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Catalogue of mammals in China (2024) WEI Fuwen, YANG Qisen, WU Yi, JIANG Xuelong, LIU Shaoying, HU Yibo, GE Deyan, LI Baoguo, YANG Guang, LI Ming, ZHOU Jiang, LI Song, LI Sheng, YU Wenhua, CHEN Bingyao, ZHANG Zejun, ZHOU Caiquan, WU Shibao, ZHANG Li, CHEN Zhongzheng, CHEN Shunde, DENG Huaiqing, JIANG Tinglei, ZHANG Libiao, SHI Hongyan, LU Xueli, LI Quan, LIU Zhu, CUI Yaqian, LI Yuchun, HE Kai ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (1): 1-16.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151039 Abstract （7464）   HTML （221）    PDF（pc） （1493KB）（5165）       Knowledge map    Save Following the publication of the ‘Catalogue of mammals in China (2021)’and the release of Taxonomy and Distribution of Mammals in China, the mammalian catalogue of China has garnered significant attention from researchers worldwide. This surge in attention is primarily attributed to significant national research projects, such as the Second Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program, which have facilitated further exploration of China’s biodiversity and enhanced our understanding of the mammalian fauna. Between 2022 and 2024, a series of new mammalian species have been established, augmenting the 2022 catalogue by 42 species. In order to present a comprehensive overview of the valid mammalian taxa in China, we hereby present an updated edition of the ‘Catalogue of mammals in China (2024)’. The documentation conducted until the end of December 2024 revealed a total of 58 families, en-compassing 263 genera and comprising 736 valid mammalian species in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Habitat suitability analysis for four wild ungulates in Sanjiangyuan National Park under different climate change scenarios WANG Zihan, WANG Dong, HOU Luyi, LI Quanbang, LI Qiqin, WEI Haijuan, LIAN Xinming ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 602-614.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150963 Abstract （427）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （13432KB）（2297）       Knowledge map    Save Climate change and human activities have direct or indirect impacts on the distribution and abundance of species, particularly on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Wild ungulates are vital components of the ecosystem, with their habitat and living conditions playing a decisive role in maintaining ecological balance and stability. Predicting the effects of climate change on their distribution range can provide a scientific basis and reference for the conservation of wild ungulates and habitat restoration in key areas. This study specifically focuses on four species of wild ungulates in Sanjiangyuan National Park, Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata), Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), kiang (Equus kiang), and wild yak (Bos mutus). By utilizing the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS software, we conducted an analysis to determine the potential geographical distribution of these four species. Subsequently, we predicted dynamic changes in their habitat suitability and geographical range under two scenarios: low and high carbon emissions for the 2050s and 2070s. The findings revealed that the suitable habitat area for Tibetan gazelle accounted for 52. 22% of the total park area, while corresponding proportions for Tibetan antelope, kiang, and wild yak were 13. 71%, 19. 23%, and 9. 22% respectively. Multiple variables influenced the distribution of these four species. Notably, precipitation-related factors significantly impacted habitat selection by Tibetan gazelle and antelope populations and the antelope demonstrated some adaptability to human activities as well. In the face of future climate change, all four wild ungulates are experiencing a decline in suitable habitats, with the Tibetan antelope being particularly affected by the highest carbon emission concentration scenario. Furthermore, there is a noticeable trend among these species to migrate towards higher latitudes. Although the Sanjiangyuan National Park has encompassed most of the habitats for the four ungulate species, it remains essential to develop tailored protection and management strategies for each species. Specifically, proactive measures such as vegetation restoration should be implemented in habitats that have been or may become damaged to enhance the ecological environment’s quality and provide a more suitable living space for these wild ungulates. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Some key questions of ecological impacts of free ranging cats LI Zhongqiu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 593-601.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150967 Abstract （780）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （1938KB）（1886）       Knowledge map    Save Domestic cats, originally from the Near East, have proliferated globally alongside human migration, establishing substantial populations of free-ranging cats. These feline populations have profound ecological ramifications for both island and continental ecosystems, encompassing direct predation, fear-mediated indirect predation, competition for resources with predators at the same trophic level, disease transmission, and genetic infiltration. Gaining a thorough understanding of the fundamental biology of free-ranging cats is essential for mitigating these impacts, including their population dynamics, reproductive behaviors, and adaptive strategies. While trap-neuter-return (TNR) is a widely adopted management strategy for free-ranging cats, its necessity and effectiveness in wildlife conservation remain contentious. This paper delves into scientific research areas such as free-ranging cat population assessment, ecological impact evaluation, disease risk, and the cultural and managerial aspects of cats. We also present specific recommendations regarding pet registration, breeding regulations, animal welfare, and shelter policies. We hope that these suggestions will provide scientific evidence and practical guidance for effective free-ranging cat management and the conservation of wildlife in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preliminary survey of mammals and birds diversity using camera traps in Yaoshan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province ZHAO Chenguang, YANG Wei, ZHONG Qianjuan, WU Minghui, HU Longqin, DOU Wenli, WU Han, DUAN Yubao ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (5): 642-653.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150760 Abstract （1252）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （4180KB）（1525）       Knowledge map    Save In order to systematically access the species diversity of mammals and birds of Yaoshan National Nature Re serve in Yunnan Province, we deployed 71 infrared cameras from July 2020 to October 2021 in 1 km × 1 km grid area of the reserve according to the altitude zone. During the monitoring period, a total of 17 960 camera days resulted in 8 274 independent and valid photos, including 3 810 mammals, 2 958 birds, 829 livestock, and 677 people. A total of 20 spe cies of mammals, belonging to 6 orders and 12 families, and 72 species of birds, belonging to 7 orders and 20 families, were recorded. Among them, one species is listed as Class Ⅰ and 15 species as Class Ⅱ National Key Protected Wildlife in China, representing 17.39% of total species listed. The five most detected mammal species were Dremomys per nyi, Muntiacus vaginalis, Callosciuru serythraeus, Arctonyx collaris, and Sus scrofa. The five most detected bird species were Chrysolophus amherstiae, Tragopan temminckii, Trochalopteron elliotii, Erythrogenys gravivox, Myophonus caeruleus. Our survey detected 42 species of birds new to the reserve, including Scolopax rusticola, Psittiparus gularis, and Larvivora cyane, and 3 new species of mammals, Martes flavigula, Meles leucurus, and Petaurista caniceps. There are significant differences in bird diversity at different altitudes and habitats (P<0.01), but there are no differences be tween birds in different seasons (P>0.05), and there are significant differences between animals in different seasons (P<0.01). This study provides real image data of birds and mammals from Yaoshan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, not only updates the database of species diversity in this area but also provides an objective basis for scientific protection and precise management of the reserve. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Ontogeny and the influencing factors of bite force and feeding rate of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) SUN Mengmeng, YAN Xiao, LI Feng, TANG Yong, ZHANG Xinxing, DONG Chao, HUANG Shengjie, ZHENG Yuanming, LUO Yong, ZHOU Shiqiang ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 135-145.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150781 Abstract （1535）   HTML （37）    PDF（pc） （3796KB）（1461）       Knowledge map    Save The biting ability of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) holds significant importance in terms of food acquisition and male-male competition. Their distinctive dietary preferences and masticatory system render them an ideal species for investigating bite forces. Nevertheless, current studies have predominantly relied on theoretical assessments derived from panda skull morphology, with no empirical animal experimentation conducted. The present study designed a force transducer specifically tailored for giant pandas, and measured body weight, bite forces, and feeding rate in a sample of 46 individuals from various age groups, with a particular focus on juvenile development. The results showed that bite forces at the tip of the incisor of juvenile giant pandas increased rapidly during the dental transitional period, as well as the feeding rate of bamboo shoots. At the end of the dental transitional phase, the bite forces exerted at the incisor point of juvenile giant pandas continued to display a growing trend, albeit at a decelerated rate. Concurrently, the feeding rate reached a state of equilibrium. The utilization of a logistic model revealed that age explains 87.56% of the variance observed in the feeding rate among juvenile pandas. As for the comparisons of age groups, the median bite force value exhibited an upward trajectory in tandem with increasing age. The bite force of 8-month to 12-month age group was significantly lower than the bite forces of all the other age groups; the bite force of 13-month to 18-month age group was significantly lower than those of sub-adult, adults and geriatric group; however, there was no significant difference between the latter three groups. The adult group has the highest feeding rate of bamboo shoots and carrots, followed successively by the sub-adult group, the geriatric groups and the juvenile group. In summary, our study confirmed for the first time the feasibility of measuring bite forces of giant pandas by using force transducer, recorded the developmental process of bite forces and feeding rate of juvenile giant pandas during the dental transitional period, and discussed the effect of age on bite forces and feeding rate, all of which laying a good foundation for future work of giant pandas’ feeding ecology. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in conservation research of large- and medium-sized terrestrial mammals in China NIE Yonggang, ZHANG Chao, GAO Huayao, LIU Hanqing, XIE Bing ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 559-576.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151101 Abstract （586）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （2124KB）（1437）       Knowledge map    Save As one of the world’s most biodiverse countries, China is home to more than 700 mammal species, including flagship species such as giant pandas, snow leopards, snub-nosed monkeys, and Tibetan antelopes. However, exacerbated by climate change and expanding human activities, many large- and medium-sized mammals face severe survival threats, necessitating systematic conservation research. In recent decades, with continuous advancements in research methodologies and technologies, Chinese scientists have achieved a series of groundbreaking research outcomes in mammalian conservation, providing critical foundations for developing scientific management and protection strategies. This paper systematically reviews research progress in the conservation of China’s large- and medium-sized terrestrial mammals from 2010 to 2025, covering aspects such as behavioral and physiological adaptations, population dynamics and species coexistence mechanisms, gut microbiota-host co-adaptation, disease prevention and control, and genetic and adaptive evolution. Looking ahead, it is essential to strengthen research on holistic ecosystem conservation, promote interdisciplinary integration, and actively develop and apply emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence. By systematically elucidating the impact of environmental changes on large- and medium-sized mammals, these efforts will guide scientifically informed conservation management to address the increasingly severe challenges of biodiversity conservation challenges. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress on ecosystem services provided by bats LIU Yingying, FENG Jiang, JIANG Tinglei ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (2): 137-151.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151009 Abstract （2043）   HTML （18）    PDF（pc） （3126KB）（1358）       Knowledge map    Save Bats play multifaceted roles in ecosystems, profoundly impacting both the environment and human societies through their diverse ecosystem services. This review aims to summarize the current status and future prospects of studies concerning bat ecosystem services, with particular emphasis on their roles in provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. In terms of provisioning services, bats provide valuable resources for agriculture and medicine, particularly bat guano (known as‘Ye Mingsha’), which is an important component in traditional Chinese medicine and can also serve as an efficient organic fertilizer that significantly improves soil quality and crop yields. Additionally, some biological characteristics of bats, such as anticoagulant proteins and antiviral compounds in their saliva, provide an essential basis for new drug development, driving innovation in biotechnology and medicine. In regulating services, insectivorous bats not only reduce agricultural pest populations and pesticide use but also create a‘landscape of fear’through predation risks, altering prey behavior and physiology, thereby further reducing their fitness. Frugivorous bats contribute to plant pollination and seed dispersal, improving crop production sustainability and enhancing ecosystem health. In cultural services, the image of bats holds significant symbolic meaning in both Eastern and Western cultures and contributes to local economies through eco-tourism. In supporting services, bats maintain ecosystem health and stability through seed dispersal, plant pollination, and nutrient cycling. The review also anticipates future research directions, underscoring the importance of protecting bats and their ecosystem services to address challenges posed by global environmental changes and to promote sustainable development in human societies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research advances on spatial memory on animal movement GUO Xiaoyi, WANG Wei, GU Jiayin, JIANG Guangshun ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 224-236.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150787 Abstract （1073）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （1952KB）（1268）       Knowledge map    Save Many animal groups show strong directionality and regularity as they move within home ranges or migrate seasonally over long distances. They can integrate significant spatial cues for destination recognition, navigation, and memory of the types of food available in the habitat, the distribution of food patches and the season of food maturity, and construct spatial cognitive maps, showing a strong spatial memory capacity. This article comprehensively reviews the research methods of captive experiments, field experiments in natural environments, observation and analysis of natural state movement trajectories, and exploration of animal spatial memory in digital virtual experimental environments. The characteristics and application ranges of these research methods are summarized, and future research trends are prospected. The integration of multiple disciplines, multiple application scenarios, and the development of animal spatial memory ecological models have become the main development trends in this field. The study of animal spatial memory can provide new perspectives for in-depth exploration of animal habitat utilization mechanisms, intrinsic movement driving forces, and the maintenance mechanisms of biodiversity. In addition, this research field can also provide scientific basis and reference for wildlife management practices such as endangered species conservation, alleviating human-wildlife conflicts, and improving the welfare of captive animals. