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Habitat suitability analysis for four wild ungulates in Sanjiangyuan National Park under different climate change scenarios WANG Zihan, WANG Dong, HOU Luyi, LI Quanbang, LI Qiqin, WEI Haijuan, LIAN Xinming ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 602-614.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150963 Abstract （427）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （13432KB）（2297）       Knowledge map    Save Climate change and human activities have direct or indirect impacts on the distribution and abundance of species, particularly on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Wild ungulates are vital components of the ecosystem, with their habitat and living conditions playing a decisive role in maintaining ecological balance and stability. Predicting the effects of climate change on their distribution range can provide a scientific basis and reference for the conservation of wild ungulates and habitat restoration in key areas. This study specifically focuses on four species of wild ungulates in Sanjiangyuan National Park, Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata), Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), kiang (Equus kiang), and wild yak (Bos mutus). By utilizing the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS software, we conducted an analysis to determine the potential geographical distribution of these four species. Subsequently, we predicted dynamic changes in their habitat suitability and geographical range under two scenarios: low and high carbon emissions for the 2050s and 2070s. The findings revealed that the suitable habitat area for Tibetan gazelle accounted for 52. 22% of the total park area, while corresponding proportions for Tibetan antelope, kiang, and wild yak were 13. 71%, 19. 23%, and 9. 22% respectively. Multiple variables influenced the distribution of these four species. Notably, precipitation-related factors significantly impacted habitat selection by Tibetan gazelle and antelope populations and the antelope demonstrated some adaptability to human activities as well. In the face of future climate change, all four wild ungulates are experiencing a decline in suitable habitats, with the Tibetan antelope being particularly affected by the highest carbon emission concentration scenario. Furthermore, there is a noticeable trend among these species to migrate towards higher latitudes. Although the Sanjiangyuan National Park has encompassed most of the habitats for the four ungulate species, it remains essential to develop tailored protection and management strategies for each species. Specifically, proactive measures such as vegetation restoration should be implemented in habitats that have been or may become damaged to enhance the ecological environment’s quality and provide a more suitable living space for these wild ungulates. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Some key questions of ecological impacts of free ranging cats LI Zhongqiu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 593-601.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150967 Abstract （780）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （1938KB）（1886）       Knowledge map    Save Domestic cats, originally from the Near East, have proliferated globally alongside human migration, establishing substantial populations of free-ranging cats. These feline populations have profound ecological ramifications for both island and continental ecosystems, encompassing direct predation, fear-mediated indirect predation, competition for resources with predators at the same trophic level, disease transmission, and genetic infiltration. Gaining a thorough understanding of the fundamental biology of free-ranging cats is essential for mitigating these impacts, including their population dynamics, reproductive behaviors, and adaptive strategies. While trap-neuter-return (TNR) is a widely adopted management strategy for free-ranging cats, its necessity and effectiveness in wildlife conservation remain contentious. This paper delves into scientific research areas such as free-ranging cat population assessment, ecological impact evaluation, disease risk, and the cultural and managerial aspects of cats. We also present specific recommendations regarding pet registration, breeding regulations, animal welfare, and shelter policies. We hope that these suggestions will provide scientific evidence and practical guidance for effective free-ranging cat management and the conservation of wildlife in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in conservation research of large- and medium-sized terrestrial mammals in China NIE Yonggang, ZHANG Chao, GAO Huayao, LIU Hanqing, XIE Bing ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 559-576.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151101 Abstract （586）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （2124KB）（1437）       Knowledge map    Save As one of the world’s most biodiverse countries, China is home to more than 700 mammal species, including flagship species such as giant pandas, snow leopards, snub-nosed monkeys, and Tibetan antelopes. However, exacerbated by climate change and expanding human activities, many large- and medium-sized mammals face severe survival threats, necessitating systematic conservation research. In recent decades, with continuous advancements in research methodologies and technologies, Chinese scientists have achieved a series of groundbreaking research outcomes in mammalian conservation, providing critical foundations for developing scientific management and protection strategies. This paper systematically reviews research progress in the conservation of China’s large- and medium-sized terrestrial mammals from 2010 to 2025, covering aspects such as behavioral and physiological adaptations, population dynamics and species coexistence mechanisms, gut microbiota-host co-adaptation, disease prevention and control, and genetic and adaptive evolution. Looking ahead, it is essential to strengthen research on holistic ecosystem conservation, promote interdisciplinary integration, and actively develop and apply emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence. By systematically elucidating the impact of environmental changes on large- and medium-sized mammals, these efforts will guide scientifically informed conservation management to address the increasingly severe challenges of biodiversity conservation challenges. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress on ecosystem services provided by bats LIU Yingying, FENG Jiang, JIANG Tinglei ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (2): 137-151.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151009 Abstract （2041）   HTML （18）    PDF（pc） （3126KB）（1358）       Knowledge map    Save Bats play multifaceted roles in ecosystems, profoundly impacting both the environment and human societies through their diverse ecosystem services. This review aims to summarize the current status and future prospects of studies concerning bat ecosystem services, with particular emphasis on their roles in provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. In terms of provisioning services, bats provide valuable resources for agriculture and medicine, particularly bat guano (known as‘Ye Mingsha’), which is an important component in traditional Chinese medicine and can also serve as an efficient organic fertilizer that significantly improves soil quality and crop yields. Additionally, some biological characteristics of bats, such as anticoagulant proteins and antiviral compounds in their saliva, provide an essential basis for new drug development, driving innovation in biotechnology and medicine. In regulating services, insectivorous bats not only reduce agricultural pest populations and pesticide use but also create a‘landscape of fear’through predation risks, altering prey behavior and physiology, thereby further reducing their fitness. Frugivorous bats contribute to plant pollination and seed dispersal, improving crop production sustainability and enhancing ecosystem health. In cultural services, the image of bats holds significant symbolic meaning in both Eastern and Western cultures and contributes to local economies through eco-tourism. In supporting services, bats maintain ecosystem health and stability through seed dispersal, plant pollination, and nutrient cycling. The review also anticipates future research directions, underscoring the importance of protecting bats and their ecosystem services to address challenges posed by global environmental changes and to promote sustainable development in human societies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Microhabitat and den site selection of Asiatic black bears in Wangqing National Nature Reserve, Jilin, China DU Hairong, ZHANG Minghai ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 668-680.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151011 Abstract （277）   HTML （0）    PDF（pc） （13658KB）（1064）       Knowledge map    Save In the northeastern region of China, winter is characterized by a snow-covered period that can last up to half a year, with frigid temperatures and scarce food resources. To cope with these harsh environments, Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) hibernate during most of the winter, a period that also coincides with their breeding and early cub-rearing phase. Therefore, hibernation is crucial for the stability of populations in this region, and suitable dens are essential for successful hibernation. This study, conducted between 2015 and 2019 in the Wangqing National Nature Reserve in Jilin Province, identified 24 dens sites through field surveys. Using descriptive statistics, principal component analysis (PCA), and random forest modeling, we examined den structure, microhabitat, and denning habitat to explore the factors influencing den selection and the environmental factors affecting den site choice, thereby revealing the relationship between the microhabitat, denning environment, and den selection. We found that the trees selected for denning were primarily Populus cathayana, indicating a relatively narrow range of tree species compared to other studies. The denning trees had a diameter at breast height (DBH) of approximately (122. 89 ± 13. 60) cm, with den entrances measuring about (39. 26 ± 6. 62) cm in diameter. The orientation of the den entrances fell within the range of solar altitude and was sheltered from the wind, suggesting that temperature plays a significant role in den entrance selection. Entrance orientation accounted for most of the first principal component, and the DBH and entrance size constituted the second principal component. Together, these two components accounted for 0. 85 of the total variance, indicating that entrance orientation, DBH, and entrance size are the primary factors considered in den selection. The main factors influencing den site habitat selection included the distance to rivers, distance to major roads, gross primary productivity (GPP) in October, and distance to human settlements. The ecological significance of these factors suggests that the primary considerations in den site selection are safety, insulation, and access to food resources. This study provides scientific support for the conservation and restoration of denning habitats for Asiatic black bears in northeastern China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A preliminary study of endozoochorous lichen dispersal by golden snubnosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Shennongjia, central China QIN Jianyong, WANG Qin, YAO Hui, YU Yang, XIANG Zuofu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 717-722.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151081 Abstract （206）   HTML （1）    PDF（pc） （5218KB）（1025）       Knowledge map    Save Golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) mainly feed on leaves, seeds, and fruits. They may also feed on lichens (Usnea diffracta) as staple food when preferred foods are in shortage. Although studies have shown that R. roxellana is a seed disperser, its role as lichen disperser remains unclear. In this study, we cultured fresh fecal samples from wild populations of R. roxellana from Shennongjia, China in the laboratory. We found green algae and ascomycetes, which are mainly composed of lichens, which implies that R. roxellana is a potential disperser of lichen. By feeding captive golden snub-nosed monkeys lichens labeled with non-toxic plastic tabs, we found that the weighted retention time of lichens was (62. 9 ± 7. 0) h (n = 3), suggesting that R. roxellana may be a potential long-distance disperser of lichens given its longer daily travel distance. Therefore, this study significantly increases our understanding of the ecological role of R. roxellana as seed and lichen dispersal vectors in temperate forests, which may contribute to forest restoration and lichen renewal. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Assessment of the population size and body scarring of Bryde’s whales in the coastal waters off Weizhou Island, China SUN Xiaodong, ZHANG Yaoyao, NONG Zhiwen, ZHENG Yang, CHEN Mo, ZHENG Jin-song, WANG Ding, MEI Zhigang ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 694-706.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150938 Abstract （456）   HTML （0）    PDF（pc） （18140KB）（726）       Knowledge map    Save The Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni) is a Class I key protected species in China, and recent surveys have shown the existence of a stable population in the waters off Weizhou Island in Beibu Gulf, which is currently the only stable population of large baleen whales near the coast of China’s mainland. Our team conducted a photo-identification study in the waters near Weizhou Island from March 2018 to February 2023 and obtained a total of 70 600 pictures. Among them, we recorded 44 724 clear pictures of Bryde’s whales and identified 59 individual Bryde’s whales by dorsal fin notching. However, the individual identification database curve has not yet reached a plateau, and new individuals are still being identified every year. The POPAN model was used to estimate the population size of Bryde’s whales on Weizhou Island to be 89 individuals (CV = 0. 14, 95% CI = 59 - 123). The average annual recapture rate of the Bryde’s whale population in the waters of Weizhou Island during 2018 - 2023 was 35. 8%, and the results of multi-year comparisons showed that 29 individuals (49. 2% of the total) had a higher level of habitat fidelity. Based on body surface injuries, the main injuries were identified as coming from entanglement in net gear and ship strikes. The estimated minimum injury rate for Bryde’s whales in the Weizhou waters during the period 2021 - 2023 was 26. 3% (n = 59, 95% CI = 13. 3% - 39. 3%), and the maximum injury rate was 61. 4% (95% CI = 51. 0% - 71. 8%), suggesting that there is a clear risk of anthropogenic coercion to Bryde’s whales in the Weizhou waters. We call for further strengthening the monitoring and research on the population of Bryde’s whales in the waters of Weizhou Island, as well as the strict implementation of various types of anthropogenic controls to mitigate the threats to the survival of their population. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Regulation of seasonal spermatogenesis in mammals Lianhong PAN, Gongxue JIA, Qien YANG, Xumin WANG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (3): 271-282.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150983 Abstract （757）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （2578KB）（669）       Knowledge map    Save To adapt to cyclical changes in their environment, mammals have developed different reproductive strategies over long periods of evolution. Seasonal changes in spermatogenesis are one of the typical adaptive features of seasonally breeding animals. During the reproductive period, spermatogenic cells at all levels of the testicular spermatogenic epithelium differentiate in an orderly manner to produce a steady stream of spermatozoa, whereas during the nonreproductive period, spermatogenic cell development is blocked and the testis degenerates. Seasonal spermatogenesis is cyclic in response to dynamic changes in hormone levels, a process that is tightly regulated by the photoperiod and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis. As a major environmental signal regulating seasonal reproduction, photoperiod affects gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal activity through melatonin-mediated neurotransmission, which in turn acts on the gonads to regulate testosterone secretion and spermatogonial differentiation. In addition, thyroid hormones play a key role in the animal’s response to light signaling and maintenance of the HPG axis. Within the gonads, spermatogenic cell development in non-reproducing animals exhibits different patterns of blockage, including reduced proliferative activity of spermatogonia, autophagy and spermatocyte apoptosis, and detachment, with testosterone-regulated changes in retinoic acid concentration playing a central role in the blockage of spermatogonial differentiation. This article summarizes the mechanisms by which key environmental factors, the reproductive axis, and the testicular microenvironment synergistically regulate seasonal spermatogenesis in mammals, outlining new findings on the regulation of seasonal reproduction in animals. This paper focuses on a more systematic review of the roles of testosterone- and retinoic acid-regulated testicular microenvironments in seasonal spermatogenesis, with a view to providing reference information for the study of the molecular regulatory mechanisms of both on mammalian seasonal spermatogenesis, as well as an in-depth understanding of the physiology of reproduction and physiological ecology of veterinary species, and the development of techniques for the regulation of animal populations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the adaptation of reintroduced giant pandas to the natural environment YU Xiang, BI Wenlei, HOU Rong, LIU Jiabin, LI Zusheng, FU Mingxia, WU Wei, MA Rui, CHEN Chao, MO Li, SONG Xinqiang, WANG Wei, YANG Hong, ZHANG Qian, QI Dunwu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 707-716.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151007 Abstract （409）   HTML （1）    PDF（pc） （12279KB）（640）       Knowledge map    Save Animal rewilding is an important means to maintain the long-term survival of endangered wildlife populations. For captive animals, how to quickly adapt to the complex wild environment is an important guarantee for successful survival. Therefore, knowing habitat preference, activity patterns, and utilization of environmental factors is helpful to clarify the process of ecological adaptation of reintroduced animals. In this study, we focused on the preferred habitat within 6 months, home range size, daily movement distance, and use of environmental factors within 12 months of a reintroduced giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). After 6 months later, the reintroduced giant panda showed the similar habitat preference as wild giant pandas in the same area (the coincidence ratio up to 66%), with a utilization (2 721. 3 ± 66. 9) m altitude in the end of one year. Also, the reintroduced giant panda exhibited a 4. 5 km2 home range, moved (293. 2 ± 420. 2) m average distance daily, used a 20. 0° median average slope of the active area in sunny slope and semisunny slope areas. Based on the results, we divide the adaptation process in 4 stages: exploratory period (1 - 31 d), initial stable period (32 - 61 d), wandering period (62 - 91 d), and stable period (after 92 d), after which the reintroduced individual was well adapted to the wild environment. Our study indicates that releasing adult captive females and extending the rewilding training period may benefit reintroduced giant pandas to enter a stable stage in a relatively short period, thereby improving the success rate of reintroduction. The results of this study can provide a basis for further optimization of captive giant panda rewilding training and monitoring programs. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in conservation ecology of Chinese pangolins HUA Yan, GAO Haiyang, WANG Kai, DOU Hongliang, LI Jun, GUO Ce, SUN Song, AN Fuyu, TANG Lin, LI Yongzheng, ZHANG Zhidong, YANG Wenshan ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 577-592.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150985 Abstract （514）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （1968KB）（589）       Knowledge map    Save The Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla), a Class I protected species in China, faces critical endangerment due to anthropogenic pressures, habitat degradation, and climate change. Except for Taiwan, the distribution range of Chinese pangolins in China has significantly decreased. The Chinese pangolin’s suitable habitats are shaped by an intricate interplay of factors including vegetation, human activity, climate, and topography. Chinese pangolins are an enigmatic, nocturnal species and possess modest home ranges and subsist primarily on a diet of termites and ants. Their burrowing behavior alters soil structure, enhances forest habitat heterogeneity, and provides additional resources for sympatric species, making them important ecosystem engineers in forest ecosystems. While ex-situ conservation through artificial breeding serves as a crucial complement to in-situ efforts, it presents critical challenges, including low survival rates of rescued individuals, enhanced disease susceptibility, difficulties in formulating appropriate artificial diets, poor sperm quality, and low offspring viability. The primary threats to Chinese pangolins encompass poaching, habitat fragmentation and loss, limited genetic dispersal, and the risk of extinction due to critically small populations. To address these multifaceted challenges, comprehensive conservation strategies need to be developed meticulously, such as bolstering law enforcement, advancing scientific research, safeguarding habitats, refining artificial breeding techniques, enhancing public awareness and education, and fostering international collaboration. Through the concerted implementation of these conservation measures, it is anticipated that the conservation scenario for Chinese pangolins will improve significantly, potentially leading to a gradual recovery of its population size. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of cetacean stranding and bycatch records based on mainstream online short video platforms Zhongrui WU, Liming YONG, Qianhui ZENG, Meiying CHEN, Qian ZHU ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (3): 378-387.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150934 Abstract （687）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （2759KB）（501）       Knowledge map    Save Citizen science plays a crucial role in wildlife research and conservation. While traditional citizen science typically involves systematic collection of wildlife records, the temporary observation data from online short video platforms provide valuable resources for ‘passive citizen science’. This study collects all the videos about cetacean stranding and bycatch events in China from 2017 to February 2024 from four mainstream short video platforms, namely, ‘Douyin’, ‘Kwai’, ‘WeChat Video’and ‘Rednote’, for information screening and statistical analysis. A total of 174 valid records are obtained in the study, involving 228 individual animals, belonging to six families, namely, family Phocoenidae, family Delphinidae, family Physeteridae, family Kogiidae, family Ziphiidae, and family Balaenopteridae. Statistical results indicate that, the number of stranding and bycatch events is closely related to the development trend of each platform, and it increases with the growth of user numbers; compared with other platforms,‘Douyin’has the highest proportion of valid records; stranded or bycaught cetaceans recorded on short video platforms are mainly from family Phocoenidae and family Delphinidae, both of which have a higher success rate in release; there are fewer cetacean stranding and bycatch events recorded in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, while there are more in the East China Sea and South China Sea; in the face of live-stranded or live-bycaught cetaceans, public show obvious helping actions in the majority of the records, but there have been individual events of hunting and killing. This study analyzes the validness and limitations of mainstream short video platforms in China in reflecting information on cetacean stranding and bycatch events. Meanwhile, it explores the Chinese public’s awareness and its outcomes in rescuing stranded and bycaught cetaceans, reflecting the potential of short video platforms to provide supplementary data in ecology and conservation biology research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Investigation of the dynamic changes in hibernating bat populations in the tunnels of an artificial canal in Jiyuan, Henan Province SUN Yangguang, MAN Yucun, WU Xiangdi, WEN Weina, LI Yaxin, SUN Chuangni, DUAN Xin, GUO Dongge, LIU Sen ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (2): 203-208.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151046 Abstract （509）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （1810KB）（415）       Knowledge map    Save Hibernation plays a vital role in the reproductive success and sustainability of bat populations. Prior studies have recognized the artificial channel tunnels in Jiyuan, Henan, as important hibernation habitats for bats, with annual increases in hibernating populations and variations in hibernation patterns. Nonetheless, the extent of dynamic fluctuations in species composition and individual numbers of hibernating bats during hibernation remains uncertain. To address this, we conducted four surveys assessing the population dynamics of hibernating bats in this region from November 2023 to February 2024. Although historical data indicated a consistent upward trend in hibernating populations, our monitoring from 2023 to 2024 revealed no significant increase in the overall population. Notably, there was a shift in species composition: Murina aurata was absent, while Rhinolophus episcopus was newly recorded. The proportion of bat numbers among different bat species showed minimal fluctuation, with R. nippon remaining the predominant species, followed by R. pusillus. The population demonstrated consistent fluctuations during the hibernation period, with overall numbers remaining stable in November and December, peaking in January, and reaching their lowest point in February. Spatially, the proportion of hibernating individuals in areas with low-temperature fluctuations, located less than 30 meters from the cave entrance, decreased from a historical 20. 0% to 7. 8%. The hibernating population of R. pusillus demonstrated considerable variability, indicating a preference for warmer areas. Notably, the extreme cold wave events from December 2023 to February 2024 exacerbated microclimate fluctuations at the cave entrance, prompting spatial redistribution and adjustments in the population dynamics of hibernating bats. Our subsequent investigations revealed that numbers of hibernating bats undergo dynamic changes, with both population size and habitat selection during hibernation may be influenced by changes in external environmental conditions. These findings enhance the ecological understanding of bat hibernation in China and provide scientific evidence on the impact of extreme environmental conditions on hibernating bat populations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Temporal niche patterns of Anhui musk deer (Moschus anhuiensis) and sympatric ungulates Dapeng PANG, Lanrong WANG, Yuting LU, Jiawei HUANG, Peng XU, Qingyue JIANG, Zhongwen DING, Yunfeng CHEN, Jun DING, Baowei ZHANG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (3): 302-311.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150912 Abstract （711）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （2199KB）（374）       Knowledge map    Save Revealing the activity rhythms of sympatric ungulates will promote an understanding of its temporal niche relationships and coexistence mechanisms. To assess the daily activity rhythm and avoidance-attraction relationship of Moschus anhuiensis and its two sympatric ungulates, Muntiacus reevesi and Sus scrofa, we continuously monitored the three species with infrared camera technology from July 2021 to June 2023 in Anhui Wanfoshan Provincial Nature Reserve. A total of 46 infrared cameras were deployed, accumulating 19 248 camera-days of operation. The cameras captured 326 independent valid detections of Anhui musk deer, 1 110 of Reeves’ muntjac, and 488 of wild boar. We used the non-parametric kernel density estimation method to analyze the daily activity rhythm characteristics of these three ungulate species at different time scales. The results showed that the activity rhythm of Mo. anhuiensis showed nocturnal characteristics, the Mu. reevesi showed a bimodal activity pattern with peaks at dawn and dusk, and S. scrofa showed typical diurnal behavior. On a seasonal scale, the degree of overlap in daily activity rhythms between Mo. anhuiensis and Mu. reevesi is relatively high (Δ4 = 0.89, P = 0.01), while both species had relatively low degrees of overlap with S. scrofa (Δ4 = 0.54, P < 0.01; Δ4 = 0.57, P < 0.01, respectively). The annual activity rhythms of the three ungulate species all peaked during autumn and winter. The monthly activity rhythm index of the Mo. anhuiensis reaches its peak in November-December, Mu. reevesi peaked in February, and S. scrofa in September. The overlap of Mo. anhuiensis and S. scrofa increased in winter. Overall, the annual activity pattern of the three ungulate species peaked in autumn and winter, which might be due to the intensified species competition caused by reduced resources and the breeding habits of Mo. anhuiensis in the above seasons. This study has preliminarily grasped the daily activity rhythms of three ungulate species in Wanfoshan Provincial Nature Reserve across different time scales, as well as changes in their overlap. This contributes to a deeper understanding of the temporal niche differentiation mechanisms among these three ungulate species. Based on these results, it is recommended to protect the winter food resources of ungulates while conducting long-term monitoring of interspecific relationships among sympatric ungulate species, to protect the Anhui musk deer population. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Population size and distribution of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in Ailao Mountain, Xinping, Yunnan Province Bin GUO, Jiawen LI, Zhongwen LI, Yanan LI, Zhou DAO, Yunchang MA, Fa XU, Chunhua ZHANG, Zhineng LI, Liwei ZHANG, Fachang DENG, Guanghua LIU, Xuelong JIANG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (3): 333-344.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150939 Abstract （615）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （4505KB）（324）       Knowledge map    Save Population surveys of rare and endangered species play a vital role in making suitable conservation action plans. The western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) is a small arboreal ape mainly distributed in Yunnan Province, China, with Ailao Mountain, Xinping County as an important distribution site. From March to April and November to December 2022, a comprehensive field survey of western black crested gibbons was conducted in Ailao Mountain, Xinping by monitoring their loud morning calls. The results revealed 178 groups (about 765 individuals) recognized, which indicated the largest population found and a significant population growth compared to the previous survey (124 groups) in 2010. Most groups are located in Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve and the adjacent national forests in the north, with 89 groups in Zhelong (1.04 group/km2) and 50 groups in Shuitang (0.40 group/km2), and 39 groups (0.38 group/km2) in Ailaoshan County Nature Reserve of Xinping in the south. The elevational distribution of the groups ranges from 1 900 to 2 927 m, and most of the groups are distributed from 2 200 to 2 900 m above sea level. One hundred fifty-two groups are found inside nature reserves, with a protection rate of 85.4%. The main threats to the gibbons in Ailao Mountain, Xinping include population isolation and dispersal limitation by road across the mountain and artificial pine forest belt along the outside of the national nature reserve. Therefore, ecological corridor construction across the road ‘Enshui’ and habitat restoration after cleaning the partial pine forest are suggested to promote population dispersal and exchange, and habitat expansion. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of sex and season on daily activity rhythms of Cervus elaphus songaricus Xuejun MA, Feng GAO, Yuqin MU, Han YAN, Kechun WANG, Weikang YANG, Feng XU ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (3): 368-377.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150896 Abstract （612）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （1864KB）（302）       Knowledge map    Save The interaction between animals and their environment remains a pivotal theme in animal ecology research, with activity rhythms serving as critical indicators of how species adapt to varying ecological contexts. This study explores the activity patterns of Cervus elaphus songaricus in Tianshan Mountains using cutting-edge infrared camera monitoring techniques. Independent valid photographs of the deer were captured and analyzed to study activity patterns across different sexes and seasons. The activity rhythm curves were plotted using the‘activity’package in R4.2.1, while the OverlapEst method was employed to quantify overlap in activity between different sexes in the same season and between seasons for the same sex. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was further utilized to assess significant differences in activity intensity. Our results indicate that red deer in Tian Shan exhibit distinct bimodal activity rhythms in spring, summer, and fall with peaks in early morning and evening, contrasting with a trimodal pattern in winter. No significant differences were observed between the daily activity rhythms and intensities of male and female deer.In contrast, we detected distinct seasonal patterns in activity rhythms and intensities between sexes, with females exhibiting significant differences in activity between seasons, particularly higher intensity variations except between summer and fall. In male red deer, winter activity intensity was markedly lower, with no significant differences across other seasons. These rhythm patterns are likely influenced by factors such as food availability and the differing reproductive roles between sexes. The study concludes that while seasonal changes significantly impact the activity rhythms of red deer in Tianshan Mountains, sexual differences do not. These insights are crucial for effective conservation and management strategies of red deer in the region’s reserves. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Assessment of the implementation effectiveness of Asian elephant food base in Simao, Yunnan Qiupeng YU, Zhechang HU, Tongmei XU, Xiongwei YANG, Jie LI, Hongjiao WANG, Xue-you LI, Xuelong JIANG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (3): 388-398.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150972 Abstract （546）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （5182KB）（290）       Knowledge map    Save Diversionary feeding, where artificial food is used to draw animals away from problematic sites, has been employed as a successful wildlife management method for wild animals, including bears (Ursus spp.), red kites (Milvus milvus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and wild boars (Sus scrofa). Human-elephant conflict is a significant challenge to the conservation of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in China, which has attracted considerable attention for their protection, management, and scientific research. To alleviate human-elephant conflict, China has constructed a series of food bases to attract Asian elephants in certain locations. However, there is currently no relevant assessment of the effectiveness of this intervention. To assess the implementation effectiveness of the food base of Asian elephants in Simao District, we deployed camera traps combined with manual monitoring to capture Asian elephant activities. In addition, we conducted semi-structured interviews with residents adjacent to the food base to ascertain the changes in the activities of Asian elephants. The results indicate that the food base was an effective way to attract and concentrate Asian elephants. The activity intensity of Asian elephants varied significantly across different seasons (P < 0.05) and was highest in autumn‑winter when the artificial food was available in the food base. The effective range of the food base was approximately 15 km, with 78.5% of the residents in the vicinity recognizing the effectiveness of the food source and 71.4% of the residents reporting a reduction in the frequency of Asian elephants in the area, which markedly reduced the risk of human-elephant conflict incidents. This study represents a case study for assessing the effectiveness of Asian elephant management measures, and the findings are relevant for the conservation and management of flagship species. It will also promote the harmonious coexistence of humans and Asian elephants. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preliminary exploration of the spatial ecological relationships of Carnivorous species in Renhuai, Guizhou Weixi WANG, Yi LIU, Dan XIANG, Jichi HUANG, Li YUE, Hao CHEN, Shize LI, Mingming ZHANG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (3): 312-323.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150911 Abstract （658）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （5605KB）（285）       Knowledge map    Save Renhuai City is one of the top ten economic counties in western China, with severe human disturbance and a high degree of urbanization. To understand the interspecific ecological spatial relationships of carnivorous species in this area and clarify their survival and distribution within the region, we conducted a series of field surveys and monitoring with infrared cameras in the whole area of Renhuai City from October 2022 to November 2023. We analyzed the spatial ecological relationships of seven medium and small-sized carnivorous species using species distribution modeling and assessed their interspecific ecological niche overlap using ENMTools. The results show that the distribution patterns of suitable habitats for the seven carnivorous species in the study area are similar and distributed mainly in the southern and eastern parts of Renhuai City. However, the sizes of suitable habitats differed among the species, with Arctonyx collaris occupying the largest suitable habitat area (1 288.023 km2) and Meles leucurus occupying the smallest area (615.867 km2). We detected significant differences in the selection and response to different environmental factors among the seven species. Temperature annual range is the dominant factor driving the distributions of Prionailurus bengalensis, Meles leucurus, Paguma larvata, and Viverricula indica. The distributions of Mustela kathiah and Arctonyx collaris are mainly affected by the normalized difference vegetation index, while the most important factor affecting the distribution of the Melogale moschata is precipitation seasonality. The environmental ecological niches and geographical distributions of the seven carnivorous species overlapped highly in the study area. This study reveals the distribution characteristics of suitable habitats for seven carnivorous species and their spatial relationships in Renhuai City, and provides scientific support for regional biodiversity conservation and management. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Population size, distribution and gut bacterial composition of Trachypithecus francoisi in Jinfo Mountain National Nature Reserve Xia WANG, Yu CHEN, Haifeng ZHENG, Wei ZHONG, Lixia CHEN, Yawang SUN ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (3): 324-332.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150910 Abstract （688）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （1825KB）（270）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the population size and distribution of François’ Langur (Trachypithecus francoisi) in the Jinfo Mountain National Nature Reserve, as well as their adaptability to the environment, we conducted from December 2021 to October 2022 interview surveys, infrared observation, line observation, and trace observation methods. Feces samples of T. francoisi in the reserve were also collected using a non-invasive sampling method to assess gut bacterial composition. The results showed that there were about 180 T. francoisi in the reserve, with an average of 7.83 monkeys per group. Individuals were concentrated in the core area of the reserve, with the largest number in Longtang and Diaozui areas. The dominant phyla of fecal microbial flora in T. francoisi were Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacterial. At the species level, Akkermansia muciniphila was the most abundant. In conclusion, the population size of T. francoisi in Jinfo Mountain National Nature Reserve has gradually increased recently, and gut bacterial diversity provided guarantees for the survival of T. francoisi in a complex natural environment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The expression patterns of surfactant protein A (SP‐A) in lung and skeletal muscle in SD rat and plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi) under the hypoxia environments Xiaoyan PU, Chongyang DAI, Yaxuan WANG, Dengbang WEI ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (3): 283-294.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150940 Abstract （507）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （5356KB）（239）       Knowledge map    Save Pulmonary surfactant protein A (Surfactant protein A, SP-A) is the most abundant pulmonary surfactant protein, encoded and synthesized by the SFTPA gene. SP-A is primarily synthesized in the lung tissue of mammals and is also expressed in tissues such as skeletal muscle. SP-A has functions including reducing pulmonary surface tension, enhancing pulmonary gas exchange, regulating immunity, clearing pathogens, and reducing inflammatory responses. In this study, after performing transcriptome sequencing analysis on the liver, lung, skeletal muscle, small intestine, colon, and adipose tissues from SD rats (2 250 m and 3 700 m) and plateau zokors (2 700 m and 3 700 m) at different altitudes; the expression levels of SFTPA gene in skeletal muscle and lung tissues of the two species were compared and analyzed by qRT-PCR; the expression levels of SP-A in skeletal muscle, lung tissue and serum of the two species were compared and analyzed by Western Blotting. The transcriptome analysis revealed that with increasing altitude, the expression of the SFTPA gene in the skeletal muscle of SD rats were significantly up-regulated, while in the skeletal muscle of plateau zokors, there were no significant difference in its expression; the qRT-PCR results showed that with increasing altitude and decreasing environmental oxygen levels, the expression of SFTPA in the skeletal muscle of SD rats increased, whereas in the skeletal muscle of plateau zokors, the expression of SFTPA significantly decreased. Furthermore, the expression of SFTPA in the lung tissues of both SD rats and plateau zokors were significantly decreased; the Western Blotting results showed that with increasing altitude and decreasing environmental oxygen levels, the expression levels of SP-A in the skeletal muscle, serum, and lung tissues of both SD rats and plateau zokors were significantly increased. In conclusion, in a high-altitude hypoxia environment, the transcriptional expression of the SFTPA gene in the lung tissues of SD rats and plateau zokors were significantly decreased. However, the content of SP-A in their lung tissues not only did not decrease but significantly increased. This may be due to SP-A synthesized and secreted by skeletal muscle being transported to the lung tissues via the bloodstream, representing an important mechanism for SD rats and plateau zokors to adapt to hypoxia environments. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The production and evolutionary adaptation of alarm calls in small mammals: research progress and prospect Linchu TIAN, Qiangyun LI, Heping FU, Zhishu XIAO, Shuai YUAN, Wei LIU ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (6): 723-742.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151099 Abstract （333）   HTML （24）    PDF（pc） （1984KB）（228）       Knowledge map    Save Alarm calls are a key communication behavior for animals to defend against risks, especially in response to predation threats. The study of their adaptation and evolution is of great significance for understanding the evolution of signal structure in animal vocal communication (including human language) as well as the mechanisms of signal recognition and cognition. Over the years, our understanding about the nature of alarm calls has continued to mature. Simultaneously, the function of alarm calls in conveying information in animal social interactions has been widely recognized. However, it remains unclear the production and driving mechanisms of alarm calls, not only the encoding and transmission of vocalization information but also their impact on multi-level response patterns of receivers. In recent years, with the rapid development of acoustic monitoring, digital signal processing, and artificial intelligence deep learning technologies, research on alarm calls has expanded from discriptive patterns description to a theoretical integration, validation, and mechanistic elucidation. Here, we review studies on alarm calls in small mammals over the past 20 years and briefly outline the research connotations and methods of alarm call communication. From the perspectives of call or vocalization production and adaptation, we summarize the research progress on the risk-driven effects of alarm vocalization information encoding, as well as the current status of research on the impacts of individual identity characteristics, such as age (body size), sex, and social attributes and habitat features on alarm calling. We also systematically summarize various natural selection theories and their controversies regarding the evolutionary adaptation of alarm calls. Finally, based on current application context, we discuss and prospect some key issues on the vocalization and response mechanisms and functional evolutionary adaptation of alarm calls in small mammals for the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The first record of Delacour’s marmoset rat (Hapalomys delacouri) in Guangdong Qiuqin LU, Feiyu LEI, Xiaoyun ZHENG, Zeling ZENG, Haibin YU, Wenhua YU, Yi WU, Kai HE ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (3): 409-414.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150898 Abstract （576）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （3602KB）（224）       Knowledge map    Save On December 6, 2021 a Hapalomys specimen was collected at Mt. Nanling in Guangdong Province (113°00′11.87″ E, 24°56′17.57″ N, altitude 1 023 m). We conducted external and cranial measurements and compared them with those of congeneric species. We sequenced the full-length mitochondrial CYTB gene and constructed a phylogenetic tree using the maximum likelihood method. The specimen has nails on both the thumb and the hallux; the first upper molar has three columns of cusps, each column with three main cusps, which are characteristic of the genus Hapalomys. The absence of two small cusplets between the three main cusps on the anterior margin of the first upper molar, and a tail length nearly equal to the head and body length, are consistent with the features of Hapalomys delacouri. The mitochondrial CYTB phylogenetic tree also showed that this specimen clustered with the Hapalomys delacouri sequences obtained from GenBank, with a bootstrap support of 100%. Collectively, these findings confirm that the specimen belongs to Hapalomys delacouri, representing its first distribution record in Guangdong. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress in the diversity and evolution of bat pollination systems HU Chunlue, TONG Zeyu, JIAO Hengwu, HUANG Shuangquan ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (2): 152-164.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150960 Abstract （1040）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （26283KB）（215）       Knowledge map    Save Bats, as proficient night-flying mammals, are effective pollinators for flowering plants in diverse lineages in tropical regions. The interactions between frugivorous/nectarivorous bats and their foraging flowers provide a valuable system for studying interspecific interactions, adaptation, and diversification. In this review, we firstly summarize the diversity of bat pollination systems, and then construct the evolutionary relationship between bats and bat-pollinated plants. To outline the adaptive characteristics of the chiropterophilous pollination system, five aspects are discussed: bat vision and flower color, olfactory and flower fragrance, echolocation and flower shape, body and flower mechanical fit (morphological match), nutritional requirements and floral rewards. Perspectives of ecology and evolution in bats and some issues worthy of further exploration are proposed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of patterns and human-related factors influencing brown bears’ incursions into human-settled areas within Sanjiangyuan National Park LI Quanbang, WANG Dong, WEI Haijuan, NIU Shaopeng, LIAN Xinming ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 655-667.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151001 Abstract （362）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （16861KB）（202）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, human-bear conflicts resulting from the incursion of brown bears (Ursus arctos) into human dwellings have emerged as substantial challenges to the implementation of ecological civilization and livelihood improvement initiatives in Sanjiangyuan National Park. Concurrently, the paucity of research on local brown bear behavior and their spatiotemporal responses to human activities has exacerbated the difficulties in managing these conflicts effectively. In this study, conducted from April 2022 to April 2023, twenty camera sites were established in Longma Village, Yege Township, Qumalai County, Qinghai Province. Using infrared camera trap technology over a total of 4 781 effective camera working days, we collected activity data on brown bears, free-roaming dogs, and human presence. The study analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns and human-related influencing factors associated with brown bear incursions into human-settled areas. We found that the proportion of brown bears recorded incursion behaviors reached as high as 79. 56% and the animals entering human dwellings were primarily solitary individuals. Among these incursion activities, the success rate of finding food was 60. 