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Some key questions of ecological impacts of free ranging cats LI Zhongqiu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 593-601.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150967 Abstract （1955）   HTML （33）    PDF（pc） （1938KB）（3525）       Knowledge map    Save Domestic cats, originally from the Near East, have proliferated globally alongside human migration, establishing substantial populations of free-ranging cats. These feline populations have profound ecological ramifications for both island and continental ecosystems, encompassing direct predation, fear-mediated indirect predation, competition for resources with predators at the same trophic level, disease transmission, and genetic infiltration. Gaining a thorough understanding of the fundamental biology of free-ranging cats is essential for mitigating these impacts, including their population dynamics, reproductive behaviors, and adaptive strategies. While trap-neuter-return (TNR) is a widely adopted management strategy for free-ranging cats, its necessity and effectiveness in wildlife conservation remain contentious. This paper delves into scientific research areas such as free-ranging cat population assessment, ecological impact evaluation, disease risk, and the cultural and managerial aspects of cats. We also present specific recommendations regarding pet registration, breeding regulations, animal welfare, and shelter policies. We hope that these suggestions will provide scientific evidence and practical guidance for effective free-ranging cat management and the conservation of wildlife in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Habitat suitability analysis for four wild ungulates in Sanjiangyuan National Park under different climate change scenarios WANG Zihan, WANG Dong, HOU Luyi, LI Quanbang, LI Qiqin, WEI Haijuan, LIAN Xinming ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 602-614.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150963 Abstract （887）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （13432KB）（2346）       Knowledge map    Save Climate change and human activities have direct or indirect impacts on the distribution and abundance of species, particularly on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Wild ungulates are vital components of the ecosystem, with their habitat and living conditions playing a decisive role in maintaining ecological balance and stability. Predicting the effects of climate change on their distribution range can provide a scientific basis and reference for the conservation of wild ungulates and habitat restoration in key areas. This study specifically focuses on four species of wild ungulates in Sanjiangyuan National Park, Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata), Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), kiang (Equus kiang), and wild yak (Bos mutus). By utilizing the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS software, we conducted an analysis to determine the potential geographical distribution of these four species. Subsequently, we predicted dynamic changes in their habitat suitability and geographical range under two scenarios: low and high carbon emissions for the 2050s and 2070s. The findings revealed that the suitable habitat area for Tibetan gazelle accounted for 52. 22% of the total park area, while corresponding proportions for Tibetan antelope, kiang, and wild yak were 13. 71%, 19. 23%, and 9. 22% respectively. Multiple variables influenced the distribution of these four species. Notably, precipitation-related factors significantly impacted habitat selection by Tibetan gazelle and antelope populations and the antelope demonstrated some adaptability to human activities as well. In the face of future climate change, all four wild ungulates are experiencing a decline in suitable habitats, with the Tibetan antelope being particularly affected by the highest carbon emission concentration scenario. Furthermore, there is a noticeable trend among these species to migrate towards higher latitudes. Although the Sanjiangyuan National Park has encompassed most of the habitats for the four ungulate species, it remains essential to develop tailored protection and management strategies for each species. Specifically, proactive measures such as vegetation restoration should be implemented in habitats that have been or may become damaged to enhance the ecological environment’s quality and provide a more suitable living space for these wild ungulates. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in conservation research of large- and medium-sized terrestrial mammals in China NIE Yonggang, ZHANG Chao, GAO Huayao, LIU Hanqing, XIE Bing ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 559-576.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151101 Abstract （1085）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （2124KB）（1537）       Knowledge map    Save As one of the world’s most biodiverse countries, China is home to more than 700 mammal species, including flagship species such as giant pandas, snow leopards, snub-nosed monkeys, and Tibetan antelopes. However, exacerbated by climate change and expanding human activities, many large- and medium-sized mammals face severe survival threats, necessitating systematic conservation research. In recent decades, with continuous advancements in research methodologies and technologies, Chinese scientists have achieved a series of groundbreaking research outcomes in mammalian conservation, providing critical foundations for developing scientific management and protection strategies. This paper systematically reviews research progress in the conservation of China’s large- and medium-sized terrestrial mammals from 2010 to 2025, covering aspects such as behavioral and physiological adaptations, population dynamics and species coexistence mechanisms, gut microbiota-host co-adaptation, disease prevention and control, and genetic and adaptive evolution. Looking ahead, it is essential to strengthen research on holistic ecosystem conservation, promote interdisciplinary integration, and actively develop and apply emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence. By systematically elucidating the impact of environmental changes on large- and medium-sized mammals, these efforts will guide scientifically informed conservation management to address the increasingly severe challenges of biodiversity conservation challenges. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A preliminary study of endozoochorous lichen dispersal by golden snubnosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Shennongjia, central China QIN Jianyong, WANG Qin, YAO Hui, YU Yang, XIANG Zuofu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 717-722.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151081 Abstract （453）   HTML （2）    PDF（pc） （5218KB）（1107）       Knowledge map    Save Golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) mainly feed on leaves, seeds, and fruits. They may also feed on lichens (Usnea diffracta) as staple food when preferred foods are in shortage. Although studies have shown that R. roxellana is a seed disperser, its role as lichen disperser remains unclear. In this study, we cultured fresh fecal samples from wild populations of R. roxellana from Shennongjia, China in the laboratory. We found green algae and ascomycetes, which are mainly composed of lichens, which implies that R. roxellana is a potential disperser of lichen. By feeding captive golden snub-nosed monkeys lichens labeled with non-toxic plastic tabs, we found that the weighted retention time of lichens was (62. 9 ± 7. 0) h (n = 3), suggesting that R. roxellana may be a potential long-distance disperser of lichens given its longer daily travel distance. Therefore, this study significantly increases our understanding of the ecological role of R. roxellana as seed and lichen dispersal vectors in temperate forests, which may contribute to forest restoration and lichen renewal. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Microhabitat and den site selection of Asiatic black bears in Wangqing National Nature Reserve, Jilin, China DU Hairong, ZHANG Minghai ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 668-680.