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The activity rhythm and space utilization among six species of ungulates in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China HAN Yimin, XIAO Mei, HE Mengnan, LI Mingfu, HOU Rong, WU Pengcheng, HE Fang, SHEN Limin, HU Jie, CHEN Peng ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (5): 598-610.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150844 Abstract （1386）   HTML （29）    PDF（pc） （5999KB）（1115）       Knowledge map    Save Understanding the temporal and spatial distribution of sympatric species with similar niches is a primary focus in community ecology research. In this study, infrared camera technology was used for monitoring large and medium mammals in the forest ecosystem of Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China, from January to December 2021. A total of 82 camera-trap sites were deployed, resulting in a total of 18 710 days of camera workdays. Kernel density estimation and occupation model were used to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of the six ungulates in the reserve during the cold and warm seasons. The results showed that the daily activity rhythms of the tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) and the Reeves’s muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) showed a high degree of overlap (? ≥ 0.80) in both seasons, while the Chinese takin (Budorcas tibetana), Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus), Chinese serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii), and wild boar (Sus scrofa) exhibited moderate overlap (? value between 0.50 and 0.80). The daily activity patterns of the tufted deer, Reeves’s muntjac, Chinese goral, Chinese takin, and wild boar were bimodal, with cre puscular tendencies, whereas the Chinese serow displayed a predominantly nocturnal and multimodal activity pattern. In the cold season, the Chinese takin had the highest occupancy rate (0.70), while in the warm season, the Chinese goral had the highest occupancy rate (0.96). The Chinese serow had the lowest occupancy rates in both seasons, at 0.18 and 0.19, respectively. Elevation, slope, slope direction, distance to water source, and distance from road were significant factors influencing the spatial distributions of these six ungulate species. The study demonstrates that activity rhythms and spatial utilization of the six ungulate species in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve exhibit seasonal differences. These findings provide preliminary insights into the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of ungulate species in different seasons, offering a scientific basis for the formulation of targeted conservation management strategies in this region. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Microhabitat and den site selection of Asiatic black bears in Wangqing National Nature Reserve, Jilin, China DU Hairong, ZHANG Minghai ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 668-680.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151011 Abstract （277）   HTML （0）    PDF（pc） （13658KB）（1064）       Knowledge map    Save In the northeastern region of China, winter is characterized by a snow-covered period that can last up to half a year, with frigid temperatures and scarce food resources. To cope with these harsh environments, Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) hibernate during most of the winter, a period that also coincides with their breeding and early cub-rearing phase. Therefore, hibernation is crucial for the stability of populations in this region, and suitable dens are essential for successful hibernation. This study, conducted between 2015 and 2019 in the Wangqing National Nature Reserve in Jilin Province, identified 24 dens sites through field surveys. Using descriptive statistics, principal component analysis (PCA), and random forest modeling, we examined den structure, microhabitat, and denning habitat to explore the factors influencing den selection and the environmental factors affecting den site choice, thereby revealing the relationship between the microhabitat, denning environment, and den selection. We found that the trees selected for denning were primarily Populus cathayana, indicating a relatively narrow range of tree species compared to other studies. The denning trees had a diameter at breast height (DBH) of approximately (122. 89 ± 13. 60) cm, with den entrances measuring about (39. 26 ± 6. 62) cm in diameter. The orientation of the den entrances fell within the range of solar altitude and was sheltered from the wind, suggesting that temperature plays a significant role in den entrance selection. Entrance orientation accounted for most of the first principal component, and the DBH and entrance size constituted the second principal component. Together, these two components accounted for 0. 85 of the total variance, indicating that entrance orientation, DBH, and entrance size are the primary factors considered in den selection. The main factors influencing den site habitat selection included the distance to rivers, distance to major roads, gross primary productivity (GPP) in October, and distance to human settlements. The ecological significance of these factors suggests that the primary considerations in den site selection are safety, insulation, and access to food resources. This study provides scientific support for the conservation and restoration of denning habitats for Asiatic black bears in northeastern China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A preliminary study of endozoochorous lichen dispersal by golden snubnosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Shennongjia, central China QIN Jianyong, WANG Qin, YAO Hui, YU Yang, XIANG Zuofu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 717-722.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151081 Abstract （206）   HTML （1）    PDF（pc） （5218KB）（1025）       Knowledge map    Save Golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) mainly feed on leaves, seeds, and fruits. They may also feed on lichens (Usnea diffracta) as staple food when preferred foods are in shortage. Although studies have shown that R. roxellana is a seed disperser, its role as lichen disperser remains unclear. In this study, we cultured fresh fecal samples from wild populations of R. roxellana from Shennongjia, China in the laboratory. We found green algae and ascomycetes, which are mainly composed of lichens, which implies that R. roxellana is a potential disperser of lichen. By feeding captive golden snub-nosed monkeys lichens labeled with non-toxic plastic tabs, we found that the weighted retention time of lichens was (62. 9 ± 7. 0) h (n = 3), suggesting that R. roxellana may be a potential long-distance disperser of lichens given its longer daily travel distance. Therefore, this study significantly increases our understanding of the ecological role of R. roxellana as seed and lichen dispersal vectors in temperate forests, which may contribute to forest restoration and lichen renewal. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of methionine contents in food on the gut microbiota of plateau pika DONG Xin, CHEN Huiqing, ZHANG Lu, SHANG Guozhen, WU Yan, BIAN Jianghui ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (4): 411-426.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150867 Abstract （1147）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （6784KB）（1013）       Knowledge map    Save The degradation of grasslands caused by overgrazing provides abundant protein food resources for the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) and changes in the content of essential amino acids (especially methionine) in the food can affect the host intestinal microbial community. In this study, plateau pikas were fed with 0. 26% and 0. 45% methionine diets according to the methionine content in their stomach contents in different degraded grasslands for 50 days. Collected feces were used for metagenomics and non-targeted metabolomics analysis to evaluate the effects of high methionine treatment on intestinal microbial communities and metabolites of plateau pika. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the α and β diversity of the intestinal microbial community of plateau pikas in the high methionine group compared with the low methionine group, but the abundance of Candidatus_Saccharibacteria and Tenericutes was significantly increased and the functions of butyric acid metabolism, taurine, and hypotaurine metabolism were significantly expressed, and the up-regulated metabolites were mainly enriched in primary bile acid synthesis, ascorbic acid and aldehyde metabolism, Th17 cell differentiation, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, B cell receptor signaling pathway, T cell receptor signaling pathway, and NF-κB pathway. On the other hand, the carbohydrate metabolism function of plateau pika microbiota in the low methionine group was significantly expressed, and its up-regulated metabolites were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism-related pathways. These results suggest that high methionine foods can change intestinal microbes and their metabolites, which may enhance the immune and reproductive performance of the host, and play an important role in improving the individual fitness and population size of plateau pikas. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of fostering methods on the growth and development of giant panda cubs with different birth weight WU Kai, LAI Jiaying, WEI Ming, ZHANG Yahui, ZENG Xianyin, WEI Rongping, CAO Xiao-han, HU Zhengquan, ZENG Wen, WANG Chengdong, KONG Fanli ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 217-223.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150705 Abstract （1264）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （2138KB）（965）       Knowledge map    Save In this study, 80 giant panda cubs born between 2012 and 2019 were selected to systematically study the effects of birth weight ([50, 100) g, n = 7; [100, 150) g, n = 25; [150, 200) g, n = 37; [200, 250) g, n = 11), fostering method (female feeding, n = 12; artificial feeding, n = 10; artificial and female alternate feeding, n = 58) and fetal litter size (single, n = 14, and twins, n = 66) on the growth and development of the cubs. We collected the daily gain, milk feeding amount, and eye and ear development during the early development of the cubs (from 0 to 120 days). The results showed that the birth weight of singleton pups was significantly higher than that of twin pups (P < 0. 05). We also found that the early growth and development of pups are closely related to their cub-fostering methods and birth weight (R2 > 0. 973 7). The greater the birth weight of the pups, the greater the growth rate. The lighter the birth weight of the cubs, the lower the shrinkage, but the higher ratio of shrinkage to its birth weight. In addition, the lighter the birth weight of pups, the lower the developmental status of their ears and eyes. In conclusion, our study provides a theoretical basis on the selection of and the improvement of cub-fostering methods for the giant panda. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Individual identification and genetic diversity of Eurasian otters based on microsatellite markers ZHENG Kaidan, WANG Qiaoyun, FAN Pengfei, HAN Xuesong, XIAO Mei, SHEN Limin, DONG Zhengyi, ZHANG Lu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 146-158.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150814 Abstract （1327）   HTML （19）    PDF（pc） （4834KB）（956）       Knowledge map    Save Population size and genetic diversity are important basic information for threatened species conservation. As a Class II protected animal, Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) was once widely distributed in China, but has experienced severe population decline and range shrinkage over the 20th century. However, only a few studies have been conducted on Eurasian otters in China. Basic research such as population surveys and genetic diversity studies are urgently needed. We collected 270 otter spraints for DNA extraction during 2019-2020 in Yushu City, Qinghai Province and Qingchuan County, Guangyuan City, Sichuan Province. We used 9 microsatellite loci and the SRY gene to genotype individuals and identify sex. Then we estimated the sizes of the two populations based on individual identification and noninvasive capturerecapture method (Capwire). We also assessed their genetic diversity based on the nine microsatellite markers. We successfully genotyped 67 spraints (24. 8%) with 7 - 9 microsatellites and identified 40 otter individuals. Among them, 10 were from Yushu and 30 were from Qingchuan, with a sex ratio of 4F/5M and 15F/14M respectively. Sex identification failed for two individuals. The estimated population of otters within our study area was 13 (95% CI: 7 - 21) in Yushu City and 75 (95% CI: 59-133) in Qingchuan County. The average observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) of the Yushu population were 0. 680 and 0. 611, while those of the Qingchuan population were 0. 664 and 0. 658, revealing a moderate genetic diversity. Otters in Yushu and Qingchuan have been differentiated significantly (FST = 0. 238) and no significant inbreeding was found in both populations (FIS: Yushu -0. 121, Qingchuan -0. 010). As the first study estimating population size and genetic diversity of Eurasian otters based on fecal DNA in Chinese mainland, our work provides important basic information for otter conservation in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Population structure and reproductive parameters of rhesus macaque in Wulingyuan National Scenic Spot SHEN Chengye, YU Yang, LEI Shuyao, XIANG Zuofu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (1): 70-77.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150853 Abstract （691）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （1855KB）（832）       Knowledge map    Save Among the six extant subspecies of macaques in China, the Fujian subspecies (Macaca mulatta littoralis) is one of the subspecies that has received relativeiy less attention. In this study, we investigated the population size, mating and birth seasons of rhesus macaque in the Wulingyuan area of Hunan Province through field tracking surveys based on individual identification. The results are as follows: (1) There are 18 monkey groups, with an average group size of 47. 78 ±22. 51, with ranging from 16 to 79 individuals. The overall sex ratio (male/female) is 1∶1. 57. The sex ratio for adult individuals is 1∶2. 47, for sub-adult individuals is 1∶3. 25, for adolescent individuals is 1∶1. 08, and for infant monkeys is 1∶1. 05. (2) Copulation events with ejaculation occur between October and February of the following year, with the highest mating frequency observed in November. (3) The distribution of birth events is from March to June, with a peak from April to May. The average birth date is 28th April, and the median birth date is 1st May with a standard deviation of 19. 11 days. These results indicate that the rhesus macaque in study area is seasonality and conforms to the pulse model; (4) The birth rate is 66. 27%, the mortality rate is 1. 80%, and the growth rate is 18. 09%. The results can provide basic data for research on the ecology, behaviour and conservation biology of macaques in Wulingyuan National Scenic Spot. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Temporal and spatial distribution patterns of Chinese ferret-badger (Melogale moschata) and masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) in the same region of Lushan National Nature Reserve SUN Jie, ZHANG Mi, LUO Wei, GU Hangmin, ZHANG Weiwei ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (1): 60-69.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150895 Abstract （958）   HTML （33）    PDF（pc） （6614KB）（830）       Knowledge map    Save Species with sympatric distributions typically undergo ecological niche differentiation to minimize competition and facilitate coexistence. This research explores the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of the Chinese ferret-bad-ger (Melogale moschata) and masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), their interactions with environmental factors, and the mechanisms behind their coexistence. We analyzed the daily activity rhythms and the degree of temporal niche overlap between these species within the Lushan National Nature Reserve using daily activity intensity index, kernel density estimation, and overlap index methods. The MaxEnt model was used to predict suitable habitats for both species and ecological niche overlap was assessed using ENMTools 1. 4. 4. We also compare their spatial niche preferences and investigate how environmental factors influence their coexistence strategies. The results reveal that both the Chinese ferret-badger and masked palm civet are predominantly nocturnal. They exhibit a high degree of overlap in their daily activity rhythms (Δ = 0.93, P > 0. 