律和空间分布

Activity patterns and spatial distribution of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in eastern Altun Mountains

RichHTML

PDF

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics