Temporal niche patterns of Anhui musk deer (Moschus anhuiensis) and sympatric ungulates

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150912

Abstract

Abstract:

Revealing the activity rhythms of sympatric ungulates will promote an understanding of its temporal niche relationships and coexistence mechanisms. To assess the daily activity rhythm and avoidance-attraction relationship of Moschus anhuiensis and its two sympatric ungulates, Muntiacus reevesi and Sus scrofa, we continuously monitored the three species with infrared camera technology from July 2021 to June 2023 in Anhui Wanfoshan Provincial Nature Reserve. A total of 46 infrared cameras were deployed, accumulating 19 248 camera-days of operation. The cameras captured 326 independent valid detections of Anhui musk deer, 1 110 of Reeves’ muntjac, and 488 of wild boar. We used the non-parametric kernel density estimation method to analyze the daily activity rhythm characteristics of these three ungulate species at different time scales. The results showed that the activity rhythm of Mo. anhuiensis showed nocturnal characteristics, the Mu. reevesi showed a bimodal activity pattern with peaks at dawn and dusk, and S. scrofa showed typical diurnal behavior. On a seasonal scale, the degree of overlap in daily activity rhythms between Mo. anhuiensis and Mu. reevesi is relatively high (Δ4 = 0.89, P = 0.01), while both species had relatively low degrees of overlap with S. scrofa (Δ4 = 0.54, P < 0.01; Δ4 = 0.57, P < 0.01, respectively). The annual activity rhythms of the three ungulate species all peaked during autumn and winter. The monthly activity rhythm index of the Mo. anhuiensis reaches its peak in November-December, Mu. reevesi peaked in February, and S. scrofa in September. The overlap of Mo. anhuiensis and S. scrofa increased in winter. Overall, the annual activity pattern of the three ungulate species peaked in autumn and winter, which might be due to the intensified species competition caused by reduced resources and the breeding habits of Mo. anhuiensis in the above seasons. This study has preliminarily grasped the daily activity rhythms of three ungulate species in Wanfoshan Provincial Nature Reserve across different time scales, as well as changes in their overlap. This contributes to a deeper understanding of the temporal niche differentiation mechanisms among these three ungulate species. Based on these results, it is recommended to protect the winter food resources of ungulates while conducting long-term monitoring of interspecific relationships among sympatric ungulate species, to protect the Anhui musk deer population.

Key words: Moschus anhuiensis, Ungulates, Daily activity rhythm, Coexistence mechanism

摘要：

掌握同域分布有蹄类的活动节律有助于理解它们的时间生态位关系和共存机制。为了解安徽麝 (Moschus anhuiensis) 及其同域分布有蹄类动物的日活动节律及重叠情况，本研究于2021年7月至2023年6月利用红外相机技术在安徽万佛山省级自然保护区布设红外相机46台，对安徽麝及其同域分布的小麂 (Muntiacus reevesi) 和野猪 (Sus scrofa) 进行监测，分别获得326次、1 110次和488次独立有效探测。本研究使用核密度估计方法(Kernel density estimation) 在年度、季节和月份3种时间尺度上对上述3种有蹄类动物的日活动节律特征和重叠程度进行分析，结果表明：(1) 安徽麝的日活动节律呈三峰型模式，且以夜间活动为主，小麂表现为晨昏性活动，呈双峰型活动模式，而野猪则表现为典型的昼行性，呈单峰型活动模式；(2) 从活动节律重叠程度来看，安徽麝和小麂全年日活动节律的重叠程度较高 (Δ4 = 0.89, P = 0.01)，但二者与野猪的重叠程度则相对较低 (Δ4 = 0.54, P < 0.01; Δ4 = 0.57, P < 0.01)；从季节尺度看，安徽麝在秋冬季与小麂活动节律重叠程度显著上升，在冬季与野猪重叠程度显著上升；(3) 3种有蹄类动物的年活动节律均在秋冬季出现高峰，安徽麝月活动节律指数在11—12月达到峰值，小麂在2月，野猪在9月。安徽麝与小麂均在秋冬季出现活动高峰，且彼此间竞争加剧，可能是冬季食物资源匮乏导致。本研究在不同时间尺度上初步掌握了万佛山省级自然保护区3种有蹄类动物的日活动节律及其重叠程度的变化规律，为深入理解它们的时间生态位分化机制提供了科学依据。基于上述结果，建议保护区在保护有蹄类动物冬季食物资源的同时，应对其种间关系进行长期监测，以期更好地保护安徽麝种群。

关键词: 安徽麝, 有蹄类, 日活动节律, 共存机制

CLC Number:

Q958.1

Dapeng PANG, Lanrong WANG, Yuting LU, Jiawei HUANG, Peng XU, Qingyue JIANG, Zhongwen DING, Yunfeng CHEN, Jun DING, Baowei ZHANG. Temporal niche patterns of Anhui musk deer (Moschus anhuiensis) and sympatric ungulates[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(3): 302-311.

庞大鹏, 王兰荣, 卢雨婷, 黄嘉伟, 许鹏, 江清悦, 丁仲文, 陈云峰, 丁俊, 张保卫. 安徽麝及其同域分布有蹄类动物时间生态位格局初步研究[J]. 兽类学报, 2025, 45(3): 302-311.

Figures/Tables 4

Fig. 1 The geographical location of the study area and the sites of the infrared triggered camera

Fig. 2 Annual diurnal activity patterns of three ungulates in Wanfoshan Provincial Nature Reserve. The gray part in the figure is the overlapping part of the daily activity rhythms of the two species. The solid red line in the horizontal axis represents the data density of Anhui musk deer during this period, the blue dashed line represents the data density of Reeves’s muntjac during this period, and the black dotted line represents the data density of wild boar during this period

Fig. 3 Seasonal changes in daily activity patterns of three ungulates species at Wanfoshan Provincial Nature Reserve

Fig. 4 Annual activity patterns of three ungulates species at Wanfo-shan Provincial Nature Reserve

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