55%. The intrusion activity of brown bear occurred at night, with peak activity observed between 22: 00 and 01: 00. Annual peaks in activity were noted in April and July. In human-inhabited environments, both human and free-roaming dog activities predominantly occurred during the daytime, resulting in a high temporal overlap index. In contrast, the indices measuring temporal overlap between the nocturnal activities of brown bears and the diurnal activities of free-roaming dogs and humans were markedly lower. A significant negative correlation was observed between the intensity of brown bear break-in incursion activities and human activity on a daily timescale. Conversely, long-term correlations revealed significant positive associations between bear intrusions and the activity levels of both humans and free-roaming dogs. Based on the findings of this study, strict management of human-related foods and relevant waste are recommended. This should be complemented by promoting the development and utilization of reinforced housing structures, bear-proof garbage cans, and secure food storage containers. These measures aim to minimize the accessibility of human food and waste to brown bears, thereby reducing their intrusive behaviors and mitigating human-bear conflicts. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The impacts evaluation of whale-watching vessels on Bryde’s whales and implications for whale-watching regulations CHEN Bingyao, SUN Jing, MAO Baoneng, GUAN Zehua, JIANG Xinyue, WANG Jing ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 681-693.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150991 Abstract （273）   HTML （0）    PDF（pc） （6438KB）（200）       Knowledge map    Save The Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni edeni) around Weizhou Island, Beihai, Guangxi, is the only permanent large whale species in the coastal waters of China and represents the largest known nearshore population of Bryde’s whale in the world. Since 2018, when Bryde’s whales were first reported, the whale-watching tourism has greatly expanded. However, the lack of scientific whale-watching guidance and regulation on whale-watching tourism has likely negative impacts on Bryde’s whales, highlighting the urgent need for impact assessments and scientific whale-watching regulations. Based on direct monitoring from 2022 to 2024, we found that 73. 5% of vessels exhibited a range of problematic behaviors, such as running directly at whales or honking or chasing them too closely. The average number of vessels around whales exceeded five, with a maximum of 24 vessels, and the average whale-watching time was (38. 6 ± 20. 86) min. Vessels approaching Bryde’s whale in parallel pattern caused the lowest whales’avoidance response (30. 34%), whereas direct or turning approaching patterns (35. 35%) caused the strongest reactions, with avoidance response exceeding 60. 00%. When only 1 - 2 vessels were presented around whales, the neutrality response attained 66. 72%, with the lowest proportion of avoidance response. When the distance between Bryde’s whale and vessels was less than 100 m, avoidance response increased to 56. 97%. As the distance increased, the proportion of avoidance response reduced, dropping to 10. 64% when vessels were more than 300 m distant. Based on the results of this study and referring to 30 global whale-watching regulations, as well as communication with local authorities and practitioners, important parameters of whale-watching practices were analyzed, providing a scientific basis for the effective protection of Bryde’s whales around Weizhou Island. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress on communication calls in Chiroptera ZHANG Chunmian, ZHENG Ziqi, SUN Congnan, FENG Jiang, JIANG Tinglei ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (2): 165-174.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150970 Abstract （805）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （14491KB）（196）       Knowledge map    Save Acoustic communication is a crucial phenotype for animals to maintain social stability, and it has always been a hotspot in the field of animal behavior research. Bats, as key group in ecosystems, primarily rely on acoustic signals to move around in environments and have long been model organisms for acoustic research. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of communication calls in bats and propose future development directions. In general, bat communication calls exhibit diverse spectral structures, encode various information about individual identity, body size, or social status, and serve functions including defense and alarm, courtship and mating, and social bonding. Bats can adjust the structure, intensity, and complexity of their calls in response to noise interference. Bat communication calls exist geographic variation and possess syntactic structure, vocal rhythm, and complexity. Additionally, bats exhibit vocal learning and variability in sound development. Compared to echolocation calls, research on bat communication calls is relatively lacking. We recommend that future studies should focus on the multi-level evolutionary aspects of bat communication calls, innovate sound analysis methods, develop high-performance on-board sound recording devices, establish a global bat acoustic database, strengthen interdisciplinary collaborations, and conduct long-term systematic observations to advance the field of bat communication calls research. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Relative abundance, cluster type, and daily activity rhythm of Siberian roe deer Capreolus pygargus in Western Liaoning Province Minghui LI, Xinjun HUANG, Jin CHANG, Zhimin MO, Dongmei WAN, Yiting JIANG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (3): 356-367.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150907 Abstract （764）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （5895KB）（177）       Knowledge map    Save Siberian roe deer Capreolus pygargus is an herbivorous species widely distributed in the northeastern and northern regions of China. It is one of the dominant species in the western Liaoning region. From January 2022 to June 2023, we selected 4 survey sites in western Liaoning and conducted a study on Siberian roe deer based on infrared camera monitoring. A total of 116 camera points were set up using a 2 km × 2 km grid method, resulting in 57 995 camera days of infrared monitoring data. Among these, 97 camera points captured images of Siberian roe deer, yielding 5 254 independent and valid photos of Siberian roe deer, with 5 058 of these allowing for sex identification. We assessed the relative abundance of the local Siberian roe deer population and analyzed the seasonal variations in their clustering patterns using the Relative Abundance Index (RAI). Additionally, we examined the daily activity rhythm of roe deer using Kernel-density estimation. Our study revealed that forest type, altitude, and human interference intensity significantly affected the RAI of Siberian roe deer. Siberian roe deer had 5 cluster types: solitary individuals constituted 92.84% of all independent detections, followed by female clusters at 4.05%, and the seasonal variation in cluster types was regular and coincide with changes in reproductive states such as embryonic diapause.There were significant differences in the crepuscular activity patterns of Siberian roe deer, as evidenced by the more pronounced bimodal pattern observed in females, the peak activity time in the cold season being delayed compared to the warm season, and the greater impact of seasonal variations on female Siberian roe deer. In summary, this study explored the spatio-temporal activity patterns of Siberian roe deer in western Liaoning, the impacts of forest type, elevation, and human disturbance intensity on their relative abundance, as well as the variations in clustering patterns and daily activity rhythm in different sex and season, and prompted targeted conservation recommendations. The research findings contribute to the existing ecological data on Siberian roe deer, providing support for studying its population structure, developmental mechanisms, and other related aspects. Furthermore, the study provides valuable insights for the conservation and management of Siberian roe deer and its habitats in western Liaoning. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Characteristics of Hipposideros armiger armiger (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) from Xizang, and a reevaluation of H. armiger subspecies taxonomy SU Haohui, DIAO Haixin, ZHAN Xiaqin, HE Minyi, HUANG Zefeng, WU Yi, LIN Lianggong, CHEN Zhongzheng, JIANG Xuelong, WANG Xiaoyun, YU Wenhua ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (2): 175-184.