Habitat suitability evaluation of snow leopard ( Panthera uncia ) in the Qilian Mountain National Park (Qinghai area), China

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150545

ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (5): 553-562.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150545

• ORIGINAL PAPERS • Previous Articles Next Articles

Habitat suitability evaluation of snow leopard ( Panthera uncia ) in the Qilian Mountain National Park (Qinghai area), China

Zhanlei RONG¹^,², Yayue GAO³, Shengyun CHEN¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), Tongzuo ZHANG⁵()

^1.School of Geographical Science of Qinghai Normal University, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Xining 810008, China
^2.Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, Xining 810008, China
^3.Long-Term National Scientific Research Base of the Qilian Mountain National Park, Xining 810000, China
^4.Cryosphere and Eco-Environment Research Station of Shule River Headwaters, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
^5.Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810001, China

Received:2021-03-29 Accepted:2021-11-17 Online:2022-09-30 Published:2022-09-21
Contact: Shengyun CHEN,Tongzuo ZHANG

祁连山国家公园青海片区雪豹栖息地适宜性评价

戎战磊¹^,², 高雅月³, 陈生云¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), 张同作⁵()

^1.青海师范大学地理科学学院，高原科学与可持续发展研究院，西宁 810008
^2.青海省自然地理与环境过程重点实验室，西宁 810008
^3.祁连山国家公园国家长期科研基地，西宁 810000
^4.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院，冰冻圈科学国家重点实验室，疏勒河源冰冻圈与生态环境综合监测研究站，兰州 730000
^5.中国科学院西北高原生物研究所，青海省动物生态基因组学重点实验室，西宁 810001

通讯作者: 陈生云,张同作
作者简介:戎战磊 (1987- )，男，博士，副教授，主要从事濒危物种和生物多样性保护研究.
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2019YFC0507404);青海省重点研发与转化计划(2020-SF-146);第二次青藏科考项目(2019QZKK0501);青海省“高端创新人才千人计划”高层次人才项目

Abstract

Abstract:

Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is a flagship species for global biodiversity conservation. Accurate assessment of snow leopard habitat quality can provide scientific reference for population conservation. In this study, we assess the habitat suitability of snow leopards in the Qilian Mountain National Park (Qinghai area) using landscape connectivity analyses and MaxEnt model. The main environmental factors such as topography, climate, landcover type, and human disturbance were selected. The results showed that highly suitable habitat was mainly distributed in the west and middle of the study area, which comprisesand 71.8% ? 77.5% of the Qinghai area. The overlap area of the suitable habitat predicted by the two methods was 8 979.1 km², representing 56.7% of the Qinghai area. The suitable habitat accounts for 39.8% ? 43.3% of the general control area and 56.7% ? 60.2% of the core reserve. The maximum area of suitable habitat is distributed in the Shule River Basin and the minimal area is distributed in the Shiyang River Basin. The highest proportion of suitable habitat is located in the Heihe River Basin, which was about 77.1% ? 91.8%. The suitable habitat showed an increasing trend from east to west and we detected a large area of snow leopard habitat in the general control area. Human activities will be a potential threat to the snow leopard habitat in the general control area. This study provides a scientific reference for optimizing in situ protection measures for snow leopards.

Key words: Snow leopard (Panthera uncia), Habitat, Landscape connectivity, MaxEnt model

摘要：

雪豹是全球生物多样性保护的旗舰物种，精准评估雪豹栖息地质量可为其种群保护提供科学参考。本文选取地形、气候、植被类型和人为干扰等环境因子，采用景观连接度和MaxEnt模型两种方法，对祁连山国家公园青海片区雪豹栖息地质量进行评价。结果表明：高适宜栖息地主要分布在研究区的西部和中部，适宜面积占青海片区总面积的71.8% ~ 77.5%，两种方法预测的适宜栖息地重叠区为8 979.1 km²，占青海片区总面积的56.7%；39.8% ~ 43.3%的适宜栖息地分布在一般控制区，56.7% ~ 60.2%的适宜栖息地分布在核心保护区；疏勒河源区适宜栖息地面积最多，石羊河源区适宜栖息地面积最少，黑河源区适宜栖息地面积占比最高，约为77.1% ~ 91.8%。适宜栖息地面积整体呈现自东向西递增的趋势。一般控制区分布有较大面积的雪豹栖息地，人类活动将是一般控制区雪豹栖息地的潜在威胁。本研究对优化雪豹就地保护措施提供科学借鉴与参考。

关键词: 雪豹, 栖息地, 景观连接度, MaxEnt模型

CLC Number:

Q958.1

Zhanlei RONG, Yayue GAO, Shengyun CHEN, Tongzuo ZHANG. Habitat suitability evaluation of snow leopard ( Panthera uncia ) in the Qilian Mountain National Park (Qinghai area), China[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2022, 42(5): 553-562.

戎战磊, 高雅月, 陈生云, 张同作. 祁连山国家公园青海片区雪豹栖息地适宜性评价[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(5): 553-562.