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151011 Abstract （657）   HTML （0）    PDF（pc） （13658KB）（1073）       Knowledge map    Save In the northeastern region of China, winter is characterized by a snow-covered period that can last up to half a year, with frigid temperatures and scarce food resources. To cope with these harsh environments, Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) hibernate during most of the winter, a period that also coincides with their breeding and early cub-rearing phase. Therefore, hibernation is crucial for the stability of populations in this region, and suitable dens are essential for successful hibernation. This study, conducted between 2015 and 2019 in the Wangqing National Nature Reserve in Jilin Province, identified 24 dens sites through field surveys. Using descriptive statistics, principal component analysis (PCA), and random forest modeling, we examined den structure, microhabitat, and denning habitat to explore the factors influencing den selection and the environmental factors affecting den site choice, thereby revealing the relationship between the microhabitat, denning environment, and den selection. We found that the trees selected for denning were primarily Populus cathayana, indicating a relatively narrow range of tree species compared to other studies. The denning trees had a diameter at breast height (DBH) of approximately (122. 89 ± 13. 60) cm, with den entrances measuring about (39. 26 ± 6. 62) cm in diameter. The orientation of the den entrances fell within the range of solar altitude and was sheltered from the wind, suggesting that temperature plays a significant role in den entrance selection. Entrance orientation accounted for most of the first principal component, and the DBH and entrance size constituted the second principal component. Together, these two components accounted for 0. 85 of the total variance, indicating that entrance orientation, DBH, and entrance size are the primary factors considered in den selection. The main factors influencing den site habitat selection included the distance to rivers, distance to major roads, gross primary productivity (GPP) in October, and distance to human settlements. The ecological significance of these factors suggests that the primary considerations in den site selection are safety, insulation, and access to food resources. This study provides scientific support for the conservation and restoration of denning habitats for Asiatic black bears in northeastern China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Assessment of the population size and body scarring of Bryde’s whales in the coastal waters off Weizhou Island, China SUN Xiaodong, ZHANG Yaoyao, NONG Zhiwen, ZHENG Yang, CHEN Mo, ZHENG Jin-song, WANG Ding, MEI Zhigang ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 694-706.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150938 Abstract （955）   HTML （0）    PDF（pc） （18140KB）（785）       Knowledge map    Save The Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni) is a Class I key protected species in China, and recent surveys have shown the existence of a stable population in the waters off Weizhou Island in Beibu Gulf, which is currently the only stable population of large baleen whales near the coast of China’s mainland. Our team conducted a photo-identification study in the waters near Weizhou Island from March 2018 to February 2023 and obtained a total of 70 600 pictures. Among them, we recorded 44 724 clear pictures of Bryde’s whales and identified 59 individual Bryde’s whales by dorsal fin notching. However, the individual identification database curve has not yet reached a plateau, and new individuals are still being identified every year. The POPAN model was used to estimate the population size of Bryde’s whales on Weizhou Island to be 89 individuals (CV = 0. 14, 95% CI = 59 - 123). The average annual recapture rate of the Bryde’s whale population in the waters of Weizhou Island during 2018 - 2023 was 35. 8%, and the results of multi-year comparisons showed that 29 individuals (49. 2% of the total) had a higher level of habitat fidelity. Based on body surface injuries, the main injuries were identified as coming from entanglement in net gear and ship strikes. The estimated minimum injury rate for Bryde’s whales in the Weizhou waters during the period 2021 - 2023 was 26. 3% (n = 59, 95% CI = 13. 3% - 39. 3%), and the maximum injury rate was 61. 4% (95% CI = 51. 0% - 71. 8%), suggesting that there is a clear risk of anthropogenic coercion to Bryde’s whales in the Weizhou waters. We call for further strengthening the monitoring and research on the population of Bryde’s whales in the waters of Weizhou Island, as well as the strict implementation of various types of anthropogenic controls to mitigate the threats to the survival of their population. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The impacts evaluation of whale-watching vessels on Bryde’s whales and implications for whale-watching regulations CHEN Bingyao, SUN Jing, MAO Baoneng, GUAN Zehua, JIANG Xinyue, WANG Jing ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 681-693.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150991 Abstract （606）   HTML （0）    PDF（pc） （6438KB）（759）       Knowledge map    Save The Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni edeni) around Weizhou Island, Beihai, Guangxi, is the only permanent large whale species in the coastal waters of China and represents the largest known nearshore population of Bryde’s whale in the world. Since 2018, when Bryde’s whales were first reported, the whale-watching tourism has greatly expanded. However, the lack of scientific whale-watching guidance and regulation on whale-watching tourism has likely negative impacts on Bryde’s whales, highlighting the urgent need for impact assessments and scientific whale-watching regulations. Based on direct monitoring from 2022 to 2024, we found that 73. 5% of vessels exhibited a range of problematic behaviors, such as running directly at whales or honking or chasing them too closely. The average number of vessels around whales exceeded five, with a maximum of 24 vessels, and the average whale-watching time was (38. 6 ± 20. 86) min. Vessels approaching Bryde’s whale in parallel pattern caused the lowest whales’avoidance response (30. 34%), whereas direct or turning approaching patterns (35. 35%) caused the strongest reactions, with avoidance response exceeding 60. 00%. When only 1 - 2 vessels were presented around whales, the neutrality response attained 66. 72%, with the lowest proportion of avoidance response. When the distance between Bryde’s whale and vessels was less than 100 m, avoidance response increased to 56. 97%. As the distance increased, the proportion of avoidance response reduced, dropping to 10. 64% when vessels were more than 300 m distant. Based on the results of this study and referring to 30 global whale-watching regulations, as well as communication with local authorities and practitioners, important parameters of whale-watching practices were analyzed, providing a scientific basis for the effective protection of Bryde’s whales around Weizhou Island. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in conservation ecology of Chinese pangolins HUA Yan, GAO Haiyang, WANG Kai, DOU Hongliang, LI Jun, GUO Ce, SUN Song, AN Fuyu, TANG Lin, LI Yongzheng, ZHANG Zhidong, YANG Wenshan ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 577-592.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150985 Abstract （1194）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （1968KB）（689）       Knowledge map    Save The Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla), a Class I protected species in China, faces critical endangerment due to anthropogenic pressures, habitat degradation, and climate change. Except for Taiwan, the distribution range of Chinese pangolins in China has significantly decreased. The Chinese pangolin’s suitable habitats are shaped by an intricate interplay of factors including vegetation, human activity, climate, and topography. Chinese pangolins are an enigmatic, nocturnal species and possess modest home ranges and subsist primarily on a diet of termites and ants. Their burrowing behavior alters soil structure, enhances forest habitat heterogeneity, and provides additional resources for sympatric species, making them important ecosystem engineers in forest ecosystems. While ex-situ conservation through artificial breeding serves as a crucial complement to in-situ efforts, it presents critical challenges, including low survival rates of rescued individuals, enhanced disease susceptibility, difficulties in formulating appropriate artificial diets, poor sperm quality, and low offspring viability. The primary threats to Chinese pangolins encompass poaching, habitat fragmentation and loss, limited genetic dispersal, and the risk of extinction due to critically small populations. To address these multifaceted challenges, comprehensive conservation strategies need to be developed meticulously, such as bolstering law enforcement, advancing scientific research, safeguarding habitats, refining artificial breeding techniques, enhancing public awareness and education, and fostering international collaboration. Through the concerted implementation of these conservation measures, it is anticipated that the conservation scenario for Chinese pangolins will improve significantly, potentially leading to a gradual recovery of its population size. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the adaptation of reintroduced giant pandas to the natural environment YU Xiang, BI Wenlei, HOU Rong, LIU Jiabin, LI Zusheng, FU Mingxia, WU Wei, MA Rui, CHEN Chao, MO Li, SONG Xinqiang, WANG Wei, YANG Hong, ZHANG Qian, QI Dunwu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 707-716.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151007 Abstract （831）   HTML （3）    PDF（pc） （12279KB）（679）       Knowledge map    Save Animal rewilding is an important means to maintain the long-term survival of endangered wildlife populations. For captive animals, how to quickly adapt to the complex wild environment is an important guarantee for successful survival. Therefore, knowing habitat preference, activity patterns, and utilization of environmental factors is helpful to clarify the process of ecological adaptation of reintroduced animals. In this study, we focused on the preferred habitat within 6 months, home range size, daily movement distance, and use of environmental factors within 12 months of a reintroduced giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). After 6 months later, the reintroduced giant panda showed the similar habitat preference as wild giant pandas in the same area (the coincidence ratio up to 66%), with a utilization (2 721. 3 ± 66. 9) m altitude in the end of one year. Also, the reintroduced giant panda exhibited a 4. 5 km2 home range, moved (293. 2 ± 420. 2) m average distance daily, used a 20. 0° median average slope of the active area in sunny slope and semisunny slope areas. Based on the results, we divide the adaptation process in 4 stages: exploratory period (1 - 31 d), initial stable period (32 - 61 d), wandering period (62 - 91 d), and stable period (after 92 d), after which the reintroduced individual was well adapted to the wild environment. Our study indicates that releasing adult captive females and extending the rewilding training period may benefit reintroduced giant pandas to enter a stable stage in a relatively short period, thereby improving the success rate of reintroduction. The results of this study can provide a basis for further optimization of captive giant panda rewilding training and monitoring programs. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Ecological adaptations of alarm calls in Brandt’s voles did not support the acoustic adaptation hypothesis Qiangyun LI, Jinhai WU, Siriguleng, Jianping ZHANG, Yumin LIU, Zhishu XIAO, Junhu SU, Wei LIU ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (6): 797-809.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150966 Abstract （633）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （5205KB）（360）       Knowledge map    Save Vocal alarm is one of the important survival strategies for animals, where habitat vegetation cover, climatic factors, noise, and call purpose may play a role in the adaptive tuning of animal calls. How the alarm calls of animals adapt to the temporal changes of habitat structure remains poorly explored. The acoustic adaptation hypothesis (AAH) suggests that animal calls should evolve in a direction that facilitates efficient transmission in their environment, but not all empirical reports support its predictions. The alarm calls of Brandt’s voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) are an important anti-predator behavior. To detect the acoustic characteristics and functional adaptability of their alarm calls, in May, July, and September 2023, the alarm calls of Brandt's voles were collected in the typical steppe area of Xin Barag Right Banner, Inner Mongolia. These calls were then combined with the local historical climate parameters and real-time environmental noise indicators to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of their alarm calls and the habitat. The results showed that the alarm calls of Brandt’s voles exhibit both monosyllabic (13.1%) and multisyllabic acoustic (86.9%) characteristics. Furthermore, the minimum and maximum fundamental frequency were significantly positively correlated with habitat vegetation index and ambient relative humidity, respectively, but significantly negatively correlated with wind speed. The maximum fundamental frequency and fundamental frequency range were significantly positively correlated with ambient noise, while other frequency (i.e. the minimum fundamental frequency) and time (i.e. inter-note intervals of a call) domain parameter showed a negative correlation. Under the environmental conditions of relatively high temperature, abundant rainfall, and low noise in summer (July), the alarm calls of Brandt’s voles were characterized by long pulses with relatively concentrated audio frequencies and high-frequency sounds with loose syllables. In spring (May) and autumn (September), which were relatively dry, windy, and noisy, especially in September, the calls were adjusted to short pulses and broadband low-frequency sounds with dense syllables. The alarm calls of Brandt's voles responded to the seasonal changes in relative humidity, wind, and noise rather than vegetation canopy density, which did not support the acoustic adaptation hypothesis. This difference was also the result of their trade-off between anti-predator risks and benefits and was closely related to the dispersal of their offspring or family relatives. This study provides a basis for the anti-predator acoustic countermeasures related to the adaptation of Brandt’s voles to colonial and seasonal breeding life. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The production and evolutionary adaptation of alarm calls in small mammals: research progress and prospect Linchu TIAN, Qiangyun LI, Heping FU, Zhishu XIAO, Shuai YUAN, Wei LIU ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (6): 723-742.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151099 Abstract （658）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （1984KB）（269）       Knowledge map    Save Alarm calls are a key communication behavior for animals to defend against risks, especially in response to predation threats. The study of their adaptation and evolution is of great significance for understanding the evolution of signal structure in animal vocal communication (including human language) as well as the mechanisms of signal recognition and cognition. Over the years, our understanding about the nature of alarm calls has continued to mature. Simultaneously, the function of alarm calls in conveying information in animal social interactions has been widely recognized. However, it remains unclear the production and driving mechanisms of alarm calls, not only the encoding and transmission of vocalization information but also their impact on multi-level response patterns of receivers. In recent years, with the rapid development of acoustic monitoring, digital signal processing, and artificial intelligence deep learning technologies, research on alarm calls has expanded from discriptive patterns description to a theoretical integration, validation, and mechanistic elucidation. Here, we review studies on alarm calls in small mammals over the past 20 years and briefly outline the research connotations and methods of alarm call communication. From the perspectives of call or vocalization production and adaptation, we summarize the research progress on the risk-driven effects of alarm vocalization information encoding, as well as the current status of research on the impacts of individual identity characteristics, such as age (body size), sex, and social attributes and habitat features on alarm calling. We also systematically summarize various natural selection theories and their controversies regarding the evolutionary adaptation of alarm calls. Finally, based on current application context, we discuss and prospect some key issues on the vocalization and response mechanisms and functional evolutionary adaptation of alarm calls in small mammals for the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of patterns and human-related factors influencing brown bears’ incursions into human-settled areas within Sanjiangyuan National Park LI Quanbang, WANG Dong, WEI Haijuan, NIU Shaopeng, LIAN Xinming ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 655-667.