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150956 Abstract （664）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （10987KB）（147）       Knowledge map    Save Hipposideros armiger (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) is traditionally categorized into four recognized subspecies: H. a. armiger, H. a. fujianensis, H. a. terasensis, and H. a. traninhensis. In China, the first three subspecies are known to be widely distributed across 16 provinces. However, the validity of this subspecies classifacation is still debated. In order to reassess and clarify the subspecies classification status of H. armiger, based on samples recently collected from Xizang, which are geographically close to the type locality in Nepal, we integrated morphological and molecular data and evidences from samples from various provinces. Our findings indicate a lack of significant morphological and cranial metric differences among H. a. armiger, H. a. fujianensis, and H. a. terasensis. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that sequences from China forming a well-supported distinct lineage, with sequences from Fujian and Taiwan nested within this lineage. The genetic distances among the three subspecies are minimal, ranging from 0. 002 to 0. 013.The haplotype network analysis also reveals no significant population genetic structure or geographic differences among three subspecies. The morphological and molecular evidence presented herein supports the reclassification of H. armiger in China as a single subspecies, H. a. armiger. This results not only clarifies the subspecies classification of H. armiger in China, but also provides foundational data for future research on phylogeography and conservation status. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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New records of Myotis siligorensis and Miniopterus fuliginosus in Jiangsu Province, China DING Jingjing, WANG Zhiqiang, SI Man, ZHAI Feifei, WANG Xuan, ZHAO Yongqiang, SUN Wenjie, HUANG Zhenglanyi, WANG Lei, JIANG Tinglei ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (2): 236-242.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150955 Abstract （529）   HTML （2）    PDF（pc） （17344KB）（143）       Knowledge map    Save A bat survey was conducted in Nanjing Fangshan Scenic Area and Jiangsu Yancheng Wetland and Rare Birds National Nature Reserve in Jiangsu Province in July 2023. Two male bats were captured using mist nets and hand-held nets. One specimen is small, with a forearm length of 34. 0 mm. Its ear is long and narrow and the tragus is straight and slender, reaching half the length of the ear. The skull is long and narrow, with a total cranial length of 12. 8 mm. The cranium is full and prominent. The sagittal ridge is thin, and the herringbone ridge is not obvious. The dental formula is 2. 1. 3. 3/3. 1. 3. 3 = 38. These characteristics are consistent with Myotis siligorensis. The other specimen is mediumsized, with a forearm length of 48. 4 mm. The wings are long and narrow, and are inverted when resting. The ears are short and round with a small tragus. The snout is low and slightly wide, with the tip slightly upturned and the middle slightly concave. The cranium is high, large and round, with a total cranial length of 16. 0 mm. The sagittal ridge is low and slender and the herringbone ridge is not obvious. Dental formula is 2. 1. 2. 3/3. 1. 3. 3 = 36. These characteristics accord with those of Miniopterus fuliginosus. The identification was further validated by phylogenetic inference using Cyt b gene. Therefore, the bats collected in this study are identified as Myotis siligorensis and Miniopterus fuliginosus respectively, which are new bat records in Jiangsu Province. Our finding enriches the knowledge of bat diversity and distribution in Jiangsu Province. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Urine differential metabolites and functional prediction of male Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus) in estrus and anestrus Bao YUAN, Bohao ZHANG, Jianfu LI, Wenli CHEN, Yong ZHANG, Xingxu ZHAO, Quanwei ZHANG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (3): 399-408.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150951 Abstract （403）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （4410KB）（129）       Knowledge map    Save The aim of this study was to explore the differences of urine metabolism in male Bactrian camels (Camelus ferus) during estrus, in order to provide theoretical basis for the reproductive regulation mechanism of Bactrian camels. Urine samples from breeding season (BS) and non-breeding season (NBS) male Bactrian camels were collected using Gas/Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/LC-MS) techniques. Screening for Differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in urine; Based on the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KEGG database to identify key functional substances in urine that influence seasonal estrus in Bactrian camels and their pathways. The results showed that 468 metabolites were identified by GC-MS and 6 193 by LC-MS. Compared with NBS, there were 205 DEMs and 601 DEMs identified by GC/LC-MS in BS group, respectively (P < 0.05), mainly of which were benzene and its substituted derivatives, fatty acyl, indole and its derivatives, and organic nitrogen compounds. Twelve identical pathways were obtained by GC/LC-MS KEGG enrichment analysis, and five common DEMs were obtained by GC/LC-MS Wien: L-histidine, 5′ -methyl-adenosine, 3-methylhistidine, L-methionine and triacetin. The results showed that L-histidine and L-methionine could affect spermatogenesis and reproductive health through amino acid tRNA biosynthesis and histidine metabolism pathway, and further affect the estrus of male Bactrian camels. In addition, based on the roles of L-histidine and L-methionine in female animals, it is speculated that these DEMs may act as pheromones to affect the synthesis of sex hormones in female camels, and thus induce estrus in female camels. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that male Bactrian camel estrus was also related to sperm motility and reproductive health regulated by TCA cycle, arginine biosynthesis pathway, GABA signaling and pyruvate metabolism. The above results provide an important reference for further analysis of the reproductive regulation mechanism of Bactrian camels. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Genetic structure analysis of wild boar population in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve Xiaocheng TANG, Jing YANG, Yanmin DONG, Hongliang ZHANG, Yanjing SHEN, Xiaomeng WANG, Weidong BAO ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (3): 345-355.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150924 Abstract （588）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （2443KB）（127）       Knowledge map    Save With the gradual improvement of the natural ecological environment in Beijing, the population of wild boar (Sus scrofa) continues to grow, causing local damage. Understanding the background of the wild boar population genetic structure helps formulate long-term control measures. In this study, we used non-invasive sampling and PCR amplification techniques to analyze the sex structure of the wild boar population in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve, and microsatellite molecular markers to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic distances to understand the future development trend of the population. The results showed that 42 individuals were identified from 88 suspected wild boar fecal samples, of which 35 were females and 7 were males, with a sex ratio of 5∶1. The analysis showed that the genetic polymorphic information content (PIC) of the population was in the range of 0.55 - 0.81, with an average of 0.71, and the population had moderate genetic diversity. An evolutionary tree was constructed based on genetic distances between microsatellite loci, and the 42 individuals showed three main branches. The results of the clustering analysis also showed that the individuals of this population were clustered according to the three genetic clades. In general, the wild boar population in the Songshan area has a certain degree of segregation in terms of genetic structure, but it has not reached the level of obvious differentiation and still belongs to the same population. In addition, the analysis of the inbreeding coefficient showed that the Songshan wild boar population was moderately inbred in general, which would have a certain inhibitory effect on population growth. This study provides basic information for understanding the genetic structure of wild boars in the study area and is an important reference for estimating the changes in population density and predicting the development of wild boar populations in this area. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）