兽类学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (3): 307-319.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151126
• 研究论文 • 下一篇
唐明坤1(
), 王旭明1, 刘莹洵2, 廖锐1, 彭步青1, 王新1, 刘少英1(
)
收稿日期:2025-07-16
接受日期:2025-12-30
出版日期:2026-05-30
发布日期:2026-06-04
通讯作者:
刘少英
作者简介:唐明坤(1981- ),男,博士,高级工程师,副研究员,主要从事小型兽类分类及生物多样性保护研究.E‑mail: tmklz@163.com
基金资助:
Mingkun TANG1(
), Xuming WANG1, Yingxun LIU2, Rui LIAO1, Buqing PENG1, Xin WANG1, Shaoying LIU1(
)
Received:2025-07-16
Accepted:2025-12-30
Online:2026-05-30
Published:2026-06-04
Contact:
Shaoying LIU
摘要:
鼹形鼠科(Spalacidae)物种专营地下生活,具有适应地下洞穴环境的系列表型特征,是适应进化研究的重要类群。竹鼠属(Rhizomys)位于该科系统演化的基部分支,近年来分子测序及适应进化研究逐步深入,但受新增标本量限制,属内物种及亚种形态度量比较和系统发育关系研究仍较薄弱、鉴别特征还需厘定。基于国内新采集竹鼠标本和查看的馆藏标本数据,利用形态学和分子系统学方法开展分类研究,结果表明:银星竹鼠(R. pruinosus)、中华竹鼠(R. sinensis)和大竹鼠(R. sumatrensis)可依据体背尖端白色的长柱状毛、脸颊颜色及尾长比例鉴定区分,尾长与头体长之比的均值分别为42.3%、27.9%和34.5%;中华竹鼠四川亚种(R. s. vestitus)个体显著大于福建亚种(R. s. davidi),前者颅全长大于70 mm,体背毛尖粉棕色段较长,脸颊灰白色,后者颅全长小于70 mm,体背灰棕色、毛尖棕色段较短;银星竹鼠云南亚种(R. p. senex)可依据牙齿较粗壮、体背柱状长毛明显稀疏且尖端白色区段较短的特征与华南亚种(R. p. latouchei)相区分;基于Cyt b基因构建的系统发育树显示银星竹鼠与大竹鼠亲缘关系较近,中华竹鼠为竹鼠属内较早分化的类群,种间遗传距离为9.3% ~ 15.9%,中华竹鼠四川亚种与福建亚种、银星竹鼠云南亚种与华南亚种间的遗传距离分别为2.3%和0.4%,揭示不同亚种间的分化程度存在差异。本研究为完善竹鼠属系统分类积累了基础数据,关于暗褐竹鼠(R. wardi)的分类地位有待更全面的采样研究来确定。
中图分类号:
唐明坤, 王旭明, 刘莹洵, 廖锐, 彭步青, 王新, 刘少英. 中国竹鼠属(啮齿目:鼹形鼠科)分类与系统发育研究[J]. 兽类学报, 2026, 46(3): 307-319.
Mingkun TANG, Xuming WANG, Yingxun LIU, Rui LIAO, Buqing PENG, Xin WANG, Shaoying LIU. A taxonomic and phylogenetic study of the genus Rhizomys (Rodentia: Spalacidae) in China[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 46(3): 307-319.
