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Catalogue of mammals in China (2024) WEI Fuwen, YANG Qisen, WU Yi, JIANG Xuelong, LIU Shaoying, HU Yibo, GE Deyan, LI Baoguo, YANG Guang, LI Ming, ZHOU Jiang, LI Song, LI Sheng, YU Wenhua, CHEN Bingyao, ZHANG Zejun, ZHOU Caiquan, WU Shibao, ZHANG Li, CHEN Zhongzheng, CHEN Shunde, DENG Huaiqing, JIANG Tinglei, ZHANG Libiao, SHI Hongyan, LU Xueli, LI Quan, LIU Zhu, CUI Yaqian, LI Yuchun, HE Kai ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (1): 1-16.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151039 Abstract （7476）   HTML （221）    PDF（pc） （1493KB）（5170）       Knowledge map    Save Following the publication of the ‘Catalogue of mammals in China (2021)’and the release of Taxonomy and Distribution of Mammals in China, the mammalian catalogue of China has garnered significant attention from researchers worldwide. This surge in attention is primarily attributed to significant national research projects, such as the Second Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program, which have facilitated further exploration of China’s biodiversity and enhanced our understanding of the mammalian fauna. Between 2022 and 2024, a series of new mammalian species have been established, augmenting the 2022 catalogue by 42 species. In order to present a comprehensive overview of the valid mammalian taxa in China, we hereby present an updated edition of the ‘Catalogue of mammals in China (2024)’. The documentation conducted until the end of December 2024 revealed a total of 58 families, en-compassing 263 genera and comprising 736 valid mammalian species in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress on ecosystem services provided by bats LIU Yingying, FENG Jiang, JIANG Tinglei ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (2): 137-151.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151009 Abstract （2055）   HTML （18）    PDF（pc） （3126KB）（1362）       Knowledge map    Save Bats play multifaceted roles in ecosystems, profoundly impacting both the environment and human societies through their diverse ecosystem services. This review aims to summarize the current status and future prospects of studies concerning bat ecosystem services, with particular emphasis on their roles in provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. In terms of provisioning services, bats provide valuable resources for agriculture and medicine, particularly bat guano (known as‘Ye Mingsha’), which is an important component in traditional Chinese medicine and can also serve as an efficient organic fertilizer that significantly improves soil quality and crop yields. Additionally, some biological characteristics of bats, such as anticoagulant proteins and antiviral compounds in their saliva, provide an essential basis for new drug development, driving innovation in biotechnology and medicine. In regulating services, insectivorous bats not only reduce agricultural pest populations and pesticide use but also create a‘landscape of fear’through predation risks, altering prey behavior and physiology, thereby further reducing their fitness. Frugivorous bats contribute to plant pollination and seed dispersal, improving crop production sustainability and enhancing ecosystem health. In cultural services, the image of bats holds significant symbolic meaning in both Eastern and Western cultures and contributes to local economies through eco-tourism. In supporting services, bats maintain ecosystem health and stability through seed dispersal, plant pollination, and nutrient cycling. The review also anticipates future research directions, underscoring the importance of protecting bats and their ecosystem services to address challenges posed by global environmental changes and to promote sustainable development in human societies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preliminary study on the diversity of medium and large-sized mammals and pheasants at Chuxiong sub-region, Yunnan Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve YIN Guanghua, QIN Zhongyi, LUO Wenfu, LU Lixiong, LI Han, GAO Wenjun, XU Ping, LI Qianen, YIN Cunquan, LI Genhui, ZHANG Zhiqiang, LI Yuwu, LIU Dong, JI-ANG Xuelong, LI Xueyou ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 237-246.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150751 Abstract （2024）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （4717KB）（772）       Knowledge map    Save Between March 2020 and May 2022, we conducted a systematic camera-trapping survey to understand the diversity of medium and large-sized mammals and pheasants at Chuxiong Prefecture sub-region of Yunnan Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve. We set 153 camera traps along 1 km ×1 km grids, with a total trapping effort of 59 623 days, which yielded 9 309 independent records of wildlife species. A total of 23 medium and large-sized terrestrial mammals and seven pheasant species were observed: 14 families of 5 orders for mammals and 1 family of 1 order for pheasants. Of which, three and 14 species were listed as Class One and Class Two protected species respectively by the Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus vaginalis, RAI = 7. 52), tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus, RAI = 2. 43),wild boar (Susscrofa, RAI = 2. 39), macaque(Macaca mulatta, RAI = 2. 26) and Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura, RAI = 2. 16). Species rank-abundance curve showed that species in the first three ranks were the northern red muntjac, wild boar, and silver pheasant Lophura nycthemera, which together contributed to 65% of the accumulative abundance of the whole community. In addition, our camera-trapping survey recorded numerous human-related inerference such as livestock grazing, indicating that the reserve is under some levels of anthropogenic disturbance. Overall, our first systematic camera-trapping survey provides basic information on the diversity of medium and large-sized mammals and pheasants at Chuxiong Prefecture sub-region of Yunnan Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve. Such knowledge is important for local wildlife biodiversity management and conservation. Wildlife Conservation Law. The five species with the highest relative abundance indices (RAI) were the northern red Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Two new species of genus Crocidura(Eulipotyphla: Soricidae) from Xizang, China CHEN Shunde, YANG Siyu, QING Jiao, FAN Ronghui, TANG Keyi, LIAO Rui, GUO Keji, ZHANG Mengfei, WU Nanfei, LIU Shaoying ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (5): 529-550.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150612 Abstract （1671）   HTML （55）    PDF（pc） （82057KB）（407）       Knowledge map    Save Crocidura is the most speciose mammalian genus. The taxonomy of Chinese taxa remains controversial and unexplored. In this study, a total of 189 specimens of eight large-sized white-toothed shrews (mean condyloincisor length > 19.5 cm) were collected in China, including C. attenuata, C. tanakae, C. anhuiensis, C. dracula, C. lasiura, C. pullata and two undescribed species (Crocidura sp. 1 and Crocidura sp. 3) from Xizang, China. Their fur, skull and tooth morphology were compared with each other. A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to assess morphological variation, including cranial characters, on 14 measurements among six Crocidura species and the two undescribed species. A canonical discriminant analysis was also computed for these specimens. For further comparison, we retrieved Cyt b sequences from GenBank, which included 86 Crocidura species from China and adjacent areas. BEAST was used for Byesian Inference (BI) analyses for these Crocidura species and a general mixed Yule-coalescent model (GMYC) was used to delineate species boundaries. Two undescribed species (Crocidura sp. 1 and Crocidura sp. 3) are recognized based on morphological and molecular evidence from Zhada County of Xizang (Western China) and Motuo County of Xizang, respectively. The two new Crocidura species are described as Crocidura zhadaensis Chen, Wu et Liu, sp. nov. and Crocidura medogensis Chen, Wu et Liu, sp. nov. The diagnostic characteristics of Crocidura zhadaensis are headbody length 69 ? 77 mm, tail length 49 ? 56 mm, and condyloincisive length 20.04 ? 20.74 mm. The hair is light in color, and the whole color is brown. Three quarters of the tail is covered with sparse white long hairs, and the tail ends form short hair bundles. Cranium is flattened. There are a pair of large oval foramen on the medial side of the inferior articular surface. Maxillary U3 was significantly greater than U2 in size. There is a small depression near the protocone of P4. The diagnostic characteristics of Crocidura medoensis are head-body length 67- 76 mm, tail length, 62-65 mm, condyloincisive length 20.33-22.21 mm. The body color is dark, the back hair is dark brown, and the belly hair is dark gray. The tail is long, often more than 85% of the head length. The cranium is full and the parietal bone is protuberant. The U1 is the largest, two times the height of U2 and U3. The lingual surface of hypocone of the M1 is extended, and appear a half-moon shape. The mastoid process is prominent. This article includes a taxonomic key to these species, which provides basic data for further clarifying the classification and species diversity of the genus Crocidura in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The distribution status, occupancy, and spatiotemporal pattern of large carnivores in Dingqing County, Xizang Autonomous Region LI Xueyang, HE Yanjin, CHEN Xier, Yiyan, HUANG Hong, DONG Zhengyi, Bianbazhaxi, ZHAO Xiang, SHI Xiangying, Lü Zhi ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (6): 681-694.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150943 Abstract （1633）   HTML （43）    PDF（pc） （8354KB）（364）       Knowledge map    Save The eastern and southern edges of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are among the regions with the highest diversity of large carnivores globally. Dingqing County, located on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in the Xizang Autonomous Region, is home to a variety of large carnivores yet lacks of systematic surveys. From 2020 to 2023, a camera trap survey was conducted in four areas in Dingqing County, covering 54 sites over 16 839 effective working days. Six large carnivore species were recorded during the survey, including gray wolf (Canis lupus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), leopard (Panthera pardus), snow leopard (P. uncia), and brown bear (Ursus arctos). Occupancy models were applied to the snow leopard and gray wolf, which had a higher number of independent captures, to explore the potential impacts of human activities and other environmental factors on their occupancy rates. The results showed that the average occupancy rate for snow leopards within the study area was 0. 66 ±0. 21, and for gray wolves 0. 33 ±0. 20. The occupancy rates for gray wolves were mainly influenced by ruggedness and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), while the occupancy rates for snow leopards were mainly influenced by NDVI and distance to road. The spatial and temporal niche overlap among large carnivores in Dingqing were estimated by the Pianka’s index and diel activity rhythm kernel density. Except for gray wolves and Eurasian lynxes (Pianka’s index = 0. 61), the spatial niche overlaps between other species were low (Pianka’s index ranged from 0. 00 to 0. 36). The activity rhythm overlap between snow leopards and gray wolves was 0. 91 (95% CI: 0. 86 - 0. 96, P= 0. 14), indicating high similarity of activity patterns, while significant differences in activity rhythms were observed between brown bears and both snow leopards (P= 0. 003) and gray wolves (P<0. 