05), indicating that temporal niche differentiation does not significantly reduce competition between them. Suitable habitats for both species are primarily located along the forest edges at the mountain bases within the reserve, where there is substantial spatial overlap, although some differences exist. Both species show similar preferences for environmental factors, with altitude being the most significant, yet they differ in their preferences for vegetation types and slopes. These spatial differences in ecological niches may help mitigate competition for food resources and territories. This study underscores that the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of the Chinese ferret-badger and masked palm civet in the Lushan National Nature Reserve exhibit minimal niche differentiation. It is recommended to fully consider the environmental tolerance of both species, actively enhance habitat protection, and control human distur-bances to effectively conserve these and other sympatric species. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Population sizes and spatial distribution of Macaca mulatta brevicaudus in Hainan, China CHEN Guangle, XING Lu, DU Wanru, REN Baoping ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (1): 28-35.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150889 Abstract （1011）   HTML （24）    PDF（pc） （3824KB）（783）       Knowledge map    Save Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is a second-class protected species in China, and its subspecies the Hainan macaque (M. m. brevicaudus) is only found in Hainan Island, at the lowest latitude in China. Information on population size and spatial distribution of this subspecies dated from 30 years ago. It is urgent to obtain population size and distribution as the baseline information for the sake of conservation of Hainan macaques. From June 2021 to December 2023, a systematic survey of this subspecies was conducted via literature, questionnaire, and field investigation. We found 204 groups (5 100 individuals) of Hainan macaques inhabiting Hainan Island. These groups occupied less than 1% of the island area, mainly in the southern mountainous region. The average group size of the Hainan macaque is 25 ±11 individuals, which is the smallest among the six rhesus macaque subspecies in China. Eight isolated subpopulations of those 204 groups were identified based on their spatial distances and living status. Over the past 30 years, the distribution range of Hainan macaques has markedly shrunk, and the number of counties where the species has been recorded reduced from 18 to 10. About 96. 1% of the macaque groups are now restricted to nature reserves. We suggest those isolated groups should be paid more attention for the sake of conservation, especially the group in Wenchang. Strong human disturbance, habitat degradation, and habitat loss are the main threats to the survival of Hainan macaques. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preliminary study on the diversity of medium and large-sized mammals and pheasants at Chuxiong sub-region, Yunnan Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve YIN Guanghua, QIN Zhongyi, LUO Wenfu, LU Lixiong, LI Han, GAO Wenjun, XU Ping, LI Qianen, YIN Cunquan, LI Genhui, ZHANG Zhiqiang, LI Yuwu, LIU Dong, JI-ANG Xuelong, LI Xueyou ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 237-246.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150751 Abstract （2004）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （4717KB）（772）       Knowledge map    Save Between March 2020 and May 2022, we conducted a systematic camera-trapping survey to understand the diversity of medium and large-sized mammals and pheasants at Chuxiong Prefecture sub-region of Yunnan Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve. We set 153 camera traps along 1 km ×1 km grids, with a total trapping effort of 59 623 days, which yielded 9 309 independent records of wildlife species. A total of 23 medium and large-sized terrestrial mammals and seven pheasant species were observed: 14 families of 5 orders for mammals and 1 family of 1 order for pheasants. Of which, three and 14 species were listed as Class One and Class Two protected species respectively by the Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus vaginalis, RAI = 7. 52), tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus, RAI = 2. 43),wild boar (Susscrofa, RAI = 2. 39), macaque(Macaca mulatta, RAI = 2. 26) and Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura, RAI = 2. 16). Species rank-abundance curve showed that species in the first three ranks were the northern red muntjac, wild boar, and silver pheasant Lophura nycthemera, which together contributed to 65% of the accumulative abundance of the whole community. In addition, our camera-trapping survey recorded numerous human-related inerference such as livestock grazing, indicating that the reserve is under some levels of anthropogenic disturbance. Overall, our first systematic camera-trapping survey provides basic information on the diversity of medium and large-sized mammals and pheasants at Chuxiong Prefecture sub-region of Yunnan Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve. Such knowledge is important for local wildlife biodiversity management and conservation. Wildlife Conservation Law. The five species with the highest relative abundance indices (RAI) were the northern red Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Spatiotemporal variation of composition and diversity of small mammals in Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport YUAN Daohuan, CHENG Shoujie, YUAN Qianmin, JI Yu, QIN Jiao, LIANG Yitian, LIU Quansheng ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 252-258.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150826 Abstract （859）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （1976KB）（770）       Knowledge map    Save Bird strikes are a serious threat to the safe operation of the global aviation industry, and many birds feed on small mammals. Therefore, understanding the species composition, density, distribution and population dynamics of small mammals inside and outside of airports is of great significance for airport bird control and flight safety. To understand the characteristics and spatiotemporal variation of the species, quantity, and diversity of small mammals in the runway area and peripheral areas of Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport, four small mammal surveys were carried out in Shenzhen Airport from November 2021 to July 2022. A total of 152 small mammals from 6 species, 4 genera, 2 families, and 2 orders were captured by 1 343 effective clips. Rattus losea (37. 50%) and Mus caroli (36. 84%) were the dominant species. The capture rate of the four surveys was 11. 66% ± 2. 42%, and the seasonal variation of the capture rate was not significant. The total capture rate and rodent capture rate in the airport were significantly lower than those outside the airport. Species richness index and Shannon-Wiener index were the highest in November, while Pielou index was the lowest. Species richness index and Shannon-Wiener index inside the airport were slightly lower than outside the airport, while Pielou index was higher than outside the airport. The results indicate that small mammals should be controlled both inside and outside the airport to reduce the attraction of birds such as birds of prey, thereby reducing the risk of bird strikes at the airport. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The effect of high-fiber diet on energy budget in striped hamsters during lactation ZHAO Zhen, ZHANG Kaiyuan, YANG Rui, CAO Jing, ZHAO Zhijun ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (4): 436-448.