| 文献 Literature | 物种 Species | 亚种 Subspecies |
|---|---|---|
| Gray(1831) | R.sinensis, R.sumatrensis | — |
| Allen(1940) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus | R.si.sinensis, R.si.latouchei, R.si.vestitus, R.si.wardi; R.pr.senex, R.pr.latouchei |
| Ellerman(1940) | R.davidi, R.vestitus, R.sinensis, R.senex, R.pruinosus, R.pannosus, R.sumatrensis | R.v.vestitus, R.v.wardi; R.pr.pruinosus, R.pr.latouchei; R.pa.pannosus, R.pa.umbriceps; R.su.sumatrensis, R.su.padangensis, R.su.insularis, R.su.cinereus |
| Ellerman和Morrison-Scott(1951) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | R.si.sinensis, R.si.vestitus, R.si.davidi, R.si.wardi; R.pr.pruinosus, R.pr.latouchei, R.pr.pannosus; R.su.sumatrensis, R.su.cinereus |
| Musser和Carleton(1993) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | — |
| 罗蓉 (1993) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.wardi, R.sumatrensis | R.si.sinensis,R.si.vestitus,R.si.davidi; R.pr.senex,R.pr.latouchei; R.su.cinereus |
| 王应祥 (2003) | R.sinensis, R.wardi, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | R.si.sinensis, R.si.vestitus, R.si.davidi, R.si.pediculus; R.w.wardi, R.w.neowardi; R.pr.pruinosus, R.pr.senex, R.pr.latouchei; R.su.cinereus |
| Musser和Carleton(2005) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | — |
| 潘清华 等(2007) | R.vestitus, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | — |
| Smith和解焱(2009) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | R.si.sinensis,R.si.pediculus,R.si.vestitus, R.si.davidi,R.si.wardi; R.pr.latouchei, R.pr.pruinosus,R.pr.senex;R.su.cinereus |
| Holden 等(2017) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | R.si.sinensis, R.si.davidi, R.si.pediculus, R.si.reductus, R.si.vestitus, R.si.wardi; R.pr.pruinosus, R.pr.latouchei, R.pr.pannosus, R.pr.senex, R.pr.umbriceps; R.su.sumatrensis, R.su.cinereus, R.su.insularis, R.su.padangensis |
| 魏辅文 等(2022) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | R.si.sinensis, R.si.vestitus, R.si.davidi, R.si.wardi; R.pr.latouchei, R.pr.senex |
| 刘少英 等(2023) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | R.si.vestitus; R.pr. senex |
表1 关于竹鼠属物种及亚种划分的主要观点
Table 1 Taxonomic history of species and subspecies in the genus Rhizomys
| 文献 Literature | 物种 Species | 亚种 Subspecies |
|---|---|---|
| Gray(1831) | R.sinensis, R.sumatrensis | — |
| Allen(1940) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus | R.si.sinensis, R.si.latouchei, R.si.vestitus, R.si.wardi; R.pr.senex, R.pr.latouchei |
| Ellerman(1940) | R.davidi, R.vestitus, R.sinensis, R.senex, R.pruinosus, R.pannosus, R.sumatrensis | R.v.vestitus, R.v.wardi; R.pr.pruinosus, R.pr.latouchei; R.pa.pannosus, R.pa.umbriceps; R.su.sumatrensis, R.su.padangensis, R.su.insularis, R.su.cinereus |
| Ellerman和Morrison-Scott(1951) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | R.si.sinensis, R.si.vestitus, R.si.davidi, R.si.wardi; R.pr.pruinosus, R.pr.latouchei, R.pr.pannosus; R.su.sumatrensis, R.su.cinereus |
| Musser和Carleton(1993) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | — |
| 罗蓉 (1993) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.wardi, R.sumatrensis | R.si.sinensis,R.si.vestitus,R.si.davidi; R.pr.senex,R.pr.latouchei; R.su.cinereus |
| 王应祥 (2003) | R.sinensis, R.wardi, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | R.si.sinensis, R.si.vestitus, R.si.davidi, R.si.pediculus; R.w.wardi, R.w.neowardi; R.pr.pruinosus, R.pr.senex, R.pr.latouchei; R.su.cinereus |