001). The separation of spatial and temporal niche may contribute to the maintenance of high large carnivore diversity in Dingqing. This study supplements the baseline information of large carnivores in Dingqing County, Xizang Autonomous Region, emphasizing the conservation importance of this area for its high diversity and providing information for the conservation and management design in the upper reaches of the Nujiang River through identifying important covariates of large carnivore occupancy rate and spatiotemporal analysis, laying the foundation for future biodiversity research and conservation efforts. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The current distribution and prediction of suitable habitat of dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Qilian Mountains, China LIU Yanlin, WANG Yidan, LI Yibin, YU Chenxing, WANG Zhonghua, HU Dazhi, MA Cunxin, WANG Dajun, LI Sheng ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (6): 749-761.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150969 Abstract （1600）   HTML （46）    PDF（pc） （28945KB）（354）       Knowledge map    Save Since the mid-20th Century, the population size and distribution range of dholes (Cuon alpinus) in China have dramatically decreased, and a lack of knowledge of their current distribution status has become a key obstacle to be ur‐gently resolved in order to develop specific conservation planning and action. The occurrence of dholes has been frequently reported in recent years in the Qilian Mountains, the largest mountain system on the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. To determine the current distribution status of dholes in the Qilian Mountains, we systematically compiled information on dhole occurrences based on camera-trapping surveys and direct observation reports from 2016 to 2024. We predicted the habitat suitability for dholes in the Qilian Mountains using an ensemble species distribution model by incorporating 24 environmental variables across four categories. The results showed that a total of 90 confirmed dhole occurrence locations were collected, among which 61 and 29 locations are inside and outside Qilianshan National Park (Pilot site), respectively. Within the national park, the Jiuquan section had the most locations (n= 38), followed by Zhangye section (n= 18), while the Qinghai section had only 5 locations. The ensemble model (AUC = 0. 974, TSS = 0. 864) showed that the total area of suitable habitat for dholes in the Qilian Mountains was about 1. 06×105km2, mainly distributed along the border between Gansu and Qinghai provinces, as well as in Zongwulong Mountain of Qinghai Province. The total area of suitable habitat within the Qilianshan National Park (Pilot site) was 3. 91×104 km2. Ruggedness, density of livestock, and annual mean temperature were the most important factors influencing the habitat suitability of dholes. Compared with the range maps provided by IUCN, we confirm and refine the distribution of dholes in the Qilian Mountains, thereby filling a key knowledge gap. The mountains around the Subei County in Gansu Province, and the Zongwulong Mountain, Datong Mountain and Tolai Mountain in Qinghai Province currently lack dhole surveys, which requires specific attention in future investigations. We recommend adopting a dual flagship species conservation strategy that emphasizes both snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and dholes in the future construction of the Qilianshan National Park to promote comprehensive surveys and effective protection of the dholes. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Ontogeny and the influencing factors of bite force and feeding rate of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) SUN Mengmeng, YAN Xiao, LI Feng, TANG Yong, ZHANG Xinxing, DONG Chao, HUANG Shengjie, ZHENG Yuanming, LUO Yong, ZHOU Shiqiang ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 135-145.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150781 Abstract （1555）   HTML （37）    PDF（pc） （3796KB）（1463）       Knowledge map    Save The biting ability of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) holds significant importance in terms of food acquisition and male-male competition. Their distinctive dietary preferences and masticatory system render them an ideal species for investigating bite forces. Nevertheless, current studies have predominantly relied on theoretical assessments derived from panda skull morphology, with no empirical animal experimentation conducted. The present study designed a force transducer specifically tailored for giant pandas, and measured body weight, bite forces, and feeding rate in a sample of 46 individuals from various age groups, with a particular focus on juvenile development. The results showed that bite forces at the tip of the incisor of juvenile giant pandas increased rapidly during the dental transitional period, as well as the feeding rate of bamboo shoots. At the end of the dental transitional phase, the bite forces exerted at the incisor point of juvenile giant pandas continued to display a growing trend, albeit at a decelerated rate. Concurrently, the feeding rate reached a state of equilibrium. The utilization of a logistic model revealed that age explains 87.56% of the variance observed in the feeding rate among juvenile pandas. As for the comparisons of age groups, the median bite force value exhibited an upward trajectory in tandem with increasing age. The bite force of 8-month to 12-month age group was significantly lower than the bite forces of all the other age groups; the bite force of 13-month to 18-month age group was significantly lower than those of sub-adult, adults and geriatric group; however, there was no significant difference between the latter three groups. The adult group has the highest feeding rate of bamboo shoots and carrots, followed successively by the sub-adult group, the geriatric groups and the juvenile group. In summary, our study confirmed for the first time the feasibility of measuring bite forces of giant pandas by using force transducer, recorded the developmental process of bite forces and feeding rate of juvenile giant pandas during the dental transitional period, and discussed the effect of age on bite forces and feeding rate, all of which laying a good foundation for future work of giant pandas’ feeding ecology. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Amur tiger and leopard and their ungulate prey show differentiated spatiotemporal responses to human disturbances in the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park LI Zichen, ZHOU Yutong, CAO Ranxing, JIA Kangning, MAI Xiaotong, FENG Jiawei, WANG Tianming ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (6): 665-680.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150992 Abstract （1455）   HTML （82）    PDF（pc） （13474KB）（530）       Knowledge map    Save Human disturbances may disrupt carnivores coexistence in work landscapes, potentially triggering cascading influences in ecological communities. Responses in spatial and temporal behaviors to human activities can highlight species’survival strategies to maximize fitness. This study aims to quantify how human influences (e. g., peoples, vehicles, domestic dogs and livestock) may reshape Northeast China wildlife behaviour and their consequences for temporal interactions of predate-prey. We used a large dataset of 9 409 independent animals (tiger Panthera tigris, leopard P. pardus and their major ungulate prey) and human records from 23 831 camera nights at 107 camera trap sites in the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park, from which we assessed the role of human in structuring community, guildand species-level diel activity. We assessed the effects of human disturbances on wildlife behavior and compared temporal overlap among tigers, leopards and their ungulate prey, at sites of high and low disturbance, as determined by the human relative abundance index. Human detections corresponded to 66% of all detections at high-disturbance sites and 5% of all detections at low-disturbance sites. Tigers, leopards, and their main ungulate prey use different spatial and temporal strategies in response to human disturbances. At sites of high disturbance, nocturnal and crepuscular tigers significantly increased their activity, but significantly decreased overlap with the human’s temporal niche to release from interference competition. For all species and large carnivores, there is a significant net effect of disturbance increasing nocturnality. There is also high variation among species; specifically, disturbances drive significant shifts away from diurnality for tigers, while roe deer Capreolus pygargus, and wild boars Sus scrofa become more diurnal. Compared to less disturbed forests, temporal overlap of top-predators and prey decreases in higher disturbed forests, notably among sika deer, wild boar and top-predators. This study provides insights into the responses of threatened large carnivores (tiger and leopard) to humans in a newly established national park. These differences in response to human disturbances among large carnivores and major prey highlighted the variation in temporal behaviors animals can use to exist in anthropogenic environments. Our findings can help in predicting how a species will respond to future change based on their current temporal behavior. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The activity rhythm and space utilization among six species of ungulates in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China HAN Yimin, XIAO Mei, HE Mengnan, LI Mingfu, HOU Rong, WU Pengcheng, HE Fang, SHEN Limin, HU Jie, CHEN Peng ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (5): 598-610.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150844 Abstract （1414）   HTML （29）    PDF（pc） （5999KB）（1117）       Knowledge map    Save Understanding the temporal and spatial distribution of sympatric species with similar niches is a primary focus in community ecology research. In this study, infrared camera technology was used for monitoring large and medium mammals in the forest ecosystem of Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China, from January to December 2021. A total of 82 camera-trap sites were deployed, resulting in a total of 18 710 days of camera workdays. Kernel density estimation and occupation model were used to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of the six ungulates in the reserve during the cold and warm seasons. The results showed that the daily activity rhythms of the tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) and the Reeves’s muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) showed a high degree of overlap (? ≥ 0.80) in both seasons, while the Chinese takin (Budorcas tibetana), Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus), Chinese serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii), and wild boar (Sus scrofa) exhibited moderate overlap (? value between 0.50 and 0.80). The daily activity patterns of the tufted deer, Reeves’s muntjac, Chinese goral, Chinese takin, and wild boar were bimodal, with cre puscular tendencies, whereas the Chinese serow displayed a predominantly nocturnal and multimodal activity pattern. In the cold season, the Chinese takin had the highest occupancy rate (0.70), while in the warm season, the Chinese goral had the highest occupancy rate (0.96). The Chinese serow had the lowest occupancy rates in both seasons, at 0.18 and 0.19, respectively. Elevation, slope, slope direction, distance to water source, and distance from road were significant factors influencing the spatial distributions of these six ungulate species. The study demonstrates that activity rhythms and spatial utilization of the six ungulate species in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve exhibit seasonal differences. These findings provide preliminary insights into the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of ungulate species in different seasons, offering a scientific basis for the formulation of targeted conservation management strategies in this region. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on genetic diversity and global distribution pattern of feline species Lü Zelong, LI Kexin, HU Yibo ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (6): 795-803.