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150868 Abstract （994）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （4086KB）（745）       Knowledge map    Save Reproduction period is one of the most important stages of life history in small mammals, during which the maternal energy requirements are maximized in lactation. To meet the energy requirements of their offspring, mothers usually increase energy intake to a ceiling, i. e. the maximal sustained energy intake (mSusEI). The notable plasticity of the digestive morphology and function is important for a variety of animals to cope with the changes in energy requirements. However, so far it is unclear if the mSusEI during peak lactation is constrained by the digestive system. In the present study, body mass, food intake, gross energy intake, digestibility, resting metabolic rate, and milk energy output, as well as the mass of gastrointestinal tracts and the digestive enzymes activity of the small intestine were examined in striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) that were fed with high-fiber diet during lactation. The maternal energy intake and reproductive output were analyzed in the hamsters raising different litter sizes. The activity of digestive enzymes was also compared in the hamsters raising small, medium, and large litter sizes under the high-fiber diet feeding. The results showed that the energy budgets of the hamsters during lactation were correlated with litter size. The mSusEI was not significantly affected by high-fiber diet. The hamsters fed with high-fiber diet decreased digestive energy intake and digestibility significantly, but did not change their gross energy intake, compared to those fed with low-fiber control diet. The milk energy output was significantly decreased in the hamsters fed with high-fiber diet, which could not meet the energy requirements of offspring, resulting in decreased growth rate during the lactation period. The masses of stomach,small intestine, large intestine and caecum, as well as the activity of amylase, maltase and aminopeptidase of the small intestine were significantly higher in the hamsters fed with high-fiber diet than those fed with low-fiber control diet, while neither tract mass nor digestive enzyme activity was significantly affected by litter size. These data indicate that the mSusEI at peak lactation is constrained by the digestive system, providing support for the central limitation hypothesis. Based on the central limits to the mSusEI at peak lactation, the increases of fiber content in diet may decrease reproductive value. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Assessment of the population size and body scarring of Bryde’s whales in the coastal waters off Weizhou Island, China SUN Xiaodong, ZHANG Yaoyao, NONG Zhiwen, ZHENG Yang, CHEN Mo, ZHENG Jin-song, WANG Ding, MEI Zhigang ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 694-706.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150938 Abstract （456）   HTML （0）    PDF（pc） （18140KB）（726）       Knowledge map    Save The Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni) is a Class I key protected species in China, and recent surveys have shown the existence of a stable population in the waters off Weizhou Island in Beibu Gulf, which is currently the only stable population of large baleen whales near the coast of China’s mainland. Our team conducted a photo-identification study in the waters near Weizhou Island from March 2018 to February 2023 and obtained a total of 70 600 pictures. Among them, we recorded 44 724 clear pictures of Bryde’s whales and identified 59 individual Bryde’s whales by dorsal fin notching. However, the individual identification database curve has not yet reached a plateau, and new individuals are still being identified every year. The POPAN model was used to estimate the population size of Bryde’s whales on Weizhou Island to be 89 individuals (CV = 0. 14, 95% CI = 59 - 123). The average annual recapture rate of the Bryde’s whale population in the waters of Weizhou Island during 2018 - 2023 was 35. 8%, and the results of multi-year comparisons showed that 29 individuals (49. 2% of the total) had a higher level of habitat fidelity. Based on body surface injuries, the main injuries were identified as coming from entanglement in net gear and ship strikes. The estimated minimum injury rate for Bryde’s whales in the Weizhou waters during the period 2021 - 2023 was 26. 3% (n = 59, 95% CI = 13. 3% - 39. 3%), and the maximum injury rate was 61. 4% (95% CI = 51. 0% - 71. 8%), suggesting that there is a clear risk of anthropogenic coercion to Bryde’s whales in the Weizhou waters. We call for further strengthening the monitoring and research on the population of Bryde’s whales in the waters of Weizhou Island, as well as the strict implementation of various types of anthropogenic controls to mitigate the threats to the survival of their population. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Relationship between maternal fecal cortisol levels and mother-infant behaviors in early nursing period of giant panda ZHOU Xiao, YANG Bo, ZENG Wen, LI Guo, YANG Changjiang, WANG Jing, XIE Qingyang, LIU Huaiting, WANG Rui, LUO Bo, ZHANG Mingchun, HUANG Yan ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 209-216.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150741 Abstract （1070）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （1995KB）（670）       Knowledge map    Save Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an altricial species. The early period of nursing is critical for the survival, growth and development of the cub, and also the most vulnerable period for the young. In order to understand the relationship between maternal cortisol levels and mother-infant behaviors during the early nursing period, and improve the survival rate of cubs in the aspect of behavioral adaptation mechanism, were monitored the concentration of fecal cortisol of 7 mother pandas in the early nursing period (0-75 days) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, we observed the behaviors of 3 pairs of mother and infant using the focal animal sampling method. The results showed that the fecal cortisol concentration of mother panda decreased with the cub’s growth by days (r = -0. 950, P < 0. 001) in the early nursing period. Before and after weaning, there was no significant difference in maternal cortisol concentrations (t = -0. 935, P = 0. 361). The changes in maternal cortisol concentrations had significant positive correlations with communicating (r = 0. 0918, P < 0. 001), cub calling (r = 0. 777, P = 0. 001) and resting (r = 0. 731, P = 0. 002) behaviors. Furthermore, cortisol concentrations were negatively correlated with feeding (r = -0. 608, P = 0. 016) and not correlated with licking (r = 0. 366, P = 0. 179). Results indicated that the cortisol concentration of the mother giant panda was related to the growth and development of the cub during the early nursing period. We hypothesize that the stress intensity of the mother might decrease with the improvement of the cold resistance and independent activity ability of the cub. In addition, cortisol may be involved in the regulation of maternal behavior, which can help the mother respond positively to the demand signals of her cub, enhance maternal behavior, and thus improve the survival rate of her cub at the early stage of nursing. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Regulation of seasonal spermatogenesis in mammals Lianhong PAN, Gongxue JIA, Qien YANG, Xumin WANG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (3): 271-282.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150983 Abstract （758）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （2578KB）（669）       Knowledge map    Save To adapt to cyclical changes in their environment, mammals have developed different reproductive strategies over long periods of evolution. Seasonal changes in spermatogenesis are one of the typical adaptive features of seasonally breeding animals. During the reproductive period, spermatogenic cells at all levels of the testicular spermatogenic epithelium differentiate in an orderly manner to produce a steady stream of spermatozoa, whereas during the nonreproductive period, spermatogenic cell development is blocked and the testis degenerates. Seasonal spermatogenesis is cyclic in response to dynamic changes in hormone levels, a process that is tightly regulated by the photoperiod and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis. As a major environmental signal regulating seasonal reproduction, photoperiod affects gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal activity through melatonin-mediated neurotransmission, which in turn acts on the gonads to regulate testosterone secretion and spermatogonial differentiation. In addition, thyroid hormones play a key role in the animal’s response to light signaling and maintenance of the HPG axis. Within the gonads, spermatogenic cell development in non-reproducing animals exhibits different patterns of blockage, including reduced proliferative activity of spermatogonia, autophagy and spermatocyte apoptosis, and detachment, with testosterone-regulated changes in retinoic acid concentration playing a central role in the blockage of spermatogonial differentiation. This article summarizes the mechanisms by which key environmental factors, the reproductive axis, and the testicular microenvironment synergistically regulate seasonal spermatogenesis in mammals, outlining new findings on the regulation of seasonal reproduction in animals. This paper focuses on a more systematic review of the roles of testosterone- and retinoic acid-regulated testicular microenvironments in seasonal spermatogenesis, with a view to providing reference information for the study of the molecular regulatory mechanisms of both on mammalian seasonal spermatogenesis, as well as an in-depth understanding of the physiology of reproduction and physiological ecology of veterinary species, and the development of techniques for the regulation of animal populations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Spatiotemporal distribution of human-monkey conflict in Guiyang LI Yi, WANG Yikai, LUO Chang, YE Xiulin, WU Zhongrong, KUANG Zhongfan, ZHAO Xumao ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (4): 449-455.