Figures/Tables 6

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变量 Variables	栖息地 Habitats
变量 Variables	高适宜 Highly suitable	较适宜 Medium suitable	不适宜 Unsuitable
年均气温 Annual mean temperature	-10℃ ~ -2℃	-2℃ ~ 2℃	> 2℃， < -10℃
最热月气温 Max temperature of warmest month	8℃ ~ 18℃	18℃ ~ 22℃	< 8℃， > 22℃
年均降水量 Annual mean precipitation （mm）	150 ~ 400	> 400	< 150
最暖季节降水量 Precipitation of warmest quarter （mm）	100 ~ 300	> 300	< 100
海拔 Altitude （m）	2 800 ~ 4 200	2 300 ~ 2 800， > 4 200	< 2 300
植被类型 Vegetation type	草地 Grassland	裸岩、灌丛、林地、湿地 Bare rock， Shrubbery， Woodland， Wetland	冰川、水域 Glacier， Waters
距公路距离 Distance from road （m）	> 2 000	1 000 ~ 2 000	< 1 000
距居民区距离 Distance from residential area （m）	> 5 000	2 000 ~ 5 000	< 2 000

变量 Variables	栖息地 Habitats
变量 Variables	高适宜 Highly suitable	较适宜 Medium suitable	不适宜 Unsuitable
年均气温 Annual mean temperature	-10℃ ~ -2℃	-2℃ ~ 2℃	> 2℃， < -10℃
最热月气温 Max temperature of warmest month	8℃ ~ 18℃	18℃ ~ 22℃	< 8℃， > 22℃
年均降水量 Annual mean precipitation （mm）	150 ~ 400	> 400	< 150
最暖季节降水量 Precipitation of warmest quarter （mm）	100 ~ 300	> 300	< 100
海拔 Altitude （m）	2 800 ~ 4 200	2 300 ~ 2 800， > 4 200	< 2 300
植被类型 Vegetation type	草地 Grassland	裸岩、灌丛、林地、湿地 Bare rock， Shrubbery， Woodland， Wetland	冰川、水域 Glacier， Waters
距公路距离 Distance from road （m）	> 2 000	1 000 ~ 2 000	< 1 000
距居民区距离 Distance from residential area （m）	> 5 000	2 000 ~ 5 000	< 2 000

方法 Methods		MaxEnt模型 MaxEnt model			总和Total （km²）
方法 Methods		不适宜栖息地 Unsuitable habitat （km²）	较适宜栖息地 Medium suitable habitat （km²）	高适宜栖息地 Highly suitable habitat （km²）	总和Total （km²）
景观连接度 Landscape connectivity	不适宜栖息地 Unsuitable habitat （km²）	1 223.4	2 070.1	292.9	3 586.4
	较适宜栖息地 Medium suitable habitat （km²）	1 669.9	3 496.5	1 295.3	6 461.7
	高适宜栖息地 Highly suitable habitat （km²）	1 591.1	2 236.4	1 950.9	5 778.4
总和Total （km²）		4 484.4	7 803.0	3 539.1	15 826.5

方法 Methods		MaxEnt模型 MaxEnt model			总和Total （km²）
方法 Methods		不适宜栖息地 Unsuitable habitat （km²）	较适宜栖息地 Medium suitable habitat （km²）	高适宜栖息地 Highly suitable habitat （km²）	总和Total （km²）
景观连接度 Landscape connectivity	不适宜栖息地 Unsuitable habitat （km²）	1 223.4	2 070.1	292.9	3 586.4
	较适宜栖息地 Medium suitable habitat （km²）	1 669.9	3 496.5	1 295.3	6 461.7
	高适宜栖息地 Highly suitable habitat （km²）	1 591.1	2 236.4	1 950.9	5 778.4
总和Total （km²）		4 484.4	7 803.0	3 539.1	15 826.5

模型Model	功能区 Function area	不适宜栖息地 Unsuitable habitat （km²）	较适宜栖息地 Medium suitable habitat （km²）	高适宜栖息地 Highly suitable habitat （km²）
景观连接度 Landscape connectivity	一般控制区 General control area	1 165.8	2 595.6	2 704.2
景观连接度 Landscape connectivity	核心保护区 Core protected areas	2 420.6	3 866.1	3 074.2
MaxEnt模型 MaxEnt model	一般控制区 General control area	1 952.9	2 990.1	1 522.6
MaxEnt模型 MaxEnt model	核心保护区 Core protected areas	2 531.5	4 812.9	2 016.5

Habitat suitability evaluation of snow leopard ( Panthera uncia ) in the Qilian Mountain National Park (Qinghai area), China

祁连山国家公园青海片区雪豹栖息地适宜性评价

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流域 Basin	景观连接度Landscape connectivity			MaxEnt 模型MaxEnt model
流域 Basin	不适宜 Unsuitable habitat	较适宜 Medium suitable habitat	高适宜 Highly suitable habitat	不适宜 Unsuitable habitat	较适宜 Medium suitable habitat	高适宜 Highly suitable habitat
大通河 Datong River	702.5	1 114.8	274.9	632.3	1 212.7	247.2
黑河 Heihe River	436.9	1 857.3	3 024.1	1 218.6	2 651.3	1 448.4
石羊河 Shiyang River	472.5	715.1	0	382.9	591.5	213.2
疏勒河 Shule River	1 719.6	2 734.5	2 503.6	2 090.6	3 243.9	1 623.2

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