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151001 Abstract （925）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （16861KB）（250）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, human-bear conflicts resulting from the incursion of brown bears (Ursus arctos) into human dwellings have emerged as substantial challenges to the implementation of ecological civilization and livelihood improvement initiatives in Sanjiangyuan National Park. Concurrently, the paucity of research on local brown bear behavior and their spatiotemporal responses to human activities has exacerbated the difficulties in managing these conflicts effectively. In this study, conducted from April 2022 to April 2023, twenty camera sites were established in Longma Village, Yege Township, Qumalai County, Qinghai Province. Using infrared camera trap technology over a total of 4 781 effective camera working days, we collected activity data on brown bears, free-roaming dogs, and human presence. The study analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns and human-related influencing factors associated with brown bear incursions into human-settled areas. We found that the proportion of brown bears recorded incursion behaviors reached as high as 79. 56% and the animals entering human dwellings were primarily solitary individuals. Among these incursion activities, the success rate of finding food was 60. 55%. The intrusion activity of brown bear occurred at night, with peak activity observed between 22: 00 and 01: 00. Annual peaks in activity were noted in April and July. In human-inhabited environments, both human and free-roaming dog activities predominantly occurred during the daytime, resulting in a high temporal overlap index. In contrast, the indices measuring temporal overlap between the nocturnal activities of brown bears and the diurnal activities of free-roaming dogs and humans were markedly lower. A significant negative correlation was observed between the intensity of brown bear break-in incursion activities and human activity on a daily timescale. Conversely, long-term correlations revealed significant positive associations between bear intrusions and the activity levels of both humans and free-roaming dogs. Based on the findings of this study, strict management of human-related foods and relevant waste are recommended. This should be complemented by promoting the development and utilization of reinforced housing structures, bear-proof garbage cans, and secure food storage containers. These measures aim to minimize the accessibility of human food and waste to brown bears, thereby reducing their intrusive behaviors and mitigating human-bear conflicts. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress in the application of deep learning in wildlife image recognition and analysis Shiyu CHEN, Jin HOU, Dan LIU, Jing LIU, Peng LUO, Bochuan ZHENG, Jindong ZHANG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2026, 46 (1): 20-38.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150954 Abstract （638）   HTML （18）    PDF（pc） （2140KB）（166）       Knowledge map    Save Establishing a comprehensive wildlife monitoring system is the foundation for conducting conservation research. Traditional manual monitoring methods have various limitations, and some monitoring efforts have gradually been replaced by infrared camera trap technology. Nevertheless, the widespread use of infrared camera monitoring technology has introduced challenges in handling and analyzing massive amounts of data. Therefore, it is urgent to find an efficient method to process and analyze a large number of infrared camera data. In recent years, deep learning has been widely applied in the study of wild animal images. In order to comprehensively understand the application progress of deep learning theory and technology in wildlife image recognition, we provide an overview of the relevant research from 2000 to 2024. It elaborates on commonly used network models applications and their research progress in terms of eliminating invalid data, species identification, individual recognition, and behavior recognition. We summarize the status of deep learning in two types of images of wild animals, and emphatically discuss the existing problems and solutions of deep learning in infrared camera images. This paper analyzes the potential of applying artificial intelligence image processing techniques in infrared camera monitoring work and provides recommendations and insights for future development in order to provide ideas and directions for research on individual identification and population monitoring of wild animals. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Suitable distribution area and activity patterns study of Asiatic black bear in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin LYU Yonglei, WANG Weibo, CUI Yaqian, LIU Ying, ZHOU Wei, WANG Yuan, LIU Feng, WANG Guanglong, HU Jingjing, Pubudunzhu, Bianbaduoji, Danzeng, HU Kai, WANG Xiao-chuan, WEN Zhixin, YANG Qisen ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 629-640.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151021 Abstract （1005）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （19161KB）（164）       Knowledge map    Save The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), belonging to the family Ursidae within the Carnivora order, is classified as a second-class protected wild animal in China. Unfortunately, its population size and distribution range are declining due to habitat fragmentation caused by human activities, intensifying conflicts between humans and bears. To understand the distribution patterns of Asian black bears in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin, we employed the MaxEnt model to analyze its current habitat distribution and influencing factors based on long-term camera trap and field survey data, in conjunction with elevation, aspect, slope and 19 bioclimatic variables. Furthermore, we predicted the trend of habitat change under different future climate change scenarios within this region and investigated the daily and monthly activity patterns using recorded data from camera traps. We found that the AUC value of the best fitted MaxEnt model was 0. 972, indicating high accuracy after screening for climate and terrain factors. The key factors affecting the distribution of Asiatic black bears were altitude, temperature annual range, and precipitation of warmest quarter. Currently suitable distribution areas for Asiatic black bears are mainly concentrated in the Nyingchi region, with a smaller portion distributed in Shigatse and Shannan regions. With increasing temperatures in the future, suitable areas would not change significantly, but they will migrate to higher altitude along Yarlung Zangbo River and its tributaries. The activity pattern of Asiatic black bears in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin was primarily characterized by crepuscular behavior, with peak activity intensity observed during the summer and autumn seasons. This study provides basic data for comprehending the present and future distribution patterns as well as behavioral tendencies of Asiatic black bears. Furthermore, it offers theoretical insights for future conservation and management efforts aimed at mitigating human-bear conflicts in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Study on species density estimation and habitat suitability prediction of spotted linsang (Prionodon pardicolor) in Jiangxi Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve Wei LUO, Mi ZHANG, Changchun WEI, Jun DENG, Zufu ZHANG, Yuying SONG, Weiwei ZHANG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2026, 46 (2): 230-239.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151023 Abstract （516）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （17750KB）（150）       Knowledge map    Save The spotted linsang (Prionodon pardicolor) was once widely distributed in southern and southwestern China as well as South and Southeast Asia. However, its population has drastically declined in recent years. From April 2023 to March 2024, we estimated the population density using infrared cameras and random encounter models, and generated current (2020s) and future (2050s) habitat suitability models using MaxEnt for the spotted linsang in the Jiangxi JiulianShan National Nature Reserve. This study showed that the population density of spotted linsang was (2.039 ± 0.243) civets/km2 in the Reserve. The MaxEnt model showed high accuracy in predicting suitable habitats for both current and future periods. Under future climatic conditions, suitable habitats for spotted linsang within the reserve may decrease by 14.44%, while those outside the reserve will decrease by 46.61% compared to the current period. High-suitability habitats will contract inward in the reserve and migrate to higher altitudes. The main environmental factors affecting the current distribution are distance to rivers, isothermality, vegetation type, precipitation in the driest season, and slope direction. For future distributions, the primary influencing factors are distance to rivers, mean temperature in the driest season, vegetation type, and the coefficients of seasonal variation of aspect and precipitation. This study preliminarily investigated the field ecological habits of spotted linsang and provided scientific support for the conservation of spotted linsang in the JiulianShan Reserve and beyond. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Construction of the expression vector for the PRDX1 gene in Tarim red deer and its bioinformatic analysis Buweihailiqiemu ABABAIKERI, Aibibula ABUDULA, Buhailiqiemu YIMINGAILI, Huabin ZHAO ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2026, 46 (2): 153-170.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151026 Abstract （387）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （18732KB）（141）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the structural and functional characteristics of Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1)，which may play an antioxidant role in the adaptation of the Tarim red deer (Cervus elaphus yarkandensis) to arid environments, this study amplified the coding sequence (CDS) of the PRDX1 gene (CeyPRDX1) using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The CDS sequence was successfully cloned into the pcDNA3.1 (+) vector to construct an expression vector and named pcDNA3.1 (+) -CeyPRDX1. The pLJM1-EGFP Lentivirus vector with EGFP fluorescent label was used to construct overexpression vector of CeyPRDX1 (pLJM1-CeyPRDX1-EGFP), and its subcellular localization was observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of human HaCaT cells. The results of homology comparison and phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that CeyPRDX1 has the highest homology and the closest phylogenetic relationship with Eastern European red deer (Cervus elaphus) and red deer (Cervus canadensis). Bioinformatic analysis revealed that CeyPRDX1 is a conserved, hydrophilic protein without N-glycosylation or transmembrane regions, and interacts with various antioxidant proteins. This study provides a foundation for future functional research on the CeyPRDX1 gene. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A taxonomic and phylogenetic study of the genus Rhizomys (Rodentia: Spalacidae) in China Mingkun TANG, Xuming WANG, Yingxun LIU, Rui LIAO, Buqing PENG, Xin WANG, Shaoying LIU ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2026, 46 (3): 307-319.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151126 Abstract （436）   HTML （21）    PDF（pc） （34213KB）（131）       Knowledge map    Save Species of the family Spalacidae are exclusively subterranean, possessing a suite of phenotypic traits adapted to life in underground burrows, making them an important group for studying adaptive evolution. The genus Rhizomys represents a basal lineage within this family. While recent years have witnessed significant progress in molecular sequencing and adaptive evolution research on this genus, morphological comparisons and phylogenetic relationships among its constituent species and subspecies remain poorly understood due to limited availability of newly acquired specimens, and diagnostic characters still need to be clearly defined. Based on newly collected specimens and museum collections from China, we performed a systematic taxonomic study using morphological and molecular phylogenetic approaches. Our results demonstrate that Rhizomys pruinosus, R. sinensis, and R. sumatrensis can be distinguished by their long dorsal guard hairs with white tips, cheek coloration, and the ratio of tail length to head-body length (mean values: 42.3%, 27.9%, and 34.5%, respectively). The subspecies R. sinensis vestitus is significantly larger than R. s. davidi；it has a greatest skull length exceeding 70 mm, longer pinkish-brown tips on the dorsal fur, and greyish-white cheeks. In contrast, R. s. davidi has a greatest skull length less than 70 mm, greyish-brown dorsal fur with noticeably shorter brown tips. Rhizomys pruinosus senex can be distinguished from R. p. latouchei by its robust teeth and sparser dorsal long guard hairs with a shorter white tip section. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the cytochrome b gene revealed a closer relationship between R. pruinosus and R. sumatrensis, with R. sinensis representing an early-diverging lineage within the genus. Interspecific genetic distances ranged from 9.3% to 15.9%. At the intraspecific level, the genetic distance was 2.3% between the subspecies R. s. vestitus and R. s. davidi, and 0.4% between R. p. senex and R. p. latouchei, indicating varying degrees of differentiation among subspecies. This study provides foundational data for the systematics of the genus Rhizomys; However, a definitive taxonomic assessment of R. wardi still awaits more comprehensive sampling. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The effects of captivity on gut microbiota of wild mammals Yuxiang LI, Xi TIAN, Chunbing LIU, Li YU ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2026, 46 (1): 1-19.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151041 Abstract （569）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （2421KB）（128）       Knowledge map    Save Human activities lead to ecosystem fragmentation, accelerated degradation, and permanent decline of biodiversity. Artificial captive breeding is considered an important method for effectively protecting threatened species and is one of the key ways to save endangered animals. However, due to various factors such as food and living environment, animals have undergone significant changes from the wild to the captive environment, leading to a series of problems such as gastrointestinal disorders, infections, and diseases in mammals. The gut microbiota is widely recognized to play a crucial role in maintaining the health of the body, and its disruption and ecological imbalance can directly affect the host’s health. There are many different environmental factors between captive environment and wild environment. This paper discusses the effects of diet change, habitat homogenization, stress and antibiotics on gut microbiota of wild mammals in captivity. The diversity of gut microorganisms of different feeding mammals did not change uniformly, but their composition and structure all changed when they were faced with the simplification of the captive diet. The high homogeneity of the habitats in captivity made the gut microorganisms of mammals show different degrees of humanization. Various stresses in captivity can cause imbalances in mammalian gut microbiota. Direct or indirect use of antibiotics in captivity can alter the composition of mammalian gut microbiota and increase the variety and number of antibiotic resistance genes in gut microbiota. These changes have altered the gut microbiota and impacted the health of captive wild mammals, affecting wildlife reintroduction efforts. Future research direction is also discussed in order to provide guidelines for the protection of wild mammals. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Impacts of climate and land-use changes on suitable habitats for Felis silvestris ornate in the Tarim Basin LI Huihuang, ZHUO Yingying, Batubayier, DOU Ziwei, SHARMA Sabina Koirala, WANG Muyang, YANG Weikang ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 615-628.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150958 Abstract （685）   HTML （2）    PDF（pc） （21587KB）（119）       Knowledge map    Save Climate and land-use changes are primary drivers of shifts in species ranges. Conducting relevant research can provide scientific supports for conservation planning and management of endangered species. Felis silvestris ornate, listed as a Second Class species in the National Key Protected Wild Animals in China, remains relatively understudied. This study focuses on the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang as the research area and employs the MaxEnt model to predict the potential suitable habitats of Felis silvestris ornate under current and future 2041-2070 (2050s), 2071-2100 (2080s) climate and land-use change scenarios. The research aims to reveal the distribution pattern of suitable habitats for the species, explore the influencing factors, and conduct an analysis of conservation gaps. The results showed that models had the smallest AICc value with regularization multiplier (RM) = 3. 0 and feature combination (FC) = LQHP. Averaged AUC value of the best-fitted model was 0. 962 indicating high model performance. The current area of suitable habitats for Felis silvestris ornate is 61 456 km2, mainly concentrated in the northern and western parts of the Tarim basin, accounting for 6. 03% of the total area. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land-use types, and average annual temperature are the most important factors affecting the distribution of suitable habitats for Felis silvestris ornate. In the future, the area of suitable habitat for Felis silvestris ornate will increase to varying degrees. By 2080s (SSP585), the area of suitable habitats will increase by 63. 