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150957 Abstract （1392）   HTML （30）    PDF（pc） （9114KB）（380）       Knowledge map    Save Felids play a crucial role in maintaining the ecosystem balance. Due to the impacts of the factors including human activities and habitat fragmentation, the population sizes of wild feline species significantly decreased and their genetic diversity has rapidly been lost. To explore and compare the genetic evolutionary potential of different wild feline species, this study collected the published data of population genetic diversity based on three genetic markers–D-loop, CYTB and microsatellites and evaluated the genetic diversity levels of feline species. Combining with the feline geographical distribution data, we analyzed the spatial distribution pattern of feline genetic diversity. The results showed that 19 species had population-level genetic diversity data among 40 wild feline species. Specifically, 17 species were studied based on microsatellite marker, 10 species based on CYTB marker, and 3 species based on D-loop marker. Iberian lynx has the lowest population genetic diversity, and pampas cat and leopard have the highest population genetic diversity. Furthermore, wild feline species in middle and southern South America, southern and eastern Africa, and Indian peninsula have higher genetic diversity, while wild feline species in northern North America and northwestern China have lower genetic diversity. In addition, the results also demonstrated that the population genetic diversity based on CYTB and microsatellite is positively correlated with the species diversity. This study evaluated the population genetic di‐versity levels and the spatial pattern in feline species, which provides scientific guidance for genetic diversity conservation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Individual identification and genetic diversity of Eurasian otters based on microsatellite markers ZHENG Kaidan, WANG Qiaoyun, FAN Pengfei, HAN Xuesong, XIAO Mei, SHEN Limin, DONG Zhengyi, ZHANG Lu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 146-158.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150814 Abstract （1348）   HTML （19）    PDF（pc） （4834KB）（957）       Knowledge map    Save Population size and genetic diversity are important basic information for threatened species conservation. As a Class II protected animal, Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) was once widely distributed in China, but has experienced severe population decline and range shrinkage over the 20th century. However, only a few studies have been conducted on Eurasian otters in China. Basic research such as population surveys and genetic diversity studies are urgently needed. We collected 270 otter spraints for DNA extraction during 2019-2020 in Yushu City, Qinghai Province and Qingchuan County, Guangyuan City, Sichuan Province. We used 9 microsatellite loci and the SRY gene to genotype individuals and identify sex. Then we estimated the sizes of the two populations based on individual identification and noninvasive capturerecapture method (Capwire). We also assessed their genetic diversity based on the nine microsatellite markers. We successfully genotyped 67 spraints (24. 8%) with 7 - 9 microsatellites and identified 40 otter individuals. Among them, 10 were from Yushu and 30 were from Qingchuan, with a sex ratio of 4F/5M and 15F/14M respectively. Sex identification failed for two individuals. The estimated population of otters within our study area was 13 (95% CI: 7 - 21) in Yushu City and 75 (95% CI: 59-133) in Qingchuan County. The average observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) of the Yushu population were 0. 680 and 0. 611, while those of the Qingchuan population were 0. 664 and 0. 658, revealing a moderate genetic diversity. Otters in Yushu and Qingchuan have been differentiated significantly (FST = 0. 238) and no significant inbreeding was found in both populations (FIS: Yushu -0. 121, Qingchuan -0. 010). As the first study estimating population size and genetic diversity of Eurasian otters based on fecal DNA in Chinese mainland, our work provides important basic information for otter conservation in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Habitat suitability analysis of wolves (Canis lupus) in the Gongga Mountains, Sichuan Province QIAO Jiang, JI Pengzhen, LI Qian, QIAN Zongliang, LI Xuqin, RUAN Guangfa, JIANG Yong, WANG Jie ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (6): 762-770.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150946 Abstract （1333）   HTML （25）    PDF（pc） （15954KB）（177）       Knowledge map    Save Understanding the habitat use and distribution pattern of species is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies. This study presents 39 distribution sites of Canis lupus detected by infrared cameras from 2011 to 2023 in Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province. Using the MaxEnt model, we analyzed the suitable habitat of wolves in the Gongga Mountains and investigated the association between environmental features and wolf occurrence. The results showed that the suitable habitat area of wolves was 1 061 km2, with low, middle, and high suitable areas accounting for 9. 0%, 4. 1%, and 2. 2% of total area, respectively. The suitable habitat was primarily distributed on the western slope of Gongga Mountains in Kangding County, but was less prevalent in Jiulong, Luding, and Shimian counties. temperature annual range, distance to rivers, and aspect were the top three environmental variables contributing to the spatial distribution of wolves, and the cumulative contribution rate was 81. 6%. The model response area curves indicate that the most suitable habitat for wolves located in the shady gentle slopes with an annual temperature of 28. 5 - 30. 0 ℃, by the riverside, and at altitudes of 3 300 - 4 500 m, mainly covering subalpine coniferous forests and alpine scrub meadows. In addition, we recovered a large area of suitable habitat for wolves on the western side of Gongga Mountain Reserve, and we suggest that this area should be included in the monitoring scope during the special investi‐gation of wolves. Through periodic and systematic data collection, the role of wolves in maintaining the stability of ecosystem functioning can be effectively evaluated. It is worth noting that the balance of socio-economic development and wolf protection is also an issue that should be considered in the future. This study provides a theoretical framework for the long-term protection of wolves in the Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A preliminary study on the reproductive parameters and survival situation of Panthera pardus japonensis population in central Taihang Mountains, China ZHAO Ying, LIU Beibei, ZHEN Xin, MA Ziyu, HUANG Qiaowen, SONG Dazhao, SHEN Xiaoli, LI Sheng ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (6): 738-748.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150994 Abstract （1311）   HTML （30）    PDF（pc） （39671KB）（235）       Knowledge map    Save Panthera pardus japonensis is the top predator in the temperate montane forest ecosystem of North China and has critical ecological functions. In this study, we conducted a systematically designed camera-trapping survey on the wild population of Panthera pardus japonensis in central Taihang Mountains from 2016 to 2023. Based on the data collected from 332 camera stations with an extensive sampling effort of 416 242 camera-days, we summarized the breeding records and examined the reproductive parameters of this leopard population. The survey covered 191 sampling grid cells (4 km×4 km each), and a total of 5 065 independent detections of Panthera pardus japonensis were recorded, of which 261 were recognized as breeding events, including 17 following events between adult male and female, 5 mating events, and 243 cub-rearing events. A total of 57 adult female leopards (the minimum number of identifiable individuals) were identified, of which 24 female leopards gave birth to 43 litters, including 19 litters that were consecutive births. A total of 79 cubs were recorded as successfully leaving the den and dwelling with their mother. Among the cubs whose gender can be clearly identified (n= 29), the female to male sex ratio was 0. 93: 1. Male-female following events mainly occurred in winter and spring, while births were distributed throughout the year without distinct seasonality. The litter size was 1. 84 ±0. 74 (n= 43), the interval between successive births was 18. 83 ±9. 18 months (n= 19), and the age of females upon the first parturition was 4. 61 ±1. 62 years (n= 3). The cubs became independent at 11. 98 ±1. 93 months (n= 26), and 32. 6% of the juveniles remained within our study area for over 1 year after their independence. The results of Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that, the average survival duration of female and male cubs was 1 648 and 1 467 days, respectively, and the survival curve of males showed a steeper downward trend. For the first time, in this study we examined the reproductive parameters of Panthera pardus japonensis population based on long-term field survey data and observatory records. Future research shall further explore the underlying mechanisms of how human and natural factors affect the leopard’s reproductive and survival, and determine the key limiting factors. The results of these studies will provide scientific support and valuable guidance for formulating effective conservation strategies for this endangered big cat. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Population density, activity rhythm, and habitat utilization of hog badger Arctonyx albogularis in the Zhejiang Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve WANG Yang, LI Liang, ZHENG Nanzhong, YU Lin, TONG Genping, FU Wenyan, SONG Xiao, ZHAO Shanshan, XU Aichun ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (1): 49-59.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150854 Abstract （1300）   HTML （46）    PDF（pc） （3328KB）（364）       Knowledge map    Save As higher-level consumers in the ecosystem, medium-sized carnivores plays an important role in the function-ality, structure, and stability of the ecosystem. The hog badger (Arctonyx albogularis) is a medium-sized carnivore belonging to the Mustelidae family and occupies a high position in the food chain of forest ecosystems in East China. However, there is limited research on its population density, daily activity rhythm, and habitat utilization characteristics. Our study represents a three-year investigation in the Zhejiang Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve using infrared cameras. A total of 110 infrared cameras were deployed in the Qianqingtang and Longtangshan areas, accumulating 118 800 camera-days. Population density of hog badgers was estimated using the random encounter model (REM) and the daily activity rhythm of hog badgers and how it is affected by sympatric species was explored using the non-parametric kernel density index method. A single-species occupancy model was constructed to assess the habitat utilization characteristics of hog badgers. The results showed that the density of hog badgers in the Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve was 23. 26 ±2. 97 individuals per square kilometer, exhibiting seasonal and interannual variations. The daily activity rhythm of hog badgers indicated nocturnal and crepuscular behavior, differing significantly from the activity rhythms of Masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) and Chinese ferret-badger (Melogale moschata), but overlapping significantly with that of Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica). The occupancy model revealed that during the breeding season, hog badgers preferred to inhabit broad-leaved forests, coniferous forests, and mixed forests, with habitat utilization positively correlated with temperature. During the non-breeding season, hog badgers showed a preference for slopes with slight grades, locations closer to human settlements, and regions with higher temperatures. This study broadens the general understanding of the ecological features of wild hog badgers and the role of medium-sized carnivores in ecosystems, providing a scientific basis for their protection and management. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Spatiotemporal distribution of human-monkey conflict in Guiyang LI Yi, WANG Yikai, LUO Chang, YE Xiulin, WU Zhongrong, KUANG Zhongfan, ZHAO Xumao ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (4): 449-455.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150845 Abstract （1290）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （3549KB）（664）       Knowledge map    Save With the intensification of human activities, conflicts between humans and wildlife, especially those protected animals, are becoming one of the major concerns of conservation biology. Non-human primates are highly genetically like human. Non-human primates are highly genetically like humans and are prone to zoonotic diseases. Conflicts with humans can pose a series of serious safety issues. Based on this, we counted 2 000 human-monkey (macaque: Macaca mulatta) conflicts happened in Guiyang from 2014 to 2022. We found that (1) in all incidents, 83% are a group of 3-10 macaques (15% and 2% are one and two individuals, respectively), 60% are male, 10% are female bringing infant, and the remaining 30% could not distinguish between genders; and (2) human-macaque conflict mainly happened within a 10 km radius (0. 065-23. 5 km) centered around Qianlingshan Park, gradually decreasing towards the surrounding area in a diffusion pattern, and negatively with the distance to Qianlingshan Park (-0. 17, R2 = 0. 117). From 2014 to 2022, the overall trend of conflicts has raised, and mainly concentrated in January each year and scattered in other months. Because of the lack of natural enemy and feeding of humans, the population of Macaque in Qianlingshan Park grows rapidly, leading to diffusion to city around and robbery. This study revealed spatiotemporal distribution of human-monkey conflicts, which has a guiding meaning for alleviating conflicts between humans and monkeys. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of fostering methods on the growth and development of giant panda cubs with different birth weight WU Kai, LAI Jiaying, WEI Ming, ZHANG Yahui, ZENG Xianyin, WEI Rongping, CAO Xiao-han, HU Zhengquan, ZENG Wen, WANG Chengdong, KONG Fanli ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 217-223.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150705 Abstract （1280）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （2138KB）（965）       Knowledge map    Save In this study, 80 giant panda cubs born between 2012 and 2019 were selected to systematically study the effects of birth weight ([50, 100) g, n = 7; [100, 150) g, n = 25; [150, 200) g, n = 37; [200, 250) g, n = 11), fostering method (female feeding, n = 12; artificial feeding, n = 10; artificial and female alternate feeding, n = 58) and fetal litter size (single, n = 14, and twins, n = 66) on the growth and development of the cubs. We collected the daily gain, milk feeding amount, and eye and ear development during the early development of the cubs (from 0 to 120 days). The results showed that the birth weight of singleton pups was significantly higher than that of twin pups (P < 0. 05). We also found that the early growth and development of pups are closely related to their cub-fostering methods and birth weight (R2 > 0. 973 7). The greater the birth weight of the pups, the greater the growth rate. The lighter the birth weight of the cubs, the lower the shrinkage, but the higher ratio of shrinkage to its birth weight. In addition, the lighter the birth weight of pups, the lower the developmental status of their ears and eyes. In conclusion, our study provides a theoretical basis on the selection of and the improvement of cub-fostering methods for the giant panda. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preliminary survey of mammals and birds diversity using camera traps in Yaoshan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province ZHAO Chenguang, YANG Wei, ZHONG Qianjuan, WU Minghui, HU Longqin, DOU Wenli, WU Han, DUAN Yubao ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (5): 642-653.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150760 Abstract （1269）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （4180KB）（1526）       Knowledge map    Save In order to systematically access the species diversity of mammals and birds of Yaoshan National Nature Re serve in Yunnan Province, we deployed 71 infrared cameras from July 2020 to October 2021 in 1 km × 1 km grid area of the reserve according to the altitude zone. During the monitoring period, a total of 17 960 camera days resulted in 8 274 independent and valid photos, including 3 810 mammals, 2 958 birds, 829 livestock, and 677 people. A total of 20 spe cies of mammals, belonging to 6 orders and 12 families, and 72 species of birds, belonging to 7 orders and 20 families, were recorded. Among them, one species is listed as Class Ⅰ and 15 species as Class Ⅱ National Key Protected Wildlife in China, representing 17.39% of total species listed. The five most detected mammal species were Dremomys per nyi, Muntiacus vaginalis, Callosciuru serythraeus, Arctonyx collaris, and Sus scrofa. The five most detected bird species were Chrysolophus amherstiae, Tragopan temminckii, Trochalopteron elliotii, Erythrogenys gravivox, Myophonus caeruleus. Our survey detected 42 species of birds new to the reserve, including Scolopax rusticola, Psittiparus gularis, and Larvivora cyane, and 3 new species of mammals, Martes flavigula, Meles leucurus, and Petaurista caniceps. There are significant differences in bird diversity at different altitudes and habitats (P<0.01), but there are no differences be tween birds in different seasons (P>0.05), and there are significant differences between animals in different seasons (P<0.01). This study provides real image data of birds and mammals from Yaoshan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, not only updates the database of species diversity in this area but also provides an objective basis for scientific protection and precise management of the reserve. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Petaurista nobilis and Priapomys leonardi found in Xizang Autonomous Region of China LI Quan, LI Xueyou, ZENG Xiangle, BAI Haotian, Stephen Jackson, HU Zhechang, ZHU Zhongxu, WANG Siyuan, LUO Kang, LUO Jing, PU Mingjin, PU Changzhe, JIANG Xuelong ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (5): 574-586.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150923 Abstract （1246）   HTML （35）    PDF（pc） （83034KB）（193）       Knowledge map    Save Wildlife photographers and researchers from the Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Scienc es, collected specimens and photographs of Petaurista nobilis from Yadong and Cuona County and Priapomys leonardi from Bayi District, Motuo and Cuona County, Xizang Autonomous Region, China between 2022 and 2023. The pelage, skull, and teeth morphology of the P. nobilis specimens resemble those of P. n. singhei Saha, 1975, and they form the sister group of Petaurista mishmiensis based on the Cytochrome b gene phylogeny analysis, with the genetic distance of 1.85%. Considering the very small genetic distance, continuous distribution range, and similar habitats between P. nobilis and P. mishmiensis, this study recommends that Petaurista mishmiensis be recognized as a subspecies of Petaurista nobilis. The Priapomys leonardi specimens from Xizang are similar to the northwest Yunnan population in terms of pel age, skull, and teeth morphology. However, they are slightly smaller, and their penis glans differ significantly in length, diameter, and shape. Genetically, the Xizang population is a paraphyletic group including the northwest Yunnan popula tion, with a relatively small genetic distance (12S ribosomal RNA:0.45%–0.91%, 16S ribosomal RNA:0.31%–1.05%). The results presented the first recording of P. nobilis in China and Priapomys leonardi in Xizang Autonomous Region, China, and significantly expands the known range of these taxa, highlighting the need for increased monitoring and research of mammal biodiversity in the Himalayan region. Future surveys in the region will probably discover more new species and records. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of methionine contents in food on the gut microbiota of plateau pika DONG Xin, CHEN Huiqing, ZHANG Lu, SHANG Guozhen, WU Yan, BIAN Jianghui ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (4): 411-426.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150867 Abstract （1170）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （6784KB）（1014）       Knowledge map    Save The degradation of grasslands caused by overgrazing provides abundant protein food resources for the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) and changes in the content of essential amino acids (especially methionine) in the food can affect the host intestinal microbial community. In this study, plateau pikas were fed with 0. 26% and 0. 45% methionine diets according to the methionine content in their stomach contents in different degraded grasslands for 50 days. Collected feces were used for metagenomics and non-targeted metabolomics analysis to evaluate the effects of high methionine treatment on intestinal microbial communities and metabolites of plateau pika. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the α and β diversity of the intestinal microbial community of plateau pikas in the high methionine group compared with the low methionine group, but the abundance of Candidatus_Saccharibacteria and Tenericutes was significantly increased and the functions of butyric acid metabolism, taurine, and hypotaurine metabolism were significantly expressed, and the up-regulated metabolites were mainly enriched in primary bile acid synthesis, ascorbic acid and aldehyde metabolism, Th17 cell differentiation, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, B cell receptor signaling pathway, T cell receptor signaling pathway, and NF-κB pathway. On the other hand, the carbohydrate metabolism function of plateau pika microbiota in the low methionine group was significantly expressed, and its up-regulated metabolites were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism-related pathways. These results suggest that high methionine foods can change intestinal microbes and their metabolites, which may enhance the immune and reproductive performance of the host, and play an important role in improving the individual fitness and population size of plateau pikas. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Spatiotemporal niche relationship between leopard and its sympatric carnivores in the forest of Baizha, Qinghai Province CHAI Yuhua, MAO Xiaoning, Gamachenglinqiujiang, LI Guogang, SUN Nan ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (6): 706-716.