兽类学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (2): 184-198.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151022
收稿日期:2024-10-18
接受日期:2025-02-20
出版日期:2026-03-30
发布日期:2026-03-06
通讯作者:
窦海龙
作者简介:郗鸿原(2004- ),男,本科,主要从事生态学研究.
基金资助:
Hongyuan XI1, Wenjing LIU1, Hailong DOU1,2(
)
Received:2024-10-18
Accepted:2025-02-20
Online:2026-03-30
Published:2026-03-06
Contact:
Hailong DOU
摘要:
狗獾(Meles meles)隶属食肉目狗獾属,以社会群体生活在地下环境中,具有明显的领地行为。狗獾主要在夜间活动,具有广泛的食物偏好,同时也是牲畜结核病感染的重要野生动物宿主。本研究运用生物信息学手段对狗獾基因组微卫星的分布特征进行系统分析,并对编码区含有微卫星的基因进行注释和功能分析。结果表明,狗獾全基因组大小为2.74 Gb,含有975 935个微卫星,微卫星相对丰度为356.35 loci/Mb。全基因组微卫星分布模式为单碱基重复序列 > 二碱基重复序列 > 四碱基重复序列 > 三碱基重复序列 > 五碱基重复序列 > 六碱基重复序列,其中GC含量二碱基重复最高,单碱基重复最低,微卫星中富含A/T碱基的重复序列占据明显优势。狗獾微卫星在基因组不同区域丰度不同,其中基因间区数量最多(595 769个),内含子相对丰度最高(385.22 loci/Mb),编码区数量(1 724个)和丰度(48.40 loci/Mb)最小。基因间区与全基因组微卫星的分布特征相似,而外显子中三碱基重复类型较为丰富,其中编码区表现出对三碱基重复和六碱基重复类型的强烈偏好。对于微卫星丰度分布的位置特征,微卫星在内含子区域丰度最高,其次为基因上下游500 bp,外显子区域最低。狗獾基因组中含有微卫星的CDS有1 724条,GO注释到1 325个基因,分配到11 971个GO条目,并归类到39个主要基因功能中。KEGG富集最显著的通路为信号传导通路,含有207个基因。本研究结果为后续开发狗獾高质量微卫星标记提供基础数据,也为理解食肉目物种微卫星在全基因组中的功能及分布特点提供了参考。
中图分类号:
郗鸿原, 刘文静, 窦海龙. 狗獾全基因组微卫星分布规律及特征分析[J]. 兽类学报, 2026, 46(2): 184-198.
Hongyuan XI, Wenjing LIU, Hailong DOU. Analysis of the distribution patterns and characteristics of microsatellites in Meles meles genome[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 46(2): 184-198.
| 类型 Type | 数量 Counts | 长度 Length/bp | 比例 Percent/% | 平均长度 Average length/bp | 相对丰度 Relative abundance/(loci/Mb) | 相对密度 Relative density/(bp/Mb) | GC | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
含量 Content/% | 长度 Length/bp | |||||||
| 单碱基重复 Mononucleotide repeat | 521 121 | 7 849 359 | 53.40 | 15.06 | 190.28 | 2 866.12 | 8.46 | 664 250 |
| 二碱基重复 Dinucleotide repeat | 238 388 | 5 083 296 | 24.43 | 21.32 | 87.05 | 1 856.12 | 44.29 | 2 251 565 |
| 三碱基重复 Trinucleotide repeat | 44 837 | 849 318 | 4.59 | 18.94 | 16.37 | 310.12 | 33.76 | 286 756 |
| 四碱基重复 Tetranucleotide repeat | 142 384 | 2 766 664 | 14.59 | 19.43 | 51.99 | 1 010.22 | 15.55 | 430 280 |
| 五碱基重复 Pentanucleotide repeat | 24 088 | 535 120 | 2.47 | 22.22 | 8.8 | 195.39 | 19.62 | 104 989 |
| 六碱基重复 Hexanucleotide repeat | 5 117 | 137 010 | 0.52 | 26.78 | 1.87 | 50.03 | 36.15 | 49 524 |
| 总计 Total | 975 935 | 17 220 767 | 100 | 17.65 | 356.35 | 6 288 | 21.99 | 3 787 364 |
表1 狗獾基因组中微卫星的分布
Table 1 Distribution of microsatellites in the genomes of Meles meles
| 类型 Type | 数量 Counts | 长度 Length/bp | 比例 Percent/% | 平均长度 Average length/bp | 相对丰度 Relative abundance/(loci/Mb) | 相对密度 Relative density/(bp/Mb) | GC | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
含量 Content/% | 长度 Length/bp | |||||||
| 单碱基重复 Mononucleotide repeat | 521 121 | 7 849 359 | 53.40 | 15.06 | 190.28 | 2 866.12 | 8.46 | 664 250 |
| 二碱基重复 Dinucleotide repeat | 238 388 | 5 083 296 | 24.43 | 21.32 | 87.05 | 1 856.12 | 44.29 | 2 251 565 |