| Musser和Carleton(2005) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | — |
| 潘清华 等(2007) | R.vestitus, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | — |
| Smith和解焱(2009) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | R.si.sinensis,R.si.pediculus,R.si.vestitus, R.si.davidi,R.si.wardi; R.pr.latouchei, R.pr.pruinosus,R.pr.senex;R.su.cinereus |
| Holden 等(2017) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | R.si.sinensis, R.si.davidi, R.si.pediculus, R.si.reductus, R.si.vestitus, R.si.wardi; R.pr.pruinosus, R.pr.latouchei, R.pr.pannosus, R.pr.senex, R.pr.umbriceps; R.su.sumatrensis, R.su.cinereus, R.su.insularis, R.su.padangensis |
| 魏辅文 等(2022) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | R.si.sinensis, R.si.vestitus, R.si.davidi, R.si.wardi; R.pr.latouchei, R.pr.senex |
| 刘少英 等(2023) | R.sinensis, R.pruinosus, R.sumatrensis | R.si.vestitus; R.pr. senex |
指标 Indices | 银星竹鼠、中华竹鼠与大竹鼠比较 Comparison among Rhizomys pruinosus, Rhizomys sinensis and Rhizomys sumatrensis | 银星竹鼠华南亚种与云南亚种比较 Comparison between Rhizomys pruinosus latouchei and Rhizomys pruinosus senex | 中华竹鼠福建亚种与四川亚种比较 Comparison between Rhizomys sinensis davidi and Rhizomys sinensis vestitus | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| df | F | P | t | P | t | P | |
| 头体长 Head-body length,HBL | 2 | 0.999 | 0.377 | -2.229 | 0.036* | -3.047 | 0.008** |
| 尾长 Tail length,TL | 2 | 64.620 | < 0.001** | 1.248 | 0.225 | -1.787 | 0.093 |
| 后足长 Hind foot length,HFL | 2 | 2.248 | 0.118 | -0.307 | 0.761 | -3.805 | 0.002** |
| 耳长 Ear length,EL | 2 | 10.493 | < 0.001** | -0.465 | 0.646 | -8.232 | < 0.001** |
| 颅全长 Greatest length of skull,GLS | 2 | 1.465 | 0.241 | -1.499 | 0.146 | -9.299 | < 0.001** |
| 颅基长 Condylobasal length,CL | 2 | 1.638 | 0.205 | -1.463 | 0.155 | -8.507 | < 0.001** |
| 眶间宽 Interorbital width,IOB | 2 | 41.536 | < 0.001** | -1.064 | 0.297 | 0.903 | 0.377 |
| 颅高 Skull height,SH | 2 | 3.684 | 0.032* | -1.275 | 0.214 | -4.408 | 0.001** |
| 颧宽 Zygomatic breadth,ZB | 2 | 2.429 | 0.099 | -1.970 | 0.060 | -5.990 | < 0.001** |
| 鼻骨长 Length of nasal bone,LNB | 2 | 11.246 | < 0.001** | -2.092 | 0.046* | -5.020 | < 0.001** |
| 鼻骨宽 Width of nasal bone,WNB | 2 | 3.367 | 0.042* | 1.927 | 0.065 | -5.381 | < 0.001** |
| 上齿列长 Length of upper tooth row,LUTR | 2 | 1.436 | 0.247 | -2.870 | 0.008** | -8.105 | < 0.001** |
| 上齿隙长 Length of upper diastema,LUD | 2 | 3.857 | 0.028* | -3.264 | 0.003** | -9.636 | < 0.001 ** |
| 第一上臼齿外宽 Breadth across the outer edges of the first upper molars,M1-M1 | 2 | 7.510 | 0.001** | -1.595 | 0.122 | -3.645 | 0.002** |
| 冠状突高 Coronoid process height,CPH | 2 | 1.539 | 0.225 | -0.859 | 0.398 | -7.461 | < 0.001** |
第一下臼齿至颌关节突距离 Greatest length of M1 to condyle,LMC | 2 | 1.928 | 0.156 | -0.653 | 0.519 | -8.170 | < 0.001** |
下齿列长 Length of the mandibular toothrow,LMBT | 2 | 3.570 | 0.036* | -2.883 | 0.008** | -10.757 | < 0.001** |
| 下颌长Length of mandible,LM | 2 | 2.744 | 0.074 | -1.862 | 0.074 | -8.795 | < 0.001** |
| 下颌高 Height of mandibular,HM | 2 | 2.894 | 0.065 | -1.712 | 0.098 | -7.209 | < 0.001** |
表3 竹鼠属物种及亚种间形态测量指标差异显著性分析
Table 3 Results of ANOVA and t-tests for morphological comparisons among species and subspecies of genus Rhizomys
指标 Indices | 银星竹鼠、中华竹鼠与大竹鼠比较 Comparison among Rhizomys pruinosus, Rhizomys sinensis and Rhizomys sumatrensis | 银星竹鼠华南亚种与云南亚种比较 Comparison between Rhizomys pruinosus latouchei and Rhizomys pruinosus senex | 中华竹鼠福建亚种与四川亚种比较 Comparison between Rhizomys sinensis davidi and Rhizomys sinensis vestitus | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| df | F | P | t | P | t | P | |