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150945 Abstract （1144）   HTML （41）    PDF（pc） （8539KB）（388）       Knowledge map    Save How does the presence of dominant top predators affect the spatiotemporal dynamics of other predators in the community, it is crucial for understanding the maintain mechanisms of animal community diversity. In Baizha forest of Qinghai province, located in the southern Sanjiangyuan region, based on monitoring data of 46 available infrared camera sites collected in winter between (October to next April) from 2021 to 2023, a total of 12 carnivores species are recorded, among which the leopard Panthera pardus is the dominant apex predator in the community. By comparing the vertical spatial distribution, site co-occurrence patterns, and daily activity rhythms between species, this study explores the spatiotemporal interactions between leopard and other predators within the community. The results show: in the spatial niche dimension, leopards utilize the broadest vertical space (Altitude 3 730 - 4 433 m), primarily distributed in the range of altitude 3 900 - 4 100 m. According to the Mann-Whitney U test, the activity altitude of small mustelid is similar to that of leopard, while other carnivores are distributed at significantly higher (snow leopard, wolf, and Eurasian lynx) or lower elevations (brown bear, red fox, and leopard cat). The analysis of single-season dual-species occupancy models between leopards and other carnivores indicates that when leopard is present, wolf and red fox exhibit spatial avoidance (SIF<1); other carnivores tend to coexist with leopard (SIF>1). Elevation is an important factor affecting the probability of site use by the Eurasian lynx, Asian badger, stone marten and leopard cat. Notably, as elevation increases, the spatial relationship between the Asian badger and leopard shifts from coexistence to distinct separation. Regarding the temporal niche dimension, kernel density estimation of daily activity rhythms reveals that leopard exhibited a diurnal activity rhythm, being more active from morning and peaking at 19: 00. Wolf displayes diurnal activity; Although the daily activity does not significantly differ from that of leopard, their activity peaks are staggered. Other carnivores are mainly nocturnal, showing significant differences from the leopard’s diurnal activity rhythm, with the exception of the Asian badger. This study provides fundamental information of the composition and interspecies relationships in the carnivore community of high-altitude forest, and contributes to a deeper understanding of their coexistence mechanisms. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Cardiomyocyte communication and its gene expression difference between different altitudes yaks based on single cell RNA-seq data HUANG Nating, CHEN Yibo, SONG Na, LI Jingyi, WEI Qing, CHEN Jiarui ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 171-182.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150817 Abstract （1133）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （5119KB）（656）       Knowledge map    Save As the most important organ for blood circulation, the heart plays an important role in the environmental adaptation of animals. Cardiomyocyte is the main functional cell in the animal heart, however, gene expression changes and cellular communication in cardiomyocytes of yaks living at high altitudes are still unclear. To study the effect of yak cardiomyocytes in the process of adaptation to the plateau environment, yaks in high altitude areas (Qilian, Qinghai, altitude 4000 m) and low altitude areas (Xunhua, Qinghai, altitude 2 600 m) were taken as research objects, and the cellular communications and ligand-target gene regulations in cardiomyocytes and other cells were predicted based on the 10× singlecell RNA sequencing data. In addition, the functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different altitude yak cardiomyocytes were annotated. The results showed that yak cardiomyocytes were most highly correlated with the endothelial cells and epithelial cells. The expression level of ligand and receptor of CD74_COAP and CD74_APP was relatively higher in the cardiomyocyte-dendritic cell and cardiomyocyte-macrophage, the vitality of ligands and receptors was relatively higher in TNF signal pathway; The immune related pathway ligands, such as PTPRC, PECAM1, ITGB2, ANXA1, BDNF had a significant influence on all ‘cell pairs’and the PI3K-Akt signal pathway showed the highest potential score in ligand-target gene regulation; The functions of DEGs between high and low altitude yak cardiomyocytes were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways as the oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis pathways. These results suggest that yaks may maintain their homeostasis by strengthening the connection between cardiomyocytes and other cells and regulating the processes related to immune action. Meanwhile, high-altitude yaks enhance their aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of cardiomyocytes to acquire more energy to adapt to the harsh environment of high altitude. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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New records of Macroglossus sobrinus and Murina eleryi from Xizang Autonomous Region, China DIAO Haixin, SU Haohui, SHI Zifan, PEI Xiaoxin, HUANG Qin, YU Chuanting, LI Quan, YU Wenhua, WU Yi, JIANG Xuelong, CHEN Zhongzheng ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (5): 558-562.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150915 Abstract （1124）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （11655KB）（167）       Knowledge map    Save In October 2020 and December 2023, two bat specimens were collected in Medog County, Xizang Autonomous Region. Among them, one male specimen is medium in size, with small ears, non-protruding nostrils, and an elongated muzzle. The skull is small and elongated, with a narrow zygomatic width, a pronounced downward turn of the occiput, pointed upper canines, and two pairs of smaller upper and lower incisors, which is consistent with the characteristics of Macroglossus sobrinus. The maximum likelihood tree constructed based on COI gene showed that it was clustered with M. sobrinus specimes, and the genetic distance between them was 0.6%, which supported it to be M. sobrinus. The other specimen is a female with dark yellowish-brown dorsal fur with metallic luster, grayish-white ventral fur, and grayish-black hair bases. The wing membranes are black, the ears are nearly ovoid, and the nasal muzzle protrudes as a short tube, which is consistent with the characteristics of Murina eleryi. Phylogenetic analysis based on the COI gene showed that it was clustered with M. eleryi individuals, which supported it to be M. eleryi. Both M. sobrinus and M. eleryi represent new records for Xizang. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Difference of gut microbial structure between Rhinopithecus brelichi and Macaca thibetana in Fanjingshan Nature Reserve HUANG Xiaolong, LI Haibo, ZHANG Xu, CHENG Shaochuan, YAN Yuying, YANG Wei, MENG Bingshun, WANG Cheng, YANG Jie, RAN Jingcheng ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 183-194.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150837 Abstract （1110）   HTML （18）    PDF（pc） （8172KB）（317）       Knowledge map    Save Gut microbial are closely related to animal health. Gut microbiota has evolved with the host and formed a complex microecosystem with the gastrointestinal tract of animals. To compare the Rhinopithecus brelichi and Macaca thibetana on gut microbial composition and functions, a total of 42 winter fresh feces samples were collected from Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve in China, and a 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing was performed. The results showed that the gut microbial Chao1 and Shannon indexes of R. brelichi were significantly higher than those in the M. thibetana (P < 0. 05). The β–diversity based on bray-curtis distance matrix found that there were some similarities and differences in the gut microbial community structure between the two groups. At the phylum level, Firmicutes was the dominant phylum, and the relative abundance of R. brelichi was higher than that of M. thibetana. At the genus level, except Acinetobacter and Oscillospira, which were relatively abundant, the other dominant bacterial genera were different between the two species. LEfSe analysis showed that the microorganisms like Coprococcus, Blautia, and Akkermansia related to metabolic pathway had significantly different relative abundance between the two species. Functional prediction of PICRUSt showed that the gut of the two groups of microorganisms were mainly involved in metabolism, genetic information processing, environmental information processing, and cellular processes. At level 2, there were 3 types of metabolic pathways with significant differences (P < 0. 05). Different species and numbers of individuals and different food sources of the two primates resulted in significant differences in gut microbiota composition and characteristics of R. brelichi and M. thibetan in the Fanjingshan. PICRUSt functional prediction showed that there were significant differences in the abundance of functional genes of gut microbiota in the two groups, suggesting that the two groups could adapt to the changes of in food resources by adjusting their gut microbiota. These results can provide a scientific basis for future in-depth study of the gut microbiome of the two primate species with highly overlapping ecological niches, and also have a certain reference value and practical significance for the establishment of artificial protection intervention measures for the two species in the field. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Habitat suitability analysis of Asian badgers (Meles leucurus) in the western Liaoning Province based on MaxEnt model SHANGGUAN Zhouyi, FENG Chaofan, WANG Jianing, WAN Dongmei, ZHANG Lei ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (5): 611-621.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150848 Abstract （1088）   HTML （29）    PDF（pc） （7010KB）（197）       Knowledge map    Save In order to assess the habitat use and suitable habitat distribution pattern of Asian badgers (Meles leucurus) in western Liaoning, 132 effective distribution points of this species obtained between 2018 and 2022 were used to generate the MaxEnt model. The results showed that topography, climate, vegetation, and water sources were the main environ mental factors affecting the distribution of badger in western Liaoning, while human disturbance factors had little im pact. The occurrence probability of badger in western Liaoning was the highest in the habitat with an altitude of 1 150 m, a slope of 40°, a NDVI of 85%, a maximum temperature (Bio5) of 24.5℃ in the hottest month, a temperature annual range (Bio7) of 39℃, and a distance of about 100 m from the river. The potential suitable habitat area for Asian badgers in western Liaoning is about 12 051.13 km2, accounting for 41.63% of the total study area. The distribution of highly suitable habitats was relatively concentrated, mainly in Lingyuan, Jianchang, and Suizhong in the southwest of the study area, and Kazuo and Chaoyang in the central part of the study area. The distribution of low suitability areas is scat tered across all counties and cities in the study area, and the middle suitability area surrounds the high suitability area to form a transition area connecting the low suitability area. This study revealed the distribution pattern of suitable habitats and the dominant environmental factors limiting the distribution of badgers in western Liaoning, which will help clarify the ecological adaptability of badgers in different regions and provide more refined habitat distribution references for the management of Asian badgers in western Liaoning. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Relationship between maternal fecal cortisol levels and mother-infant behaviors in early nursing period of giant panda ZHOU Xiao, YANG Bo, ZENG Wen, LI Guo, YANG Changjiang, WANG Jing, XIE Qingyang, LIU Huaiting, WANG Rui, LUO Bo, ZHANG Mingchun, HUANG Yan ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 209-216.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150741 Abstract （1087）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （1995KB）（670）       Knowledge map    Save Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an altricial species. The early period of nursing is critical for the survival, growth and development of the cub, and also the most vulnerable period for the young. In order to understand the relationship between maternal cortisol levels and mother-infant behaviors during the early nursing period, and improve the survival rate of cubs in the aspect of behavioral adaptation mechanism, were monitored the concentration of fecal cortisol of 7 mother pandas in the early nursing period (0-75 days) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, we observed the behaviors of 3 pairs of mother and infant using the focal animal sampling method. The results showed that the fecal cortisol concentration of mother panda decreased with the cub’s growth by days (r = -0. 