05% compared to the current area, mainly located in the northern part of the basin. Conservation gap analysis revealed that only 6. 90% and 5. 30% of the suitable habitat area for the Felis silvestris ornate is covered by the nature reserves in the current and future periods, respectively, indicating that the conservation effectiveness of the nature reserve is low in both periods. This study analyzed the dynamic changes in suitable habitats of Felis silvestris ornate in the Tarim Basin under the background of climate and land-use changes, along with its influencing factors, providing solid data support for the conservation and management of this species. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Suitable habitat and daily activity patterns of Ursus thibetanus in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province CHEN Ting, LI Binqiang, LIAO Zhenghang, LI Wei, PENG Can ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 641-654.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151010 Abstract （868）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （41882KB）（116）       Knowledge map    Save Understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of species, along with their influencing factors, is crucial for effective species conservation and habitat management. To evaluate the suitable habitat distribution and activity patterns of Ursus thibetanus in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, we deployed 246 infrared cameras to monitor bears from August 2020 to February 2023. We constructed a MaxEnt model using the distribution data collected from the camera traps and relevant news reports to analyze the suitable habitats for Ursus thibetanus. Additionally, we assessed the daily activity patterns of the bears using kernel density estimation based on the time data captured by the cameras. The results showed that distance to cultivated land, mean diurnal range, temperature annual range, and precipitation of wettest month were the main environmental factors affecting the habitat selection of Ursus thibetanus. These factors collectively accounted for a contribution rate of 87. 6%. The suitable habitats for Ursus thibetanus are mainly distributed in the intersection of Yiliang, Daguan, Yongshan, Yanjin, Suijiang, and Shuifu counties, with an area of 245 508 hm2. Furthermore, the analysis of the protection gap indicates that the suitable habitat area of Ursus thibetanus in the nature reserve is 57 652 hm2, accounting for 23. 48% of the suitable habitat of Ursus thibetanus in Zhaotong. Black bears have frequent activities in summer and autumn, with significant differences in seasonal activity intensity. The activity peak period of Ursus thibetanus is from May to October, and the average low temperature is the main factor affecting their monthly activity. Black bears exhibit morning and evening activity mode, with peaks of activity between 06: 00 - 10: 00 and 16: 00 - 20: 00. The results reveal the temporal and spatial distribution pattern of Ursus thibetanus in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, and provide references for habitat protection and management of this species. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Study on the occupancy model of urban mammals using camera-trapping techniques: a case study in Shenzhen, south China Mengchan YANG, Fangfang SUN, Yang WU, Yingyong WANG, Jian ZHAO, Ketong DENG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2026, 46 (1): 105-115.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150986 Abstract （499）   HTML （19）    PDF（pc） （3131KB）（108）       Knowledge map    Save Urbanization profoundly shapes regional biodiversity. Yet in-depth understanding of how urban wildlife respond to urbanization in China is limited due to the lack of concern and research regarding urban wildlife. In order to provide insights into how the urban biodiversity is maintained, we used an empirical dataset collected from 176 camera traps deployed between August and November 2022 to investigate mammal occurrence and habitat use in Shenzhen, a rapidly urbanizing megacity in south China. Single-season occupancy models were constructed to determine how species occupancy varied under the influence of habitat structure (vegetation cover and distance to rivers), human disturbance (nighttime light) and species interactions (free-ranging pet cats) on site scale in a typical urban region. A total of 10 species of terrestrial mammal (4 orders, 10 families) were detected during the period of survey. The results showed that leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis), wild boars (Sus scrofa), and Chinese ferret-badgers (Melogale moschata) have relative high occupancy and detectability in the study area, while rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) have the highest detectability rate with very low occupancy. Other mammals species exhibit medium to low occupancy and detectability. Vegetation cover is the most weighted factor in the occupancy models of the leopard cats, Chinese ferret-badgers, Indian civets (Viverricula indica), and Pallas’s squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus). Distance to rivers exerts a stronger impact on the site occupancy of Malayan porcupines (Hystrix brachyura) compared to other species. Pallas’s squirrels and Chinese ferret-badgers present high tolerance to disturbance from human activities, since there is a slightly positive correlation between their site occupancy and nighttime light. The results of two-species occupancy modeling show that both Pallas’s squirrels and hog badgers (Arctonyx collaris) are less likely to co-occur with free-ranging pet cats. The spatial distribution of free-ranging pet cats and other 5 species including leopard cats, however, tend to overlap within the study area. Such an overlap could intensify habitat encroachment and resource competition which may pose a threat to urban wildlife. Our findings underscore the complexity of mammals’ response to anthropogenic features in urban areas, taxa-specific or even species-specific needs should be considered when formulating the ecological-based conservation and management strategies of urban biodiversity. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advancements and prospects of software for processing and analyzing terrestrial mammal sound data Yongqiao HUANG, Chengyun ZHANG, Zixin ZHANG, Zezhou HAO ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (6): 784-796.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151036 Abstract （547）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （5741KB）（94）       Knowledge map    Save Terrestrial mammal vocalization data processing and analysis software is an essential tool for ecological researchers, enabling automated and efficient handling and analysis of bioacoustic recordings. These tools are vital for delving into the intricate details of animal vocalizations and providing foundational support for ecoacoustic and animal vocalization studies. The rapid advancement of passive acoustic monitoring technology and artificial intelligence has led to a significant increase in the number and variety of vocalization analysis software. Recent developments have seen substantial progress in noise reduction, acoustic indices, data annotation, species identification, and feature extraction. These softwares play a crucial role in archiving bioacoustic data, ensuring the preservation and accessibility of valuable ecological information for long-term monitoring and research purposes. This paper systematically reviews relevant literature and open-source software platforms, outlining the workflow for processing and analyzing terrestrial mammal vocalization data. It aims to discuss the current state of vocalization analysis software and its applications in bioacoustic research, and provides an outlook on the future development and localization of AI-assisted bioacoustic software to enhance analysis efficiency and broaden its applicability. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Electrophysiological recording paradigms and advances in the study of auditory basis of echolocation in bats Shiyu ZHOU, Di ZHANG, Huan YE, Jinhong LUO ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (6): 743-752.