| 三碱基重复 Trinucleotide repeat | 44 837 | 849 318 | 4.59 | 18.94 | 16.37 | 310.12 | 33.76 | 286 756 |
| 四碱基重复 Tetranucleotide repeat | 142 384 | 2 766 664 | 14.59 | 19.43 | 51.99 | 1 010.22 | 15.55 | 430 280 |
| 五碱基重复 Pentanucleotide repeat | 24 088 | 535 120 | 2.47 | 22.22 | 8.8 | 195.39 | 19.62 | 104 989 |
| 六碱基重复 Hexanucleotide repeat | 5 117 | 137 010 | 0.52 | 26.78 | 1.87 | 50.03 | 36.15 | 49 524 |
| 总计 Total | 975 935 | 17 220 767 | 100 | 17.65 | 356.35 | 6 288 | 21.99 | 3 787 364 |
类型 Type | 基序 Motif | 数量Counts | 比例 Percent/% |
|---|---|---|---|
单碱基重复 Mononucleotide repeat | A | 475 119 | 91.17 |
| G | 46 002 | 8.83 | |
二碱基重复 Dinucleotide repeat | AG | 119 219 | 50.01 |
| AC | 91 842 | 38.53 | |
三碱基重复 Trinucleotide repeat | AAC | 14 657 | 32.69 |
| AAT | 11 375 | 25.37 | |
四碱基重复 Tetranucleotide repeat | AAAT | 72 335 | 50.80 |
| AAAC | 22 494 | 15.80 | |
五碱基重复 Pentanucleotide repeat | AAAAC | 12 185 | 50.59 |
| AAAAT | 5 333 | 22.14 | |
六碱基重复 Hexanucleotide repeat | AAAAAC | 1 688 | 32.99 |
| AATCCC | 590 | 11.53 |
表2 狗獾最多微卫星重复基序的比较
Table 2 The most frequent microsatellite motifs found in genomes of Meles meles
类型 Type | 基序 Motif | 数量Counts | 比例 Percent/% |
|---|---|---|---|
单碱基重复 Mononucleotide repeat | A | 475 119 | 91.17 |
| G | 46 002 | 8.83 | |
二碱基重复 Dinucleotide repeat | AG | 119 219 | 50.01 |
| AC | 91 842 | 38.53 | |
三碱基重复 Trinucleotide repeat | AAC | 14 657 | 32.69 |
| AAT | 11 375 | 25.37 | |
四碱基重复 Tetranucleotide repeat | AAAT | 72 335 | 50.80 |
| AAAC | 22 494 | 15.80 | |
五碱基重复 Pentanucleotide repeat | AAAAC | 12 185 | 50.59 |
| AAAAT | 5 333 | 22.14 | |
六碱基重复 Hexanucleotide repeat | AAAAAC | 1 688 | 32.99 |
| AATCCC | 590 | 11.53 |
| 基序 Motif | 数量 Counts | 比例Percent/% |
|---|---|---|
| A | 475 119 | 48.68 |
| AG | 119 219 | 12.22 |
| AC | 91 842 | 9.41 |
| AAAT | 72 335 | 7.41 |
| G | 46 002 | 4.71 |
| AT | 26 969 | 2.76 |
| AAAC | 22 494 | 2.30 |
| AAC | 14 657 | 1.50 |
| AAAAC | 12 185 | 1.25 |
| AAAG | 12 101 | 1.24 |
表3 在全部微卫星序列中出现次数排名前十的基序
Table 3 The top 10 most frequent motifs in all microsatellite sequences
| 基序 Motif | 数量 Counts | 比例Percent/% |
|---|---|---|
| A | 475 119 | 48.68 |
| AG | 119 219 | 12.22 |
| AC | 91 842 | 9.41 |
| AAAT | 72 335 | 7.41 |
| G | 46 002 | 4.71 |
| AT | 26 969 | 2.76 |
| AAAC | 22 494 | 2.30 |
| AAC | 14 657 | 1.50 |
| AAAAC | 12 185 | 1.25 |
| AAAG | 12 101 | 1.24 |
重复 Repeat | 数量 Counts | 长度 Length/bp | 比例 Percent/% | 平均长度 Average length/bp | 相对丰度 Relative abundance/(loci/Mb) | 相对密度 Relative density/(bp/Mb) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 | 127 000 | 1 666 020 | 13.01 | 13.12 | 46.37 | 608.33 |
| 4 | 109 062 | 1 848 036 | 11.18 | 16.94 | 39.82 | 674.79 |
| 13 | 108 087 | 1 532 518 | 11.08 | 14.18 | 39.47 | 559.58 |
| 14 | 88 805 | 1 361 192 | 9.10 | 15.33 | 32.43 | 497.03 |
| 7 | 85 254 | 1 311 632 | 8.74 | 15.38 | 31.13 | 478.93 |
| 15 | 72 149 | 1 192 440 | 7.39 | 16.53 | 26.34 | 435.41 |