950, P < 0. 001) in the early nursing period. Before and after weaning, there was no significant difference in maternal cortisol concentrations (t = -0. 935, P = 0. 361). The changes in maternal cortisol concentrations had significant positive correlations with communicating (r = 0. 0918, P < 0. 001), cub calling (r = 0. 777, P = 0. 001) and resting (r = 0. 731, P = 0. 002) behaviors. Furthermore, cortisol concentrations were negatively correlated with feeding (r = -0. 608, P = 0. 016) and not correlated with licking (r = 0. 366, P = 0. 179). Results indicated that the cortisol concentration of the mother giant panda was related to the growth and development of the cub during the early nursing period. We hypothesize that the stress intensity of the mother might decrease with the improvement of the cold resistance and independent activity ability of the cub. In addition, cortisol may be involved in the regulation of maternal behavior, which can help the mother respond positively to the demand signals of her cub, enhance maternal behavior, and thus improve the survival rate of her cub at the early stage of nursing. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Temporal niche relationships among Cervus nippon kopschi and sympatric ungulates in Zhejiang Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve GUO Rui, TONG Genping, ZHENG Nanzhong, MA Tianwu, XU Lijuan, WANG Xuchi, XU Aichun ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (4): 456-465.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150843 Abstract （1086）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （8054KB）（256）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the daily activity rhythm of Cervus nippon kopschi with its sympatric ungulate, and its temporal niche differentiation, we set 51 infrared cameras in Qianqingtang region of the Zhejiang Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve and conducted monitoring from December 2014 to November 2016. We analyzed the seasonal differences and overlaps of daily activity rhythms by using the Kernel Density Estimation and Overlap index calculation. Four species of ungulates were recorded in the study area, which were the Cervus nippon kopschi, Muntiacus reevesi, Sus scrofa and Capricornis milneedwardsii. Muntiacus reevesi exhibited the highest relative abundance index (30. 43), followed by Cervus nippon kopschi (8. 83), Sus scrofa (7. 47), and Capricornis milneedwardsii (0. 02). Cervus nippon kopschi, Muntiacus reevesi and Sus scrofa tend to have more similar daily activity rhythms, with the highest activity during dawn and dusk. However, when evaluating daily activity rhythm curves,we detected significant differences among those three species. The daily activity rhythm of Cervus nippon kopschi and sympatric ungulates varied across seasons. In spring, the daily activity patterns of Cervus nippon kopschi were relatively uniform, while Muntiacus reevesi (05: 00-07: 00, 17: 00-19: 00) and Sus scrofa (11: 00-13: 00, 16: 00-18: 00) displayed two clear peaks. In summer, there were two activity peaks for Cervus nippon kopschi, Muntiacus reevesi, and Sus scrofa, with significant differences in the daily activity rhythm between the Cervus nippon kopschi and Muntiacus reevesi (△ = 0. 819 4; P<0. 001), as well as between Muntiacus reevesi and Sus scrofa (△ = 0. 821 2; P<0. 001). In autumn and winter, two activity peaks were observed for Cervus nippon kopschi, Muntiacus reevesi, and Sus scrofa, but with no significant differences. The differentiation in daily activity rhythm of Cervus nippon kopschi and sympatric ungulates might be due to the species’physiological characteristics, diets, and habitat changes. Our study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the coexistence mechanism of sympatric ungulates. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Parentage testing and genetic diversity of Tibetan antelope individuals in or among mating groups Saiqinggaowa, WANG Zihan, LI Quanbang, WANG Dong, LIAN Xinming ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 159-170.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150807 Abstract （1083）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （3890KB）（547）       Knowledge map    Save Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), an endemic species of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, exhibits group living and sexual segregation behaviors. Outside the rutting season, male and female Tibetan antelope live separately. In this study, a total of 188 fresh fecal samples were collected from 32 groups of Tibetan antelope in the Kekexili region of the Sanjiangyuan National Park in late December 2021. Genetic diversity analysis and parentage testing were conducted using ten highly polymorphic microsatellite loci. The findings revealed that out of the 188 fresh fecal samples, genetic identification confirmed the presence of 145 individual Tibetan antelope. Among them, ten Tibetan antelope individuals (eight females and two males) sequentially appeared in different groups over time. Field observations indicated three mechanisms for recombination among mating groups including group dissolution, male departures or arrivals to/from existing groups, and female departures or arrivals to/from existing groups. Notably, there was considerable genetic differentiation between individuals that changed groups compared to those remaining within their original group composition. Male Tibetan antelopes moved to groups with a higher proportion of females than their previous ones, thereby increasing their potential for acquiring more mates and enhancing opportunities for gene inheritance. The average number of alleles across the ten microsatellite loci was 16. 1, with an average polymorphic information content of 0. 766. Observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0. 607 to 0. 993 with a mean value of 0. 819. Expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0. 575 to 0. 930 with a mean value of 0. 798. These results indicated a high level of genetic diversity within the Tibetan antelope population. At the group level, out of the total parent-child relationships observed (n = 32), fourteen (43. 75%) occurred within the same group, predominantly in mother-daughter relationships (71. 43 %), while only four (28. 57%) involved males (mother-son/father-daughter/father-son). By comparing the average coefficients of relatedness between groups with or without males, our findings suggested that the presence or absence of males had minimal impact on genetic relatedness among group members, indicating that closest genetic relationships within mating groups were primarily among females. Our findings demonstrated that low levels of inbreeding in Tibetan antelope populations and highlight female-female associations as key drivers for forming stable groups and facilitating communication and transmission of migration information due to their higher relatedness compared to males. These results provided scientific evidence supporting further validation of the collective memory conjecture regarding Tibetan antelope migration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research advances on spatial memory on animal movement GUO Xiaoyi, WANG Wei, GU Jiayin, JIANG Guangshun ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 224-236.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150787 Abstract （1082）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （1952KB）（1268）       Knowledge map    Save Many animal groups show strong directionality and regularity as they move within home ranges or migrate seasonally over long distances. They can integrate significant spatial cues for destination recognition, navigation, and memory of the types of food available in the habitat, the distribution of food patches and the season of food maturity, and construct spatial cognitive maps, showing a strong spatial memory capacity. This article comprehensively reviews the research methods of captive experiments, field experiments in natural environments, observation and analysis of natural state movement trajectories, and exploration of animal spatial memory in digital virtual experimental environments. The characteristics and application ranges of these research methods are summarized, and future research trends are prospected. The integration of multiple disciplines, multiple application scenarios, and the development of animal spatial memory ecological models have become the main development trends in this field. The study of animal spatial memory can provide new perspectives for in-depth exploration of animal habitat utilization mechanisms, intrinsic movement driving forces, and the maintenance mechanisms of biodiversity. In addition, this research field can also provide scientific basis and reference for wildlife management practices such as endangered species conservation, alleviating human-wildlife conflicts, and improving the welfare of captive animals. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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First record of Nepalese brown-toothed shrew (Episoriculus soluensis) in China LIU Yingxun, PENG Buqing, WANG Xuming, LIAO Rui, PAN Xuan, LIU Shaoying ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (5): 551-557.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150877 Abstract （1077）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （7698KB）（156）       Knowledge map    Save In August 2023, four specimens of shrew were collected from the Upper Yadong Township, Yatung, and Chen tang Town, Tingkye, Xizang Autonomous Region. Dorsally, the hair of this species is dark brown, the ventral hair light yellowish brown, the dorsoventral line is indistinct, and the tail two colors divided above and below. The four external measurements and nine skull measurements are basically consistent with the original measurements of Episoriculus soluensis. The parietal bone of the skull protrudes. The specimens have four upper unicuspids, the posterior cusps of the upper incisor are similar in height to the first upper unicuspid, and the cusps are light brown. These characteristics are consistent with those of E. soluensis, as is a phylogenetic analysis of Cyt b sequences based on data for the species in GenBank. The K2P distance between them is merely 3.0%. Thus, morphological and molecular analyses confirm the collected specimens constitute a new species record for the mammalian fauna of China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The occupancy rate and population estimation of snow leopards in the source of Shule River, Qilian Mountain National Park (Qinghai) LI Yanzhi, JIANG Nan, MA Cunxin, JIA Ding, GAO Yayue, HUANG Hong, ZHAO Xiang, SHI Xiangying, LI Xueyang, Lü Zhi ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (6): 717-728.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150944 Abstract （1067）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （19531KB）（264）       Knowledge map    Save The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is widely distributed in the mountainous area of Central Asia and is the flagship species of the alpine ecosystem. The Qilian Mountain, one of the global snow leopard Landscape Conservation Units, is crucial for snow leopard conservation across its range. However, previous studies in Qilian Mountain National Park were mostly conducted in areas located in Gansu Province, and the habitat use and population size of snow leopard in the Qinghai portion remain poorly studied, hindering a comprehensive understanding of the species status. From 2018 to 2021, we carried out a camera trap monitoring at the source of Shule River of Qilian Mountain National Park (Qinghai). We analyzed the snow leopard occupancy rate, colonization probability, and extinction probability during the winter of 2019–2021 through a single-species multiple-season occupancy model, and then estimated the snow leopard population size using capture-recapture model. The effective working days of camera traps accumulated to 37 614 days and 674 snow leopard independent captures were obtained. The mean occupancy rate of snow leopards in January – March of 2019 – 2021 was 0. 