| 头体长 Head-body length,HBL | 2 | 0.999 | 0.377 | -2.229 | 0.036* | -3.047 | 0.008** |
| 尾长 Tail length,TL | 2 | 64.620 | < 0.001** | 1.248 | 0.225 | -1.787 | 0.093 |
| 后足长 Hind foot length,HFL | 2 | 2.248 | 0.118 | -0.307 | 0.761 | -3.805 | 0.002** |
| 耳长 Ear length,EL | 2 | 10.493 | < 0.001** | -0.465 | 0.646 | -8.232 | < 0.001** |
| 颅全长 Greatest length of skull,GLS | 2 | 1.465 | 0.241 | -1.499 | 0.146 | -9.299 | < 0.001** |
| 颅基长 Condylobasal length,CL | 2 | 1.638 | 0.205 | -1.463 | 0.155 | -8.507 | < 0.001** |
| 眶间宽 Interorbital width,IOB | 2 | 41.536 | < 0.001** | -1.064 | 0.297 | 0.903 | 0.377 |
| 颅高 Skull height,SH | 2 | 3.684 | 0.032* | -1.275 | 0.214 | -4.408 | 0.001** |
| 颧宽 Zygomatic breadth,ZB | 2 | 2.429 | 0.099 | -1.970 | 0.060 | -5.990 | < 0.001** |
| 鼻骨长 Length of nasal bone,LNB | 2 | 11.246 | < 0.001** | -2.092 | 0.046* | -5.020 | < 0.001** |
| 鼻骨宽 Width of nasal bone,WNB | 2 | 3.367 | 0.042* | 1.927 | 0.065 | -5.381 | < 0.001** |
| 上齿列长 Length of upper tooth row,LUTR | 2 | 1.436 | 0.247 | -2.870 | 0.008** | -8.105 | < 0.001** |
| 上齿隙长 Length of upper diastema,LUD | 2 | 3.857 | 0.028* | -3.264 | 0.003** | -9.636 | < 0.001 ** |
| 第一上臼齿外宽 Breadth across the outer edges of the first upper molars,M1-M1 | 2 | 7.510 | 0.001** | -1.595 | 0.122 | -3.645 | 0.002** |
| 冠状突高 Coronoid process height,CPH | 2 | 1.539 | 0.225 | -0.859 | 0.398 | -7.461 | < 0.001** |
第一下臼齿至颌关节突距离 Greatest length of M1 to condyle,LMC | 2 | 1.928 | 0.156 | -0.653 | 0.519 | -8.170 | < 0.001** |
下齿列长 Length of the mandibular toothrow,LMBT | 2 | 3.570 | 0.036* | -2.883 | 0.008** | -10.757 | < 0.001** |
| 下颌长Length of mandible,LM | 2 | 2.744 | 0.074 | -1.862 | 0.074 | -8.795 | < 0.001** |
| 下颌高 Height of mandibular,HM | 2 | 2.894 | 0.065 | -1.712 | 0.098 | -7.209 | < 0.001** |
图4 基于Cyt b基因的竹鼠属系统发育树. 节点上下数字表示贝叶斯后验概率和最大似然自举检验值
Fig. 4 Phylogenetic tree of genus Rhizomys based on Cyt b gene. Node numbers represent the Bayesian posterior probabilities (numbers above) and maximum likelihood bootstrap values (numbers below)
| 类群 Taxa | 银星竹鼠华南亚种 Rhizomys pruinosus latouchei | 银星竹鼠云南亚种 Rhizomys pruinosus senex | 中华竹鼠福建亚种 Rhizomys sinensis davidi | 中华竹鼠四川亚种 Rhizomys sinensis vestitus | 大竹鼠 Rhizomys sumatrensis | 小竹鼠 Cannomys badius |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
银星竹鼠云南亚种 Rhizomys pruinosus senex | 0.004 | |||||
中华竹鼠福建亚种 Rhizomys sinensis davidi | 0.153 | 0.154 | ||||
中华竹鼠四川亚种 Rhizomys sinensis vestitus | 0.150 | 0.151 | 0.023 | |||
大竹鼠 Rhizomys sumatrensis | 0.093 | 0.095 | 0.157 | 0.166 | ||
小竹鼠 Cannomys badius | 0.165 | 0.160 | 0.204 | 0.202 | 0.206 | |
中华鼢鼠 Eospalax fontanierii | 0.264 | 0.264 | 0.244 | 0.245 | 0.242 | 0.313 |
表4 本研究各类群间基于Cyt b基因的K2P遗传距离
Table 4 The K2P genetic distances among taxa of this studybased on Cyt b gene sequences
| 类群 Taxa | 银星竹鼠华南亚种 Rhizomys pruinosus latouchei | 银星竹鼠云南亚种 Rhizomys pruinosus senex | 中华竹鼠福建亚种 Rhizomys sinensis davidi | 中华竹鼠四川亚种 Rhizomys sinensis vestitus | 大竹鼠 Rhizomys sumatrensis | 小竹鼠 Cannomys badius |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
银星竹鼠云南亚种 Rhizomys pruinosus senex | 0.004 | |||||
中华竹鼠福建亚种 Rhizomys sinensis davidi | 0.153 | 0.154 | ||||
中华竹鼠四川亚种 Rhizomys sinensis vestitus | 0.150 | 0.151 | 0.023 | |||
大竹鼠 Rhizomys sumatrensis | 0.093 | 0.095 | 0.157 | 0.166 | ||
小竹鼠 Cannomys badius | 0.165 | 0.160 | 0.204 | 0.202 | 0.206 | |
中华鼢鼠 Eospalax fontanierii | 0.264 | 0.264 | 0.244 | 0.245 | 0.242 | 0.313 |
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