云南昭通亚洲黑熊适宜栖息地与日活动节律

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.151010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 了解物种的时空格局及其影响因素，对于物种保护和栖息地管理有着重要的意义。为了评估云南昭通亚洲黑熊 (Ursus thibetanus) 的适宜栖息地分布和活动节律，2020 年 8 月至 2023 年 2 月，在昭通布设 246 台红外相机对亚洲黑熊开展调查监测工作。利用红外相机和新闻报道获取的亚洲黑熊分布位点构建 MaxEnt 模型，以分析亚洲黑熊的适宜栖息地。根据红外相机拍摄的时间数据，利用核密度估计法分析亚洲黑熊的日活动节律。结果显示：(1) 距耕地距离、平均气温日较差、气温年较差和最湿月份降水量是影响亚洲黑熊栖息地选择的主要环境因子，其累计贡献率达到 87.6% 。 (2) 亚洲黑熊的适宜栖息地主要分布在彝良、大关、永善、盐津、绥江和水富六县交接处，面积为 245 508 hm²。保护空缺分析表明，亚洲黑熊在自然保护区内的适宜栖息地面积为57 652 hm²，占昭通亚洲黑熊适宜栖息地的 23.48%。(3) 亚洲黑熊在夏秋季活动频繁，冬春季则相反，季节性活动强度差异显著。5—10 月为亚洲黑熊的活动高峰期，平均低温是影响亚洲黑熊月活动强度变化的主要因素。(4) 亚洲黑熊属于晨昏活动模式，活动高峰为 06: 00—10: 00 和 16: 00—20: 00。研究结果揭示了亚洲黑熊在云南昭通的时空分布模式，为该物种的栖息地保护和管理提供参考。

关键词: 亚洲黑熊, MaxEnt模型, 适宜栖息地, 活动节律, 昭通

Abstract: Understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of species, along with their influencing factors, is crucial for effective species conservation and habitat management. To evaluate the suitable habitat distribution and activity patterns of Ursus thibetanus in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, we deployed 246 infrared cameras to monitor bears from August 2020 to February 2023. We constructed a MaxEnt model using the distribution data collected from the camera traps and relevant news reports to analyze the suitable habitats for Ursus thibetanus. Additionally, we assessed the daily activity patterns of the bears using kernel density estimation based on the time data captured by the cameras. The results showed that distance to cultivated land, mean diurnal range, temperature annual range, and precipitation of wettest month were the main environmental factors affecting the habitat selection of Ursus thibetanus. These factors collectively accounted for a contribution rate of 87. 6%. The suitable habitats for Ursus thibetanus are mainly distributed in the intersection of Yiliang, Daguan, Yongshan, Yanjin, Suijiang, and Shuifu counties, with an area of 245 508 hm². Furthermore, the analysis of the protection gap indicates that the suitable habitat area of Ursus thibetanus in the nature reserve is 57 652 hm², accounting for 23. 48% of the suitable habitat of Ursus thibetanus in Zhaotong. Black bears have frequent activities in summer and autumn, with significant differences in seasonal activity intensity. The activity peak period of Ursus thibetanus is from May to October, and the average low temperature is the main factor affecting their monthly activity. Black bears exhibit morning and evening activity mode, with peaks of activity between 06: 00 - 10: 00 and 16: 00 - 20: 00. The results reveal the temporal and spatial distribution pattern of Ursus thibetanus in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, and provide references for habitat protection and management of this species.

Key words: Ursus thibetanus, MaxEnt, Suitable habitat, Activity rhythm, Zhaotong

中图分类号:

Q958.1

陈婷, 李斌强, 廖正杭, 李伟, 彭灿. 云南昭通亚洲黑熊适宜栖息地与日活动节律[J]. 兽类学报, 2025, 45(5): 641-654.

CHEN Ting, LI Binqiang, LIAO Zhenghang, LI Wei, PENG Can. Suitable habitat and daily activity patterns of Ursus thibetanus in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(5): 641-654.

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