兽类学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (5): 621-637.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151183
• 综述 • 下一篇
收稿日期:2026-01-16
接受日期:2026-05-14
出版日期:2026-09-30
发布日期:2026-10-12
通讯作者:
胡义波
作者简介:袁子雨(1998- ),女,硕士,主要从事哺乳动物肠道微生物组研究.
基金资助:
Ziyu YUAN1,2, Yixin LIU2, Yibo HU2,3(
)
Received:2026-01-16
Accepted:2026-05-14
Online:2026-09-30
Published:2026-10-12
Contact:
Yibo HU
摘要:
鼬超科(Musteloidea)是食肉目中物种、形态与生态适应分化显著的类群之一,涵盖肉食的鼬科(Mustelidae)、以杂食为主的浣熊科(Procyonidae)和臭鼬科(Mephitidae),以及专性植食的小熊猫科(Ailuridae)。其在食性和栖息环境上的显著分化,为探讨动物宿主相关因子与肠道微生物组结构和功能之间的关系提供了重要的研究体系。尽管基于16S rRNA基因扩增子测序、宏基因组测序及多组学整合的研究逐渐增多,但针对鼬超科动物肠道微生物组的系统性认识仍然有限,现有研究总体呈现出零散和碎片化的特点。本文主要综述了近年来鼬超科动物肠道微生物组研究的主要进展,分别从鼬科、浣熊科、臭鼬科和小熊猫科的研究现状出发,总结其肠道微生物组的结构与功能特征,旨在为后续开展更深入、系统的相关研究提供参考框架。
中图分类号:
袁子雨, 刘一心, 胡义波. 鼬超科动物肠道微生物组研究进展与展望[J]. 兽类学报, 2026, 46(5): 621-637.
Ziyu YUAN, Yixin LIU, Yibo HU. Research progress and prospect on gut microbiome in Musteloidea[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 46(5): 621-637.
图1 鼬超科动物系统发育关系示意图. 系统发育树基于Nyakatura等(2012)构建的食肉目物种级超级树,从该研究提供的Newick格式树文件中提取鼬超科所属的支系,并去除了其他无关类群.处理操作使用MEGA12完成,以更清晰地展示目标类群的拓扑结构
Fig.1 Schematic phylogenetic relationships of Musteloidea. The phylogeny was derived from the species-level Carnivora supertree published by Nyakatura et al.(2012). The Musteloidea clade was extracted from the original Newick-format tree and all unrelated taxa were pruned. Tree pruning was performed using MEGA 12 to clearly present the topology of the target group
科 Family | 中、英文名 Chinese,English common name | 物种或亚种名 Species or subspecies | 濒危等级 Endangered status | 文献数量 Literature quantity | 测序类型 Sequencing type | 样本类型 Sample type | 样本来源 Sample resource |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
鼬科 Mustelidae | 美洲水貂 American mink | Neogale vison | LC | 12 | 16S扩增子、宏病毒组 16S amplicon,metaviromic | 粪便、肠道内容物、 肠黏膜、直肠拭子 Feces,intestinal contents, intestinal mucosa,rectal swab | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive |
雪貂 Domestic ferret | Mustela putorius furo | / | 5 | 16S扩增子、宏基因组、ITS 16S amplicon,metagenomic,ITS amplicon | 粪便、直肠拭子 Feces,rectal swab | 圈养 Captive | |
紫貂 Sable | Martes zibellina | LC | 4 | 16S扩增子、宏基因组 16S amplicon,metagenomic | 粪便 Feces | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive | |
美洲松貂 American marten | Martes americana | LC | 1 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 肠道内容物 Intestinal contents | 野外 Wild | |
欧洲水貂 European mink | Mustela lutreola | CR | 3 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 粪便、肠道内容物 Feces,intestinal contents | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive | |
黑足鼬 Black-footed ferret | Mustela nigripes | EN | 1 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 粪便 Feces | 圈养 Captive | |
欧亚水獭 Eurasian otter | Lutra lutra | NT | 6 | 宏基因组 metagenomic | 粪便 Feces | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive | |
新热带水獭 Neotropical otter | Lontra longicaudis | NT | 2 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 粪便 Feces | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive | |
北美水獭 North American river otter | Lontra canadensis | LC | 2 | 16S扩增子、宏基因组 16S amplicon,metagenomic | 粪便、肠道内容物 Feces,intestinal contents | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive | |
海獭 Sea otter | Enhydra lutris | EN | 1 | 16S扩增子、宏基因组 16S amplicon,metagenomic | 粪便、直肠拭子 Feces, rectal swab | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive | |
亚洲小爪水獭 Asian small-clawed otter | Aonyx cinereus | VU | 2 | 16S扩增子、宏基因组 16S amplicon,metagenomic | 粪便 Feces | 圈养 Captive | |
巨獭 giant otter | Pteronura brasiliensis | EN | 1 | 16S扩增子、宏基因组 16S amplicon,metagenomic | 粪便 Feces | 圈养 Captive | |
亚洲狗獾 Asian badger | Meles leucurus | LC | 1 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 肠道内容物 Intestinal contents | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive | |
欧洲狗獾 European badger | Meles meles | LC | 1 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 肠道内容物 Intestinal contents | 野外 Wild | |
日本狗獾 Japanese badger | Meles anakuma | LC | 1 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 肠道内容物 Intestinal contents | 野外 Wild | |
臭鼬科 Mephitidae | 西部斑臭鼬 Western spotted skunk | Spilogale gracilis | LC | 2 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 肛周拭子 Perianal swab | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive |
条纹臭鼬 Striped skunk | Mephitis mephitis | LC | 1 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 粪便 Feces | 圈养 Captive | |
浣熊科 Procyonidae | 北美浣熊 Northern raccoon | Procyon lotor | LC | 2 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 粪便、肠道内容物 Feces, intestinal contents | 野外 Wild |
小熊猫科 Ailuridae | 中华小熊猫 Chinese red panda | Ailurus styani | EN | 23 | 16S扩增子、宏基因组、 宏病毒组、ITS 16S amplicon,metagenomic,metaviromic,ITS amplicon | 粪便 Feces | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive |
表1 鼬超科动物肠道微生物组研究信息汇总
Table 1 Summary of research information on Musteloidea gut microbiome
科 Family | 中、英文名 Chinese,English common name | 物种或亚种名 Species or subspecies | 濒危等级 Endangered status | 文献数量 Literature quantity | 测序类型 Sequencing type | 样本类型 Sample type | 样本来源 Sample resource |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
鼬科 Mustelidae | 美洲水貂 American mink | Neogale vison | LC | 12 | 16S扩增子、宏病毒组 16S amplicon,metaviromic | 粪便、肠道内容物、 肠黏膜、直肠拭子 Feces,intestinal contents, intestinal mucosa,rectal swab | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive |
雪貂 Domestic ferret | Mustela putorius furo | / | 5 | 16S扩增子、宏基因组、ITS 16S amplicon,metagenomic,ITS amplicon | 粪便、直肠拭子 Feces,rectal swab | 圈养 Captive | |
紫貂 Sable | Martes zibellina | LC | 4 | 16S扩增子、宏基因组 16S amplicon,metagenomic | 粪便 Feces | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive | |
美洲松貂 American marten | Martes americana | LC | 1 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 肠道内容物 Intestinal contents | 野外 Wild | |
欧洲水貂 European mink | Mustela lutreola | CR | 3 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 粪便、肠道内容物 Feces,intestinal contents | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive | |
黑足鼬 Black-footed ferret | Mustela nigripes | EN | 1 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 粪便 Feces | 圈养 Captive | |
欧亚水獭 Eurasian otter | Lutra lutra | NT | 6 | 宏基因组 metagenomic | 粪便 Feces | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive | |
新热带水獭 Neotropical otter | Lontra longicaudis | NT | 2 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 粪便 Feces | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive | |
北美水獭 North American river otter | Lontra canadensis | LC | 2 | 16S扩增子、宏基因组 16S amplicon,metagenomic | 粪便、肠道内容物 Feces,intestinal contents | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive | |
海獭 Sea otter | Enhydra lutris | EN | 1 | 16S扩增子、宏基因组 16S amplicon,metagenomic | 粪便、直肠拭子 Feces, rectal swab | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive | |
亚洲小爪水獭 Asian small-clawed otter | Aonyx cinereus | VU | 2 | 16S扩增子、宏基因组 16S amplicon,metagenomic | 粪便 Feces | 圈养 Captive | |
巨獭 giant otter | Pteronura brasiliensis | EN | 1 | 16S扩增子、宏基因组 16S amplicon,metagenomic | 粪便 Feces | 圈养 Captive | |
亚洲狗獾 Asian badger | Meles leucurus | LC | 1 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 肠道内容物 Intestinal contents | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive | |
欧洲狗獾 European badger | Meles meles | LC | 1 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 肠道内容物 Intestinal contents | 野外 Wild | |
日本狗獾 Japanese badger | Meles anakuma | LC | 1 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 肠道内容物 Intestinal contents | 野外 Wild | |
臭鼬科 Mephitidae | 西部斑臭鼬 Western spotted skunk | Spilogale gracilis | LC | 2 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 肛周拭子 Perianal swab | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive |
条纹臭鼬 Striped skunk | Mephitis mephitis | LC | 1 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 粪便 Feces | 圈养 Captive | |
浣熊科 Procyonidae | 北美浣熊 Northern raccoon | Procyon lotor | LC | 2 | 16S扩增子 16S amplicon | 粪便、肠道内容物 Feces, intestinal contents | 野外 Wild |
小熊猫科 Ailuridae | 中华小熊猫 Chinese red panda | Ailurus styani | EN | 23 | 16S扩增子、宏基因组、 宏病毒组、ITS 16S amplicon,metagenomic,metaviromic,ITS amplicon | 粪便 Feces | 野外、圈养 Wild,captive |
图2 鼬超科动物肠道微生物组研究信息图示. A:不同研究方法类型在鼬超科4个宿主科(Mustelidae、Ailuridae、Procyonidae、Mephitidae)中的文献构成.环形扇区表示研究方法类别(16S、宏基因组、16S & 宏基因组、非测序方法),扇区内不同颜色表示对应宿主科的贡献,括号内为该方法类别纳入文献数(n);B:4个宿主科的研究数量与物种覆盖度. 柱形高度表示纳入文献数(左轴),折线与点表示物种覆盖度(右轴). 物种覆盖度定义为某宿主科在纳入研究中被报道的物种数除以该科现生物种总数(示于点旁分数,如15/54)
Fig.2 Overview infographic of gut microbiome studies in Musteloidea. A: Composition of included studies by methodological category across host families (Mustelidae, Ailuridae, Procyonidae, and Mephitidae). The ring sectors represent methodological categories (16S amplicon sequencing, metagenomics, 16S & metagenomics, and non-sequencing methods), and colored segments within each sector indicate the contribution of each host family. Numbers in parentheses denote the number of included studies (n). B: Study counts and species coverage across host families. Bar height indicates the number of studies (left axis), and the line and points indicate species coverage (right axis), defined as the number of unique host species represented in included studies divided by the total number of extant species in that host family (shown as fractions, e.g., 15/54)