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151084 Abstract （552）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （3568KB）（93）       Knowledge map    Save As the only mammals capable of powered flight, coupled with their remarkable echolocation ability, bats occupy a unique niche in the night sky and represent one of the most diverse mammalian lineages. Electrophysiological methods, primarily involving the recording of neural activity, significantly advanced our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying bat echolocation. This review details the advantages and disadvantages of three primary electrophysiological recording paradigms: recordings under anesthesia, head-fixed recordings, and recordings during free movement. Recordings under anesthesia are useful for studying the functions of neurons in specific brain regions, but anesthetic drugs may interfere with neural activity. Head-fixed recordings can capture neural activity in awake animals but typically restrict their behavioral range. Recordings during free movement are the recommended electrophysiological paradigm, as they most closely match the animals’ natural behaviors. Recently, the application of new technologies such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and two-photon calcium imaging have opened new avenues for studying the neural mechanisms of bat echolocation. Future research may combine multiple electrophysiological methods with these emerging technologies to better reveal the neural basis of bat echolocation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Mammals and birds survey using camera trapping in Guangdong Liannan Bandong Provincial Nature Reserve Gang TANG, Xiangyang HE, Shude WU, Shuiyi LIAO, Wendong LI, Zhishu XIAO, Libiao ZHANG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2026, 46 (2): 287-298.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151012 Abstract （502）   HTML （19）    PDF（pc） （3254KB）（90）       Knowledge map    Save In order to gain an in-depth understanding of the species diversity in the Guangdong Liannan Bandong Provincial Nature Reserve, we monitored terrestrial birds and mammals based on 72 km grid sites (52 grids inside vs. 20 grids outside) using camera traps inside and outside the reserve for one year. The difference in species diversity between inside and outside the reserve was also analyzed. A total of 5 428 independent photograph (2 287 mammals and 3 141 birds) were collected totaling 19 416 camera-days from March 2021 to March 2022. We recorded 55 species (16 mammals and 39 birds) belonging to 26 families, 11 orders, and 2 classes. Among them, 14 species were listed as Class Ⅱ National Key Protected Species in China (3 mammals, 11 birds). The top three mammal species with the highest relative abundance index (RAI) were Dremomys pyrrhomerus, Sus scrofa, and Callosciurus erythraeus, and the top three bird species with the highest RAI were Lophura nycthemera, Zoothera aurea, and Myophonus caeruleus. The top three mammal species with the highest grid occupancy were Dremomys pyrrhomerus, Sus scrofa, and Paguma larvata, and the top three birdf species with the highest grid occupancy were Lophura nycthemera, Zoothera aurea, and Garrulax pectoralis. Comparing the monitoring data of mammals and birds, species richness, Shannon-Wiener index, and Simpson index were all higher inside the reserve than outside the reserve, while there was no significant difference in the Pielou index. The monitoring results showed that the proportion of carnivore species was relatively high, but with few larger ones. Possible reasons include habitat loss and fragmentation, food shortages, and human activity interference. Comparing with the previous investigation, a total of 8 new records of birds and mammals were recorded in the reserve. This study provides basic data for wildlife monitoring and assessment in the Guangdong Liannan Bandong Provincial Nature Reserve. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A new family of mammals recorded in Xizang: Sicistidae Yingxun LIU, Buqing PENG, Xuming WANG, Rui LIAO, Xuan PAN, Shaoying LIU ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2026, 46 (1): 140-147.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151005 Abstract （523）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （2947KB）（87）       Knowledge map    Save In August 2023, one specimen was collected from Chentang Town, Dingjie County, Xizang Autonomous Region. Dorsally, the hair of this specimen is dark yellowish-brown, interspersed with short black hair, with no black stripes seen along the back. The ventral hair is light yellowish-brown, and markedly distinct from the dorsal color. The tail is longer than head-and-body length and exhibits distinct dorsal and ventral color. The ears are short and round, covered with thick, short, chocolate-colored hair. Its anterior palatine foramina are shorter, extending backwards only to the level of the middle of the premolar, and the posterior edge of the palate is closely aligned to the third upper posterior molar. The second upper molar teeth are of the same length and width, and have an overall square shape. These characteristics are consistent with those of the type specimen of Sicista concolor leathemi, as are the 4 body measurements and 10 skull measurements. Thus, the morphological traits indicate that the Xizang specimen is Sicista concolor leathemi. A phylogenetic analysis based on Cyt b sequences confirmed that the Xizang individual clusters together with other specimens of S. c. leathemi with strong support (PP = 0.95). The average K2P distance between the specimen and other species of Sicista was 22.9%. We recovered significant differences between Sicista concolor leathemi and the other two subspecies of Sicista concolor. Based on these results, we recognize Sicista leathemi as an independent species. This represents the first record of the family Sicistidae in Xizang. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The long-distance calling of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) serves a defensive function for their sleeping sites Yuqian SONG, Bojun YI, Meijie TAO, Dengpan NONG, Qihai ZHOU, Penglai FAN ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (6): 820-830.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151048 Abstract （583）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （10824KB）（87）       Knowledge map    Save Long-distance calling is a distinctive vocal signal known for its loudness and long-range transmission, typically emitted by male individuals. It is often inferred to serve important socio-ecological functions, such as territory defense, protection of valuable resources, and mate attraction. The white-headed langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) is an endemic primate species in China, inhabiting the karst limestone forests in the southwestern of Guangxi. The role of long-distance calling in the survival and reproduction of white-headed langurs remains unclear. Between February 2023 and August 2023, we collected data on the long-distance calling locations and times of adult males from eight white-headed langur groups, as well as information on their foraging and sleeping sites, in the Banli area of the Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve, Guangxi. We tested the defensive function of long-distance calls concerning two important resources: food and sleeping sites. The results indicated that adult male white-headed langurs initiate their first long-distance calls an average of 38 min after the group departs from the cave, at an average distance of 43 m from the sleeping site. They make their last long-distance calls an average of 39 min before the group returns to the cave, also at an average distance of 43 m from the sleeping site. Additionally, the location of the sleeping site significantly influenced the calling location of the white-headed langurs, supporting the hypothesis that these calls serve a sleeping site defense function. However, foraging locations had no significant impact on calling locations, which did not support the food resource defense hypothesis. These findings indicate that long-distance calling in white-headed langurs is used for defending sleeping sites but not food resources. This study is the first to clarify the role of long-distance calls in defending critical survival resources in white-headed langurs. It enhances our understanding of the adaptive mechanisms and functions of vocal communication in white-headed langurs and provides scientific evidence for the conservation of rare and endangered species. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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No remarkable differences in behavioral responses in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to playbacks of recordings of UAV infrasound and conspecific rumble calls Sijia SHEN, Lu WANG, Xu ZHAO, Tao LIU, Xuefeng LIU, Dingzhen LIU ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (6): 842-850.