50 ±0. 11, the colonization probability was 0. 25 ±0. 08, and the extinction probability was 0. 11 ±0. 08. The main environmental factors affecting the snow leopard occupancy rate were altitude and the relative abundance of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur). The altitude had a significant negative effect (β = -1. 20 ±0. 58, P= 0. 04), which was different from previous studies in Gansu, Qilian Mountain National Park. The relative abundance of blue sheep had a positive effect (β = 1. 83 ±1. 05, P= 0. 08). We identified 88 snow leopard individuals within the monitoring period, and the capture-recapture model showed that the population of snow leopards in this area was 36 ±7, 16 ±4, and 22 ±5 during 2019, 2020, and 2021. Only a few individuals were recorded more than two consecutive years, indicating that the source of the Shule River in Qilian Mountains might be an important corridor for snow leopards. Considering the significant differences in snow leopard habitat use and variability of the population estimation discovered in our study, the conservation and management strategies for Qilian Mountain should be informed by a comprehensive assessment of the entire area. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Activity patterns and spatial distribution of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in eastern Altun Mountains WANG Tianhui, MA Yongsheng, WU Hao, HEZIERHAN Sataer, HUATI Habiyaxi, GAO Shuaishuai, ZHANG Yu, LI Jia ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (6): 729-737.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150933 Abstract （1060）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （3575KB）（246）       Knowledge map    Save As the apex predator of plateau ecosystems in Central Asia and the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) plays an essential role in maintaining ecosystem stability. However, the secretive nature of this rare species, and the inaccessibility and harshness of the areas have limited the availability of research data, and thus resulted in scattered and slow progress in the ecology and conservation research on this species. Understanding snow leopard activity patterns and spatial distribution is vital for the development of effective conservation. In this study, we used camera trapping to survey activity patterns of snow leopard during dry and rainy season in eastern Altun Mountains, China, and used occupancy models to document the spatial distribution and influence factors, from May 2021 to January 2023. We obtained 545 independent detections of snow leopard during a total camera trapping effort of 37 760 effective camera trap days at 59 sites. The number of independent detections of snow leopard activity captured by infrared cameras in the dry season were significantly higher than in the rainy season, and detections were highest in November. During the dry season, snow leopards showed mainly crepuscular activity patterns, and the activity peaks were around 09: 00 and 19: 00, with activity intensity higher in dusk than dawn. The species showed nocturnal to crepuscular activity pat‐terns during the rainy season; the activity peaks were around 08: 00 and 22: 00. The average occupancy rate (ψ) estimated was 0. 699 ±0. 07 and average detection probability (Pr) was 0. 083 ±0. 005. Occupancy models reveal that snow leopard is positively (β = 2. 272 ±2. 779) associated with elevation and negatively (β = -0. 331 ±0. 779) associated with precipitation. Our study filled the gaps in field ecological research of snow leopard in Altun Mountains, provided basic information for further in-depth ecology research of species, and supported scientific conservation planning. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress in the diversity and evolution of bat pollination systems HU Chunlue, TONG Zeyu, JIAO Hengwu, HUANG Shuangquan ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (2): 152-164.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150960 Abstract （1053）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （26283KB）（215）       Knowledge map    Save Bats, as proficient night-flying mammals, are effective pollinators for flowering plants in diverse lineages in tropical regions. The interactions between frugivorous/nectarivorous bats and their foraging flowers provide a valuable system for studying interspecific interactions, adaptation, and diversification. In this review, we firstly summarize the diversity of bat pollination systems, and then construct the evolutionary relationship between bats and bat-pollinated plants. To outline the adaptive characteristics of the chiropterophilous pollination system, five aspects are discussed: bat vision and flower color, olfactory and flower fragrance, echolocation and flower shape, body and flower mechanical fit (morphological match), nutritional requirements and floral rewards. Perspectives of ecology and evolution in bats and some issues worthy of further exploration are proposed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Dietary composition and niche partitioning of sympatric carnivores in Altun Mountain National Nature Reserve CONG Wei, ZHANG Yi, HUANG Taifu, LI Jia, XU Junquan, ZHANG Shengfa, LI huan, XUE Yadong, ZHANG Yuguang ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (6): 695-705.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150941 Abstract （1047）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （6832KB）（333）       Knowledge map    Save Comparing the diet of sympatric carnivorous species can reveal their differences and degree of overlap in resource utilization, which is an important approach to understanding the interactions among species and the stability of ecosystems. This study analyzes the species identification, dietary composition, similarity, and niche overlap of 338 scat samples collected in the Altun Mountains Nature Reserve using DNA metabarcoding technology. Eight carnivorous species were identified, including snow leopard (Panthera uncia), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), wolf (Canis lupus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata), brown bear (Ursus arctos), and stone marten (Martes foina). A total of 11 orders and 22 prey species were identified, with Cetartiodactyla (36. 59%) and Lagomorpha (24. 39%) having higher relative frequency of occurrence in the carnivorous species diet at order level. Blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) was the most frequently detected prey species in the Cetartiodactyla order, and woolly hares (Lepus oiostolus) were the most frequently detected prey species in the Lagomorpha order. At the species level, Kiang (Equus kiang) was the most frequently detected prey species among all food categories, accounting for 20. 12% of the carnivorous species diet. Among carnivore species, brown bear and wolf had the highest dietary overlap (Ojk= 0. 797), followed by snow leopard and dhole (Ojk= 0. 764), indicating a competitive relationship in the utilization of food resources, while Tibetan fox and red fox had relatively low dietary overlap. In this study, the dietary composition and niche partitioning of carnivores in Altun Mountain National Nature Reserve were obtained, which is helpful to better understand the relationship of competition and coexistence between different species and provide scientific basis for species conservation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Three new records of small mammals in Xizang Autonomous Region, China ZHU Zhongxu, LI Quan, CHEN Zhongzheng, LI Xueyou, PEI Xiaoxin, WANG Hongjiao, PU Changzhe, LUO Kang, LUO Jing, PU Mingjin, JIANG Xuelong ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (5): 563-573.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150909 Abstract （1045）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （14338KB）（128）       Knowledge map    Save A series of specimens of small mammals were collected in Nyingchi and Shigatse regions from Himalayas, Xi zang, China during the second comprehensive scientific expedition to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the biological resources survey in key areas of Xizang by researchers from Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The specimens were subsequently identified as Sorex cansulus, Alexandromys limnophilus and Leopoldamys neilli by morphological and genetic analyses, which represented as new mammal records in Xizang. The population of Sorex cansulus in Xizang are similar to the Yunnan population in morphological characteristics, and maximum likehood phyloge netic analyses support the two populations are monophyletic (BS=100) and the K2P genetic distance of Cyt b gene is 0.5%? 0.6%. The Xizang population of Alexandromys limnophilus are similar to the Sichuan population in morphological characteristics, and the two populations are monophyletic (BS=100) and the K2P genetic distance is 1.0%? 1.4%. While Leopoldamys neilli in Xizang is somewhat different from the Yunnan and Thailand population, Molecular analyses supported the three populations are monophyletic (BS=81) and the K2P genetic distance is 5.7%? 6.3%. This study extend the distribution range of those species. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The research on restoration priority assessment of damaged giant panda habitats based on multi-criteria decision analysis of AHP-OWA HE Hui, JIANG Min, XIE Wenwen, HUANG Yu, ZHANG Yueming, WU Sujuan, ZHANG Pan, QI Cheng, LUO Chuan, LI Junlin, LUO Peng, YANG Hao ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (4): 395-410.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150878 Abstract （1030）   HTML （279）    PDF（pc） （46983KB）（299）       Knowledge map    Save Identifying and prioritizing the restoration of impaired giant panda habitats is a crucial prerequisite for habitat restoration initiatives within the Giant Panda National Park. When park managers decide to undertake habitat restoration work, it becomes imperative to determine the priority areas. The study considers habitat protection and restoration difficulty comprehensively, to establish a multi-criteria decision analysis for evaluating the priority areas of habitat restoration. This method is based on the analytic hierarchy process and ordered weighted averaging (AHP-OWA), and the Yingjing area of the Giant Panda National Park was selected as a case study to assess the adaptability of the method within the National Park. The results indicate that the damaged or impaired habitat covers an area of 4 273. 97 hm2, comprising nine types and accounting for 5. 11% of the total area of the Giant Panda National Park in Yingjing County. Notably,low-quality secondary forests, artificial pure forests and mine area constitute the largest types of damaged habitat. The AHP-OWA decision analysis method quantitatively reveals the trade-off in the‘protection-cost’relationship. This method offers a range of priority strategies for restoring damaged habitats under different decision-making scenarios. Ultimately, it provides crucial decision-making support for habitat protection and restoration efforts within the Giant Panda National Park. Irrespective of the various scenarios considered, the study identifies the low-quality secondary forests in the high-density distribution area of giant pandas in the northern region of the Toudao watershed along G108 highway as the habitat restoration areas with the highest priority. Given the diverse types of damaged giant panda habitat with varying vegetation and soil characteristics, future habitat restoration efforts should employ measures such as soil restoration, planting, thinning, or striped clear-cutting, tailored to the specific needs of each habitat type. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Population sizes and spatial distribution of Macaca mulatta brevicaudus in Hainan, China CHEN Guangle, XING Lu, DU Wanru, REN Baoping ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (1): 28-35.