Abstract:

Human activities lead to ecosystem fragmentation, accelerated degradation, and permanent decline of biodiversity. Artificial captive breeding is considered an important method for effectively protecting threatened species and is one of the key ways to save endangered animals. However, due to various factors such as food and living environment, animals have undergone significant changes from the wild to the captive environment, leading to a series of problems such as gastrointestinal disorders, infections, and diseases in mammals. The gut microbiota is widely recognized to play a crucial role in maintaining the health of the body, and its disruption and ecological imbalance can directly affect the host’s health. There are many different environmental factors between captive environment and wild environment. This paper discusses the effects of diet change, habitat homogenization, stress and antibiotics on gut microbiota of wild mammals in captivity. The diversity of gut microorganisms of different feeding mammals did not change uniformly, but their composition and structure all changed when they were faced with the simplification of the captive diet. The high homogeneity of the habitats in captivity made the gut microorganisms of mammals show different degrees of humanization. Various stresses in captivity can cause imbalances in mammalian gut microbiota. Direct or indirect use of antibiotics in captivity can alter the composition of mammalian gut microbiota and increase the variety and number of antibiotic resistance genes in gut microbiota. These changes have altered the gut microbiota and impacted the health of captive wild mammals, affecting wildlife reintroduction efforts. Future research direction is also discussed in order to provide guidelines for the protection of wild mammals.

Key words: Captivity, Wild mammals, Gut microbiota, Influencing factors, Protection

摘要：

人类活动和生态系统的破碎化导致生物多样性的加速退化和永久性下降。人工圈养繁殖被视为有效保护和扩大受威胁物种数量的重要方法，是拯救濒危动物的关键途径之一。但由于动物从野外到圈养环境，其食物和生存环境等多种因素均发生了较大的改变，从而引起哺乳动物胃肠道紊乱、感染和疾病等一系列问题。肠道微生物被广泛认为在维持机体健康方面具有非常重要的作用，其紊乱和生态失调会直接影响宿主的健康。圈养环境和野生环境之间存在大量不同的环境因素，本文阐述了野生哺乳动物在圈养环境下饮食改变、生境同质化、压力和抗生素4个方面对其肠道微生物的影响。不同食性哺乳动物的肠道微生物在面临圈养饮食简化时，多样性的变化并不一致，但在组成结构上都发生了改变；圈养状态下生境的高度同质化使得哺乳动物的肠道微生物表现出不同程度的人源化趋势；圈养环境中面临的各种压力会使哺乳动物肠道微生物失衡；圈养过程中直接或者间接使用抗生素会改变哺乳动物肠道微生物的组成结构，并增加肠道微生物抗生素抗性基因的种类和数目。这些因素的变化都引起了肠道微生物的改变，并对野生哺乳动物健康和野外放归工作等带来影响。本文还对未来研究方向进行了展望，以期为野生哺乳动物的保护提供参考和启发。

关键词: 圈养, 哺乳动物, 肠道微生物, 影响因素, 保护