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150845 Abstract （1271）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （3549KB）（664）       Knowledge map    Save With the intensification of human activities, conflicts between humans and wildlife, especially those protected animals, are becoming one of the major concerns of conservation biology. Non-human primates are highly genetically like human. Non-human primates are highly genetically like humans and are prone to zoonotic diseases. Conflicts with humans can pose a series of serious safety issues. Based on this, we counted 2 000 human-monkey (macaque: Macaca mulatta) conflicts happened in Guiyang from 2014 to 2022. We found that (1) in all incidents, 83% are a group of 3-10 macaques (15% and 2% are one and two individuals, respectively), 60% are male, 10% are female bringing infant, and the remaining 30% could not distinguish between genders; and (2) human-macaque conflict mainly happened within a 10 km radius (0. 065-23. 5 km) centered around Qianlingshan Park, gradually decreasing towards the surrounding area in a diffusion pattern, and negatively with the distance to Qianlingshan Park (-0. 17, R2 = 0. 117). From 2014 to 2022, the overall trend of conflicts has raised, and mainly concentrated in January each year and scattered in other months. Because of the lack of natural enemy and feeding of humans, the population of Macaque in Qianlingshan Park grows rapidly, leading to diffusion to city around and robbery. This study revealed spatiotemporal distribution of human-monkey conflicts, which has a guiding meaning for alleviating conflicts between humans and monkeys. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The impact of anticoagulant rodenticides on the genetic diversity and anticoagulant resistance in the Norway rat population ABUDUKEYOUMU Kader, SUN Ting, WANG Dawei, LIU Xiaohui, WANG Xiuhui, SONG Ying ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (1): 78-85.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150891 Abstract （543）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （1482KB）（664）       Knowledge map    Save To understand the genetic diversity and the level of anticoagulant resistance in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Kashgar region, Xinjiang after continuous use of anticoagulant rodenticides, we collected Norway rat samples after the application of the anticoagulant rodenticides in the year of 2019, 2020, 2022, and 2023. We first analyzed the different mitochondrial Cyt b haplotypes and their frequencies in different temporal populations, as well as the phylogenetic relationship among different haplotypes. Then, we analyzed the Vkorc1 variations and their frequencies in the temporal populations and assessed the anticoagulant level of the populations. The results revealed a total of six different Cyt b haplotypes in 100 rats, and they clustered into two groups in the haplotype network. The highest and lowest haplotype diversity was found in the population of 2019 and 2023, respectively, indicating an obvious bottleneck effect. Some low-frequency haplotypes disappeared in the populations of 2020, 2022, and 2023. Fst analysis suggested significant genetic differentiation between the population of 2022 and other temporal populations. Analysis of the Vkorc1 gene revealed one silent mutation Ile82Ile and no resistance-associated Vkorc1 missense mutations were found, indicating a low level of resistance in the local populations. All these findings suggest that the rat control in the entire village has led to a decrease in genetic diversity and significantly affected the genetic structure of the population. However, the rat populations in the studied area have not developed anticoagulant resistance yet, and the first-generation anticoagulant rodenticides are still effective. This study provides a reference for further research on the population structure of Norway rats and also provides theoretical guidance for the use of anticoagulant rodenticides in local Norway rat populations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Cardiomyocyte communication and its gene expression difference between different altitudes yaks based on single cell RNA-seq data HUANG Nating, CHEN Yibo, SONG Na, LI Jingyi, WEI Qing, CHEN Jiarui ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 171-182.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150817 Abstract （1119）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （5119KB）（656）       Knowledge map    Save As the most important organ for blood circulation, the heart plays an important role in the environmental adaptation of animals. Cardiomyocyte is the main functional cell in the animal heart, however, gene expression changes and cellular communication in cardiomyocytes of yaks living at high altitudes are still unclear. To study the effect of yak cardiomyocytes in the process of adaptation to the plateau environment, yaks in high altitude areas (Qilian, Qinghai, altitude 4000 m) and low altitude areas (Xunhua, Qinghai, altitude 2 600 m) were taken as research objects, and the cellular communications and ligand-target gene regulations in cardiomyocytes and other cells were predicted based on the 10× singlecell RNA sequencing data. In addition, the functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different altitude yak cardiomyocytes were annotated. The results showed that yak cardiomyocytes were most highly correlated with the endothelial cells and epithelial cells. The expression level of ligand and receptor of CD74_COAP and CD74_APP was relatively higher in the cardiomyocyte-dendritic cell and cardiomyocyte-macrophage, the vitality of ligands and receptors was relatively higher in TNF signal pathway; The immune related pathway ligands, such as PTPRC, PECAM1, ITGB2, ANXA1, BDNF had a significant influence on all ‘cell pairs’and the PI3K-Akt signal pathway showed the highest potential score in ligand-target gene regulation; The functions of DEGs between high and low altitude yak cardiomyocytes were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways as the oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis pathways. These results suggest that yaks may maintain their homeostasis by strengthening the connection between cardiomyocytes and other cells and regulating the processes related to immune action. Meanwhile, high-altitude yaks enhance their aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of cardiomyocytes to acquire more energy to adapt to the harsh environment of high altitude. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Changing patterns of cortisol and gut microbiota in Ailurus fulgens under different living environments ZHAO Xing, MA Rui, WU Wei, LI Mingxi, CHEN Chao, ZHOU Yanshan, HONG Mingsheng, QI Dunwu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (4): 427-435.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150869 Abstract （930）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （4834KB）（654）       Knowledge map    Save Gut microbiota are susceptible to environmental stresses and the relative stability of their structure is essential for maintaining animal health. Cortisol, as a stress hormone, not only responds to the current stress condition of the animal but also affects the gut microbiota structure of the animal. However, the covariation mechanism between gut flora and faecal cortisol in Ailurus fulgens has not been investigated yet. We compared the fecal cortisol and gut microbiota structure of Ailurus fulgens in different living environments (captive, semi-free-ranging and wild) to elucidate the patterns of change in cortisol and gut microbiota organisms. The results revealed that among different living environments, the lowest cortisol concentration was found in captive condition (71. 