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150977 Abstract （577）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （3455KB）（79）       Knowledge map    Save The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology has been widely used in many fields of wildlife study and conservation. It remains, however, highly unknown whether the infrasonic noise generated by the flying UAV will impair the behavior of wild animals, especially species which are sensitive to infrasound. This study investigated the behavioral responses in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) at Beijing Zoo to playbacks of recordings of UAVs infrasound and the rumble calls of conspecific by employing a Habituation-Dishabituation paradigm. The results show that captive elephants displayed no dishabituation in response to the playbacks of UAV infrasound recordings even though they have got habituated to the playback of conspecific rumble call recordings. Under our experimental paradigm and with the playback equipment currently available, captive Asian elephants did not behaviorally discriminate between the two acoustic recordings. Whether UAV infrasonic noise interferes with intraspecific communication and social behavior in this species remains unresolved; future work should therefore employ UAV noise within an appropriate frequency range and high-fidelity playback systems to clarify this issue. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Two new species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from southwestern China Yishun QIAN, Xin MOU, Bin LUO, Xiaoping LI, Yunli LUO, Song LI ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2026, 46 (3): 320-336.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151123 Abstract （288）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （58927KB）（76）       Knowledge map    Save The genus Myotis is one of the most widely distributed genera of terrestrial vertebrates. It includes 140 recognized species worldwide, 29 of which are recorded in China. Ongoing taxonomic research continues to uncover new species within this group. In this study, we employed classical taxonomic approaches, including comparisons of external morphology and cranial characteristics, complemented by molecular biological methods to analyze bats collected from Shuangbai (n = 9) and Yongde (n = 2) in Yunnan Province. The results show that these specimens belong to Myotis, but do not belong to any of the existing Myotis species that have been described, and have reached the genetic distance of species-level differentiation. Therefore, we describe them as two new species: Myotis shuangbaiensis Li & Qian, sp. nov. and Myotis yongdensis Li & Qian, sp. nov. The diagnostic features of Myotis shuangbaiensis include dorsal fur with black bases and light brown tips, and ventral fur with black bases and grayish-white tips. The plagiopatagium attaches to the base of the first toe on the hindfoot. The upper inner incisor (I2) and upper outer incisor (I3) are similar in size. The crown height of the second lower premolar (P2) is less than half that of the lower canine. Both the basal area and crown height of the third lower premolar (P3) are approximately two‑thirds those of the second lower premolar (P2). The diagnostic features of Myotis yongdensis include dark reddish‑brown dorsal fur, and ventral fur with brownish‑black bases and grayish‑white tips. The ventral side of the interfemoral membrane is covered with moderately dense short fur. The plagiopatagium attaches to the base of the metatarsus of the hindfoot. The tragus has a rounded tip. The crown height of the third upper premolar (P3) is approximately half that of the second upper premolar (P2). These findings reveal significant persistent knowledge gaps in Myotis taxonomy and enhance the understanding of biodiversity richness in Southwestern China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Subspecies affiliation and population status of rhesus macaque in Qinghai, China Nan SUN, Guogang LI, Shunzhi XUE, Jiqi LU ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2026, 46 (1): 47-59.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151002 Abstract （715）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （3697KB）（75）       Knowledge map    Save The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is the only non-human primate species currently living in Qinghai Province, distributed solely in the southern forest areas of Yushu and Guoluo Zang Autonomous Prefectures. Identifying the subspecies of wild macaques in Qinghai, understanding their population dynamics, and distribution is of great significance for their conservation. In January 2021, one muscle tissue (Baizha, Yushu) and six fecal samples (Makehe, Guoluo) of rhesus macaque were collected by non-invasive sampling, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the 16S rRNA and Cyt b genes. It confirmed that the rhesus macaques distributed in Yushu and Guoluo were the Tibetan subspecies (M. m. vestita) and the Sichuan subspecies (M. m. lasiotus), respectively. From January 2021 to May 2023, infrared camera monitoring yielded 91 present sites and 838 independent events of rhesus macaque. Using MaxEnt modeling, the suitable habitat area for macaques was predicted to be 137 - 385 km² (Baizha) and 207 - 750 km² (Makehe). The results indicated that rhesus macaques preferred the habitat of lower altitude, sloping, river-adjacent, sunny forests and farmlands. Transect surveys and random encounter model were used to estimate the macaque population. Following repeated transect surveys in winter 2021 and 2022, conducting at historical record sites (Baizha and Jiangxi in Yushu, Makehe in Guoluo), a total of 24 macaque groups with approximately 1 580 individuals were recorded, with an increase of 43.8% in individuals compared to 40 years ago. The random encounter model estimated the macaque population in Baizha and Makehe to be 73 - 205 and 413 - 1 497 individuals, respectively. The research can provide references and technical support for biodiversity conservation in Qinghai Province. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preliminary analysis of the molecular phylogeography of Crocidura shantungensis Qiuying GUO, He CAI, Liuqing YANG, Zhihui ZHANG, Meifeng HAN, Jingyu ZHAO, Chunfeng ZHANG, Junsheng ZHANG, Zhu LIU ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2026, 46 (1): 129-139.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150949 Abstract （442）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （2629KB）（74）       Knowledge map    Save In order to clarify the phylogeographic relationships, refuge during the ice age, and subspecies differentiation of Crocidura shantungensis, the complete sequence of Cyt b gene of C. shantungensis collected from the eastern and northern regions of China, complemented with sequences available from GenBank, were analyzed together, totaling 297 sequences. A total of 128 haplotypes were found in the 297 samples of C. shandongensis. Nucleotide diversity is 0.010 77. The phylogenetic tree shows four main clades. Clade 1 includes East Asian individuals and is mainly composed of haplotypes from the eastern and northern regions of China (Heilongjiang, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shandong, Inner Mongolia), Russia Far East, eastern Mongolia, Korean Peninsula and Republic of Korea islands. Clade 2 includes some haplotypes from Taiwan, China. Clade 3 includes haplotypes partly from the Republic of Korea islands. Clade 4 includes some haplotypes from the Jeju-do Island in Republic of Korea. A similar geographical pattern was also observed in the Median-joining network analysis. The largest genetic distance (0.020 6) occurred between Taiwan of China and the Republic of Korea islands, and the largest genetic differentiation (0.758 8) occurred between Taiwan of China and the Jeju-do Island in Republic of Korea. The smallest genetic distance (0.010 8) and genetic differentiation (0.272 2) occurred between East Asia and Taiwan of China. Neutral tests indicate C. shantungensis experienced two population expansions. The results of the Median-joining network suggest that the ice age refuges of C. shantungensis were Changbaishan Mountains (Heilongjiang and Liaoning) and Shandong Peninsula (Shandong) of China, and the Korean Peninsula. The geographic areas included in this study are divided into 4 geographic subspecies. One subspecies (C. s. shantungensis) is distributed in the eastern and northern regions of China (Heilongjiang, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shandong, Inner Mongolia), Russia Far East, eastern Mongolia, Korean Peninsula and Republic of Korea islands. The other subspecies is found in Taiwan, China. The third subspecies is found in the Republic of Korea islands, and the fourth subspecies (C. s. quelpartis) is found in Jeju-do Island in Republic of Korea. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）