夏冬季五种同域蝙蝠对洞穴的利用策略

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150918

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 洞穴是蝙蝠重要的栖息地，往往成为多种蝙蝠的繁殖地、冬眠地和夜间临时栖息地，洞穴利用研究是蝙蝠保护的关键。2023年6—8月和2023年12月至次年2月，我们在吉林省四平市山门镇古洞开展蝙蝠种类和数量调查，探究5种同域蝙蝠对洞穴的利用策略。日间观察发现，马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus nippon)在夏季日间栖息于古洞，1只伊氏鼠耳蝠(Myotis ikonnikovi)仅于7月15日日间栖息于古洞。马铁菊头蝠的集群大小从6—8月总体先下降后上升，7月观察到2次马铁菊头蝠母蝠紧抱幼蝠现象。夏季通过夜间声学采样法录制到4种调频蝙蝠，包括阿拉善伏翼(Hypsugo alaschanicus)、东亚伏翼(Pipistrellus abramus)、东方蝙蝠(Vespertilio sinensis)和伊氏鼠耳蝠的回声定位脉冲。Kruskal-Wallis检验及Bonferroni多重比较分析表明，东方蝙蝠、东亚伏翼和伊氏鼠耳蝠的回声定位脉冲数量在夏季不同月份间差异不显著，阿拉善伏翼的回声定位脉冲数量在7月和8月间差异显著。在夏季的9次采样中，马铁菊头蝠平均出飞高峰期为日落后15~60.56 min，平均出飞结束时间为日落后(60.56 ±5.27) min。东亚伏翼和伊氏鼠耳蝠分别有1次和5次在马铁菊头蝠活动高峰期出现，阿拉善伏翼和东方蝙蝠在马铁菊头蝠活动高峰期后出现，说明这4种蝙蝠仅夜间临时栖息于古洞。冬季未录制到5种蝙蝠的回声定位脉冲。研究结果表明，古洞日间被马铁菊头蝠作为夏季繁殖地，夜间则作为其他4种蝙蝠的临时栖息地，冬季不被利用。本研究结果揭示了5种同域蝙蝠对洞穴的利用策略，为后续蝙蝠栖息地保护与管理提供参考。

关键词: 蝙蝠, 栖息地利用, 繁殖地, 夜间临时栖息, 栖息地保护

Abstract: Caves are important habitats for bats, often serving as breeding sites, hibernacula, and temporary nocturnal roosts for a wide range of species. Cave utilization studies are thus key to bat conservation. From June to August 2023 and from December 2023 to February of the following year, we conducted bat species and population surveys in Gu cave in Shanmen Town, Siping City, Jilin Province, to explore the cave utilization strategies of five sympatric bat species. Daytime observations revealed that Rhinolophus nippon roosted in Gu cave during summer, and one Myotis ikonnikovi roosted in the cave on July 15th only. Cluster size of R. nippon decreased and then increased overall from June to August. We recorded two instances of R. nippon mothers holding their young in July. Echolocation of four species of FM bats (Hypsugo alaschanicus, Pipistrellus abramus, Vespertilio sinensis, and Myotis ikonnikovi) was recorded during the summer by night time acoustic sampling. Kruskal-Wallis test and Bonferroni multiple comparisons analysis showed that the number of echolocation pulses of P. abramus, V. sinensis, and M. ikonnikovi did not differ significantly between summer months, and that of H. alaschanicus differed significantly between July and August. During the nine sampling occasions in summer, the average peak emergence period of R. nippon ranged from 15 min to 60. 56 min after sunset, and the average end time of emergence was (60. 56 ±5. 27) min after sunset. Pipistrellus abramus and M. ikonnikovi ap‐peared at the peak of the activity of R. nippon on one occasion and five occasions, respectively, and H. alaschanicus and V. sinensis appeared after the peak of the activity of R. nippon, which suggests that the four species only temporarily roosted at night in the cave. No echolocation pulses from the five bat species were recorded during the winter. The results suggest that the Gu cave is used as a summer breeding site by R. nippon and as a temporary roosting site at night for the other four species of bats, and is not utilized in winter. The results of this study reveal the cave utilization strategies of the five sympatric bat species and provide a reference for subsequent bat habitat conservation and management.

Key words: Bats, Habitat utilization, Breeding grounds, Night-roosting, Habitat protection

中图分类号:

Q958.1

张宇琪, 常诚, 朱文明, 张首威, 李宣池, 张洺瑀, 卢冠军, 许振文. 夏冬季五种同域蝙蝠对洞穴的利用策略[J]. 兽类学报, 2025, 45(2): 193-202.

ZHANG Yuqi, CHANG Cheng, ZHU Wenming, ZHANG Shouwei, LI Xuanchi, ZHANG Mingyu, LU Guanjun, XU Zhenwen. Cave use strategies of five sympatric bat species in summer and winter[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(2): 193-202.

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