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150889 Abstract （1021）   HTML （24）    PDF（pc） （3824KB）（786）       Knowledge map    Save Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is a second-class protected species in China, and its subspecies the Hainan macaque (M. m. brevicaudus) is only found in Hainan Island, at the lowest latitude in China. Information on population size and spatial distribution of this subspecies dated from 30 years ago. It is urgent to obtain population size and distribution as the baseline information for the sake of conservation of Hainan macaques. From June 2021 to December 2023, a systematic survey of this subspecies was conducted via literature, questionnaire, and field investigation. We found 204 groups (5 100 individuals) of Hainan macaques inhabiting Hainan Island. These groups occupied less than 1% of the island area, mainly in the southern mountainous region. The average group size of the Hainan macaque is 25 ±11 individuals, which is the smallest among the six rhesus macaque subspecies in China. Eight isolated subpopulations of those 204 groups were identified based on their spatial distances and living status. Over the past 30 years, the distribution range of Hainan macaques has markedly shrunk, and the number of counties where the species has been recorded reduced from 18 to 10. About 96. 1% of the macaque groups are now restricted to nature reserves. We suggest those isolated groups should be paid more attention for the sake of conservation, especially the group in Wenchang. Strong human disturbance, habitat degradation, and habitat loss are the main threats to the survival of Hainan macaques. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The effect of high-fiber diet on energy budget in striped hamsters during lactation ZHAO Zhen, ZHANG Kaiyuan, YANG Rui, CAO Jing, ZHAO Zhijun ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (4): 436-448.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150868 Abstract （1006）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （4086KB）（747）       Knowledge map    Save Reproduction period is one of the most important stages of life history in small mammals, during which the maternal energy requirements are maximized in lactation. To meet the energy requirements of their offspring, mothers usually increase energy intake to a ceiling, i. e. the maximal sustained energy intake (mSusEI). The notable plasticity of the digestive morphology and function is important for a variety of animals to cope with the changes in energy requirements. However, so far it is unclear if the mSusEI during peak lactation is constrained by the digestive system. In the present study, body mass, food intake, gross energy intake, digestibility, resting metabolic rate, and milk energy output, as well as the mass of gastrointestinal tracts and the digestive enzymes activity of the small intestine were examined in striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) that were fed with high-fiber diet during lactation. The maternal energy intake and reproductive output were analyzed in the hamsters raising different litter sizes. The activity of digestive enzymes was also compared in the hamsters raising small, medium, and large litter sizes under the high-fiber diet feeding. The results showed that the energy budgets of the hamsters during lactation were correlated with litter size. The mSusEI was not significantly affected by high-fiber diet. The hamsters fed with high-fiber diet decreased digestive energy intake and digestibility significantly, but did not change their gross energy intake, compared to those fed with low-fiber control diet. The milk energy output was significantly decreased in the hamsters fed with high-fiber diet, which could not meet the energy requirements of offspring, resulting in decreased growth rate during the lactation period. The masses of stomach,small intestine, large intestine and caecum, as well as the activity of amylase, maltase and aminopeptidase of the small intestine were significantly higher in the hamsters fed with high-fiber diet than those fed with low-fiber control diet, while neither tract mass nor digestive enzyme activity was significantly affected by litter size. These data indicate that the mSusEI at peak lactation is constrained by the digestive system, providing support for the central limitation hypothesis. Based on the central limits to the mSusEI at peak lactation, the increases of fiber content in diet may decrease reproductive value. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The spatial distribution and research field of global large felid studies based on collar tracking ZHANG Yuewen, WANG Jiangyue, LI Sheng ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (6): 781-794.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150959 Abstract （986）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （7603KB）（233）       Knowledge map    Save Large felids are the apex predators of their inhabited terrestrial ecosystems, performing vital ecological functions that are essential for ecosystem stability and biodiversity conservation. These species are typically characterized by elusive behavior and high vigilance to humans, which brings significant challenges to researchers working on the field survey and research of these species. Nevertheless, with technological advances, collar tracking has brought new opportunities and become an important tool for ecological research. To comprehensively understand the current status of collar tracking research on large felids, this study systematically reviewed the literature from 1985 to 2024 on the 12 large felid species worldwide. We analyzed the spatial distribution of studies, tracking information and research fields to identify the current trends and research gaps, and provide an outlook for the future development and application of collar tracking. We collected 491 articles on large felids tracking, with the number of relevant articles having increased significantly since 2010. With regard to spatial distribution, the study sites (n= 501) spanned 49 countries across Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. North America, southern Africa, northwestern Europe, and southern Asia were hotspots for collar tracking research on large felids, while regions such as China, Russia and northern South America had notable research gaps. The number of studies on cougar (Puma concolor), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), lion (Panthera leo), leopard (P. pardus), and tiger (P. tigris) was considerable. Collar tracking technology has shifted from VHF radio telemetry to satellite tracking since 2010, with the latter becoming the mainstream due to its high accuracy, large data amount wide coverage and minimal human resource requirements. Existing research has focused mainly on predation or feeding, habitat selection and use, home range, movement patterns and population dynamics. This study proposes strengthening collar tracking research in China, promoting technological innovation in tracking, establishing standardized collar tracking research paradigms, and enhancing interdisciplinary cooperation and data sharing to facilitate the effective conservation and management of large felids. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Temporal and spatial distribution patterns of Chinese ferret-badger (Melogale moschata) and masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) in the same region of Lushan National Nature Reserve SUN Jie, ZHANG Mi, LUO Wei, GU Hangmin, ZHANG Weiwei ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (1): 60-69.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150895 Abstract （968）   HTML （33）    PDF（pc） （6614KB）（832）       Knowledge map    Save Species with sympatric distributions typically undergo ecological niche differentiation to minimize competition and facilitate coexistence. This research explores the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of the Chinese ferret-bad-ger (Melogale moschata) and masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), their interactions with environmental factors, and the mechanisms behind their coexistence. We analyzed the daily activity rhythms and the degree of temporal niche overlap between these species within the Lushan National Nature Reserve using daily activity intensity index, kernel density estimation, and overlap index methods. The MaxEnt model was used to predict suitable habitats for both species and ecological niche overlap was assessed using ENMTools 1. 4. 4. We also compare their spatial niche preferences and investigate how environmental factors influence their coexistence strategies. The results reveal that both the Chinese ferret-badger and masked palm civet are predominantly nocturnal. They exhibit a high degree of overlap in their daily activity rhythms (Δ = 0.93, P > 0. 05), indicating that temporal niche differentiation does not significantly reduce competition between them. Suitable habitats for both species are primarily located along the forest edges at the mountain bases within the reserve, where there is substantial spatial overlap, although some differences exist. Both species show similar preferences for environmental factors, with altitude being the most significant, yet they differ in their preferences for vegetation types and slopes. These spatial differences in ecological niches may help mitigate competition for food resources and territories. This study underscores that the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of the Chinese ferret-badger and masked palm civet in the Lushan National Nature Reserve exhibit minimal niche differentiation. It is recommended to fully consider the environmental tolerance of both species, actively enhance habitat protection, and control human distur-bances to effectively conserve these and other sympatric species. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Wolf (Canis lupus) den sites selection in the Ruoergai grassland wetland, Sichuan Province, China ZHANG Yunqiao, WANG Wan, YANG Yixin, Zhoumecuo, Zhimeiji, XIAO Junhou, YU Yuan, ZHANG Zhenyang, DAI Qiang ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (6): 771-780.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150965 Abstract （947）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （11498KB）（186）       Knowledge map    Save The Ruoergai grassland wetland is located on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, with important ecological functions and fragile ecosystems. As a large carnivore in the region, wolves play a key role in maintaining ecosystem stability. However, the characteristics of wolf den site selection characteristics in the alpine grassland wetland are still unclear, which severely limits the development of conservation strategies in the region. In this study, 50 wolf den sites were recorded by line transect method and infrared camera survey from August 2022 to May 2023, and key factors affecting wolf den site selection were analyzed using logistic regression. The results showed that wolves preferred to build dens on upper slopes/mesas and mountain tops/high ridges, areas with steeper slopes, high terrain ruggedness index and roughness, areas close to buildings but away from farmland, and areas away from marshes and permanent water. Among the variables, the eight with the highest importance were 30 m resolution of slope, topographic position index, distance to buildings, distance to farmland, distance to permanent water, distance to bare, distance to bare ground squared, and distance to grassland. Compared with wolves living in forest and grassland ecosystems, wolves in the Ruoergai grassland wetlands have some uniqueness in den site selection. This study enriches the understanding of wolf den site selection behaviour and provides a scientific basis for the conservation and management of wolf breeding habitat in the Ruoergai grassland wetland. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）