1 ± 21. 6) ng/g, and its concentration was (111. 3 ± 5. 6) ng/g in semi-free-ranging environment, while the highest (5094. 8 ± 5383. 9) ng/g was found in wild environment. Meanwhile, the highest shannon index of gut microbiota of Ailurus fulgens was found in the semi-free-ranging environment (6. 178), followed by the wild condition (5. 535), and the lowest in captive environment (3. 449). Cortisol concentrations in captive Ailurus fulgens showed a significant negative correlation (P<0. 001) with Escherichia-Shigella and a significant positive correlation (P<0. 001) with Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1. In summary, different living environments significantly affect the gut microbiota composition and faecal cortisol concentration of Ailurus fulgens. Reducing the frequency and intensity of environmental changes can effectively reduce their stress and maintain the health and stability of the gut flora, which will provide technical support for the health management of Ailurus fulgens populations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the adaptation of reintroduced giant pandas to the natural environment YU Xiang, BI Wenlei, HOU Rong, LIU Jiabin, LI Zusheng, FU Mingxia, WU Wei, MA Rui, CHEN Chao, MO Li, SONG Xinqiang, WANG Wei, YANG Hong, ZHANG Qian, QI Dunwu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 707-716.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151007 Abstract （409）   HTML （1）    PDF（pc） （12279KB）（640）       Knowledge map    Save Animal rewilding is an important means to maintain the long-term survival of endangered wildlife populations. For captive animals, how to quickly adapt to the complex wild environment is an important guarantee for successful survival. Therefore, knowing habitat preference, activity patterns, and utilization of environmental factors is helpful to clarify the process of ecological adaptation of reintroduced animals. In this study, we focused on the preferred habitat within 6 months, home range size, daily movement distance, and use of environmental factors within 12 months of a reintroduced giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). After 6 months later, the reintroduced giant panda showed the similar habitat preference as wild giant pandas in the same area (the coincidence ratio up to 66%), with a utilization (2 721. 3 ± 66. 9) m altitude in the end of one year. Also, the reintroduced giant panda exhibited a 4. 5 km2 home range, moved (293. 2 ± 420. 2) m average distance daily, used a 20. 0° median average slope of the active area in sunny slope and semisunny slope areas. Based on the results, we divide the adaptation process in 4 stages: exploratory period (1 - 31 d), initial stable period (32 - 61 d), wandering period (62 - 91 d), and stable period (after 92 d), after which the reintroduced individual was well adapted to the wild environment. Our study indicates that releasing adult captive females and extending the rewilding training period may benefit reintroduced giant pandas to enter a stable stage in a relatively short period, thereby improving the success rate of reintroduction. The results of this study can provide a basis for further optimization of captive giant panda rewilding training and monitoring programs. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Distribution characteristics of mineral elements in habitat soil-food-feces continuum of giant pandas SHU Yan, HUANG Yuling, LIU Yuan, ZHU Dapeng, LIU Kun, TAN Jinchao, WANG Fengmei, FANG Tingting, YUAN Shibin, WANG Le ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (1): 96-107.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150852 Abstract （607）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （8937KB）（625）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the distribution characteristics of mineral elements in the habitat soil-food-faeces continuum of wild giant pandas, we collected samples of soil, dietary bamboos, and feces from the core area of Foping National Nature Reserve in Shaanxi Province in the year of 2022. All samples were analyzed for the absolute and relative contents of nine nutritionally essential minerals: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, K, Ca, Mg, P, and Na. The results showed that the absolute content of mineral elements in soil-food-feces was not entirely consistent. The elements with high absolute content in the soil were not always rich in the food bamboos and feces, and minerals that were of less absolute abundance in the soil were not always low in the food and feces. Minerals in soil and bamboo leaves showed a close positive or negative correlation, whereas elements in the feces showed significant positive correlations without detected negative relevance. After the whole process of ingestion, digestion, and absorption of bamboo leaves by giant pandas, the relative contents of most minerals changed in the feces. The feces showed lower relative concentration of P and Na than in the food when feeding on Bashania fargesii; whereas there was no significant difference in the content of Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Cu, and Zn. Furthermore, Fe was significantly higher in feces than in food. When feeding on Fargesia qinlingensis, there was no significant difference in the relative content of Mn, the relative content of Fe in feces was significantly higher than in food, and the relative contents of the other seven elements in feces were significantly lower than in food. Therefore, the contents of mineral elements in soil-food-feces were not completely consistent. When giant pandas fed on different bamboo leaves of different species, their utilization rates of different mineral elements varied. Among the 9 essential elements, Fe had the lowest absorption rate. Our results illustrated the distribution characteristics of mineral elements in the habitat soilfood-feces continuum and the differences in the utilization of 9 essential mineral elements by giant pandas, which help us further understand the nutritional strategies of wild giant pandas and provide references for the mineral nutrition regulation on giant pandas in captive settings. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in conservation ecology of Chinese pangolins HUA Yan, GAO Haiyang, WANG Kai, DOU Hongliang, LI Jun, GUO Ce, SUN Song, AN Fuyu, TANG Lin, LI Yongzheng, ZHANG Zhidong, YANG Wenshan ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 577-592.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150985 Abstract （514）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （1968KB）（589）       Knowledge map    Save The Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla), a Class I protected species in China, faces critical endangerment due to anthropogenic pressures, habitat degradation, and climate change. Except for Taiwan, the distribution range of Chinese pangolins in China has significantly decreased. The Chinese pangolin’s suitable habitats are shaped by an intricate interplay of factors including vegetation, human activity, climate, and topography. Chinese pangolins are an enigmatic, nocturnal species and possess modest home ranges and subsist primarily on a diet of termites and ants. Their burrowing behavior alters soil structure, enhances forest habitat heterogeneity, and provides additional resources for sympatric species, making them important ecosystem engineers in forest ecosystems. While ex-situ conservation through artificial breeding serves as a crucial complement to in-situ efforts, it presents critical challenges, including low survival rates of rescued individuals, enhanced disease susceptibility, difficulties in formulating appropriate artificial diets, poor sperm quality, and low offspring viability. The primary threats to Chinese pangolins encompass poaching, habitat fragmentation and loss, limited genetic dispersal, and the risk of extinction due to critically small populations. To address these multifaceted challenges, comprehensive conservation strategies need to be developed meticulously, such as bolstering law enforcement, advancing scientific research, safeguarding habitats, refining artificial breeding techniques, enhancing public awareness and education, and fostering international collaboration. Through the concerted implementation of these conservation measures, it is anticipated that the conservation scenario for Chinese pangolins will improve significantly, potentially leading to a gradual recovery of its population size. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）