类群 Taxon | 食性类型 Dietary category | 栖息环境 Habitat type | 主要菌群特征 Major microbiome features | 参考文献 References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
貂属 Martes | 肉食 Carnivore | 陆栖 Terrestrial | 拟杆菌属、巴恩斯氏菌属、副拟杆菌属、布劳特菌属 Bacteroides, Barnesiella, Parabacteroides, Blautia | |
鼬属 Mustela | 肉食 Carnivore | 陆栖 Terrestrial | 梭菌属、埃希氏菌属-志贺菌属复合群、副梭菌属 Clostridium, Escherichia‐Shigella complex, Paeniclostridium | |
美洲鼬属 Neogale | 肉食 Carnivore | 水栖 Aqutic | 梭菌科、消化链球菌科 Clostridiaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae | |
水獭亚科 Lutrinae | 肉食 Carnivore | 水栖 Aqutic | 微泡菌属、芽孢八叠球菌属、螺杆菌属 Microbulbifer, Sporosarcina, Helicobacter | |
狗獾属 Meles | 杂食 Omnivore | 陆栖 Terrestrial | 埃希氏菌属-志贺菌属复合群、链球菌属、肠球菌属、隆鲍特菌属、土孢杆菌属 Escherichia‐Shigella complex, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Romboutsia, Terrisporobacter | |
浣熊科 Procyonidae | 杂食 Omnivore | 陆栖 Terrestrial | 梭菌属、拟杆菌属、螺杆菌属、梭杆菌属、埃希氏菌属-志贺菌属复合群 Clostridium, Bacteroides, Helicobacter, Fusobacterium, Escherichia‐Shigella complex | |
臭鼬科 Mephitidae | 杂食 Omnivore | 陆栖 Terrestrial | 动弯杆菌属、柯林斯菌属、厌氧球菌属、隐秘杆菌属、嗜胨菌属、 弯曲杆菌属 Mobiluncus, Collinsella, Anaerococcus, Arcanobacterium, Peptoniphilus, Campylobacter | |
小熊猫科 Ailuridae | 植食 Herbivore | 陆栖 Terrestrial | 埃希氏菌属-志贺菌属复合群、梭菌属、链球菌属 Escherichia‐Shigella complex, Clostridium, Streptococcus |
表2 鼬超科肠道微生物组整体特征汇总
Table 2 Summary of gut microbiome characteristics in Musteloidea
类群 Taxon | 食性类型 Dietary category | 栖息环境 Habitat type | 主要菌群特征 Major microbiome features | 参考文献 References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
貂属 Martes | 肉食 Carnivore | 陆栖 Terrestrial | 拟杆菌属、巴恩斯氏菌属、副拟杆菌属、布劳特菌属 Bacteroides, Barnesiella, Parabacteroides, Blautia | |
鼬属 Mustela | 肉食 Carnivore | 陆栖 Terrestrial | 梭菌属、埃希氏菌属-志贺菌属复合群、副梭菌属 Clostridium, Escherichia‐Shigella complex, Paeniclostridium | |
美洲鼬属 Neogale | 肉食 Carnivore | 水栖 Aqutic | 梭菌科、消化链球菌科 Clostridiaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae | |
水獭亚科 Lutrinae | 肉食 Carnivore | 水栖 Aqutic | 微泡菌属、芽孢八叠球菌属、螺杆菌属 Microbulbifer, Sporosarcina, Helicobacter | |
狗獾属 Meles | 杂食 Omnivore | 陆栖 Terrestrial | 埃希氏菌属-志贺菌属复合群、链球菌属、肠球菌属、隆鲍特菌属、土孢杆菌属 Escherichia‐Shigella complex, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Romboutsia, Terrisporobacter | |
浣熊科 Procyonidae | 杂食 Omnivore | 陆栖 Terrestrial | 梭菌属、拟杆菌属、螺杆菌属、梭杆菌属、埃希氏菌属-志贺菌属复合群 Clostridium, Bacteroides, Helicobacter, Fusobacterium, Escherichia‐Shigella complex | |
臭鼬科 Mephitidae | 杂食 Omnivore | 陆栖 Terrestrial | 动弯杆菌属、柯林斯菌属、厌氧球菌属、隐秘杆菌属、嗜胨菌属、 弯曲杆菌属 Mobiluncus, Collinsella, Anaerococcus, Arcanobacterium, Peptoniphilus, Campylobacter | |
小熊猫科 Ailuridae | 植食 Herbivore | 陆栖 Terrestrial | 埃希氏菌属-志贺菌属复合群、梭菌属、链球菌属 Escherichia‐Shigella complex, Clostridium, Streptococcus |
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