| 5 | 57 303 | 1 055 920 | 5.87 | 18.43 | 20.92 | 385.56 |
| 16 | 52 923 | 950 208 | 5.42 | 17.95 | 19.32 | 346.96 |
| 8 | 46 845 | 825 488 | 4.80 | 17.62 | 17.11 | 301.42 |
| 17 | 35 499 | 700 298 | 3.64 | 19.73 | 12.96 | 255.71 |
表4 微卫星中出现次数排名前十的重复
Table 4 The top 10 most frequent repeats in microsatellites
重复 Repeat | 数量 Counts | 长度 Length/bp | 比例 Percent/% | 平均长度 Average length/bp | 相对丰度 Relative abundance/(loci/Mb) | 相对密度 Relative density/(bp/Mb) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 | 127 000 | 1 666 020 | 13.01 | 13.12 | 46.37 | 608.33 |
| 4 | 109 062 | 1 848 036 | 11.18 | 16.94 | 39.82 | 674.79 |
| 13 | 108 087 | 1 532 518 | 11.08 | 14.18 | 39.47 | 559.58 |
| 14 | 88 805 | 1 361 192 | 9.10 | 15.33 | 32.43 | 497.03 |
| 7 | 85 254 | 1 311 632 | 8.74 | 15.38 | 31.13 | 478.93 |
| 15 | 72 149 | 1 192 440 | 7.39 | 16.53 | 26.34 | 435.41 |
| 5 | 57 303 | 1 055 920 | 5.87 | 18.43 | 20.92 | 385.56 |
| 16 | 52 923 | 950 208 | 5.42 | 17.95 | 19.32 | 346.96 |
| 8 | 46 845 | 825 488 | 4.80 | 17.62 | 17.11 | 301.42 |
| 17 | 35 499 | 700 298 | 3.64 | 19.73 | 12.96 | 255.71 |
| 指标 Index | 基因区 Genetic region | 基因间区 Intergenic region | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 编码区 CDS | 非翻译区 Untranslated | 外显子 Exon | 内含子 Intron | ||
| 数量 Counts | 1 724 | 7 274 | 9 427 | 390 137 | 595 769 |
| 丰度 Abundance/(loci/Mb) | 48.40 | 290.16 | 149.63 | 385.22 | 347.04 |
表5 狗獾微卫星在基因组不同区域的数量及分布特征
Table 5 Characterization of the number and distribution of microsatellites in different regions of Meles meles
| 指标 Index | 基因区 Genetic region | 基因间区 Intergenic region | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 编码区 CDS | 非翻译区 Untranslated | 外显子 Exon | 内含子 Intron | ||
| 数量 Counts | 1 724 | 7 274 | 9 427 | 390 137 | 595 769 |
| 丰度 Abundance/(loci/Mb) | 48.40 | 290.16 | 149.63 | 385.22 | 347.04 |
图3 狗獾基因区及上下游微卫星丰度分布. 横坐标1 ~ 13分别表示基因上游500 bp、第一外显子、第一内含子、第二外显子、第二内含子、中间左边外显子、中间内含子、中间右边外显子、倒数第二内含子、倒数第二外显子、倒数第一内含子、倒数第一外显子、基因下游500 bp
Fig. 3 The microsatellite abundance in gene regions and upstream and downstream regions of Meles meles. Horizontal coordinates 1 - 13 indicated upstream 500 bp, exon 1, intron 1, exon 2, intron 2, mid left exon, mid intron, mid right exon intron reverse 2, exon reverse 2, intron reverse 1, exon reverse 1, downstream 500 bp, respectively
图4 狗獾编码区含有微卫星的基因GO功能分类. B:生物过程;C:细胞组分;M:分子功能
Fig. 4 GO functional classification of microsatellite-containing genes in the coding region of Meles meles. B: Biological process; C: Cellular component; M: Molecular function
图5 狗獾编码区含有微卫星的基因KEGG富集. A:环境信息处理;B:人类疾病;C:细胞过程;D:遗传信息处理;E:代谢;F:生物体系统
Fig. 5 The KEGG enrichment of microsatellite in the coding region of Meles meles. A: Environmental information processing; B: Human diseases; C: Cell process; D: Genetic information processing; E: Metabolism; F: Organismal systems
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