兽类学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (5): 650-669.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151139
出版日期:2026-09-30
发布日期:2026-08-12
通讯作者:
朱万龙
作者简介:张天馨(2001- ),女,硕士,主要从事动物生理生态学研究.
基金资助:Online:2026-09-30
Published:2026-08-12
Contact:
Wanlong ZHU
摘要:
食物限制是影响动物适应性策略的关键环境压力,其与肠道微生物的互作机制已成为近年来的研究热点。作为宿主的“第二基因组”,肠道菌群在帮助小型哺乳动物应对食物限制中扮演着核心角色。本综述首先系统分析了小型哺乳动物作为肠道微生物研究模型的独特优势,进而详细梳理了完全禁食、部分禁食与营养限制等不同食物限制类型对宿主肠道菌群的差异化影响,最后重点阐释了食物限制通过重塑微生物群落结构、改变其代谢功能并影响微生物‑宿主互作来介导宿主生理适应的关键机制。本文整合阐述了食物限制通过肠道微生物产生的跨尺度生理生态效应:在个体层面,其调控能量平衡、免疫稳态与认知行为;在种群层面,则影响生殖发育与种群动态。展望未来,研究应聚焦于解析微生物组可塑性的分子基础,厘清其代际传递效应,并推动相关成果在野生动物保护与管理中的应用。本文构建的食物限制‑肠道微生物‑宿主表型‑种群动态框架,为深入理解动物对环境适应的生理基础提供了新视角。
中图分类号:
张天馨, 朱万龙. 食物限制下小型哺乳动物肠道微生物的跨尺度生理生态效应[J]. 兽类学报, 2026, 46(5): 650-669.
Tianxin ZHANG, Wanlong ZHU. Cross-scale physiological and ecological effects of gut microbiota in small mammals under food restriction[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 46(5): 650-669.
图2 食物限制分类及其通过肠道菌群对小型哺乳动物生理健康的影响.蓝色区域代表完全禁食,完全禁食通常分为短期禁食(如24 h)和长期禁食(如数天或数周等).在完全禁食期间,动物体内的葡萄糖和脂肪会分解来提供能量. 同时,肠道微生物发生结构性改变以调控宿主能量代谢、免疫与行为.黄色区域代表部分禁食的两种典型模式,隔日禁食和限时禁食.隔日禁食包括24 h随意进食期与24 h禁食期交替进行,限时禁食是一种将每日进食时间限制在特定窗口内的饮食干预策略.部分禁食通过增加菌群多样性、富集有益菌群并抑制潜在致病菌来增强宿主短链脂肪酸的生产、优化胆汁酸代谢并重塑昼夜节律协助宿主适应.粉色区域代表营养限制,主要包括碳水化合物、膳食脂肪、蛋白质、维生素和微量营养素五大类.营养限制促进关键菌群和代谢产物的改变进而影响宿主代谢、免疫与神经内分泌
Fig. 2 Classification of food restriction and its effects on the physiological health of small mammals via the gut microbiota.The blue area represents total fasting, complete fasting is typically categorized into short-term fasting (such as 24 hours) and long-term fasting (such as several days or weeks). During a total fast, glucose and fat are broken down in the animal’s body to provide energy. Simultaneously, the gut microbiota undergoes structural changes to regulate the host’s energy metabolism, immune function, and behavior. The yellow areas represent the two typical patterns of partial fasting, alternate day fasting and time‑restricted fasting. Alternate day fasting involves alternating 24-hour eating periods with 24-hour fasting periods. Time‑restricted fasting is a dietary intervention strategy that restricts daily food intake to a specific time window. Partial fasting enhances host adaptation by increasing microbial diversity, enriching beneficial bacteria, and suppressing potential pathogens. This process boosts host production of short-chain fatty acids, optimizes bile acid metabolism, and resets circadian rhythms. The pink areas represent nutrient restriction, which consists of five main categories: carbohydrates, dietary fats, proteins, vitamins and micronutrients. Nutritional restriction promotes alterations in key microbial communities and metabolic products, thereby influencing host metabolism, immunity, and neuroendocrine function
图3 肠道微生物对食物限制的响应. A:食物限制下的色氨酸代谢. 色氨酸被大肠杆菌中的色氨酸酶分解生成吲哚.此外,还可以被肠道菌群分解产生喹啉酸和吲哚-3-丙酸(IPA). 同时,吲哚也可以被肠道菌群转化为IPA. 喹啉酸和IPA可以影响大脑中神经递质的合成.食物限制重塑肠道菌群的色氨酸代谢流向,大肠杆菌等菌的色氨酸酶活性增强,促进色氨酸向吲哚转化;同时,菌群将色氨酸代谢为喹啉酸和吲哚-3-丙酸的通路亦发生改变. 这些代谢产物的动态变化进一步调控大脑中神经递质的合成与平衡. B:食物限制下肠道菌群可以通过相关基因表达影响小鼠肝脏脂肪的合成,从而抑制肝脏脂肪积累. C:食物限制会重塑肠道微生物组的群落结构,改变特定菌群的相对丰度. D:在食物条件变化的环境中,肠道菌群可以和宿主协同进化以降低宿主的生存压力
Fig.3 The response of gut microbiota to food restriction. A: Tryptophan metabolism under food restriction. Tryptophan is catabolized by tryptophanase in Escherichia coli to produce indole, in addition to quinolinic acid and IPA by intestinal flora. Also, indole can be converted to IPA by the intestinal flora. Quinolinic acid and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) can affect the synthesis of neurotransmitters in the brain. Restriction of dietary tryptophan reshapes its metabolic pathways within the gut microbiota. This leads to enhanced tryptophanase activity in bacteria such as Escherichia coli, promoting the conversion of tryptophan into indole. Concurrently, the pathways through which the microbiota metabolizes tryptophan into quinolinic acid and indole-3-propionic acid also undergo alteration. These dynamic changes in metabolic products further regulate the synthesis and balance of neurotransmitters within the brain. B: Intestinal flora under FR can affect liver fat synthesis in mice through related gene expression, thereby inhibiting the accumulation of fat in the liver. C: FR remodels the community structure of the gut microbiome and alters the relative abundance of specific flora. D: In environments with changing food conditions, gut flora can co-evolve with the host to reduce host survival stress
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