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Catalogue of mammals in China (2024) WEI Fuwen, YANG Qisen, WU Yi, JIANG Xuelong, LIU Shaoying, HU Yibo, GE Deyan, LI Baoguo, YANG Guang, LI Ming, ZHOU Jiang, LI Song, LI Sheng, YU Wenhua, CHEN Bingyao, ZHANG Zejun, ZHOU Caiquan, WU Shibao, ZHANG Li, CHEN Zhongzheng, CHEN Shunde, DENG Huaiqing, JIANG Tinglei, ZHANG Libiao, SHI Hongyan, LU Xueli, LI Quan, LIU Zhu, CUI Yaqian, LI Yuchun, HE Kai ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (1): 1-16.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151039 Abstract （7476）   HTML （221）    PDF（pc） （1493KB）（5170）       Knowledge map    Save Following the publication of the ‘Catalogue of mammals in China (2021)’and the release of Taxonomy and Distribution of Mammals in China, the mammalian catalogue of China has garnered significant attention from researchers worldwide. This surge in attention is primarily attributed to significant national research projects, such as the Second Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program, which have facilitated further exploration of China’s biodiversity and enhanced our understanding of the mammalian fauna. Between 2022 and 2024, a series of new mammalian species have been established, augmenting the 2022 catalogue by 42 species. In order to present a comprehensive overview of the valid mammalian taxa in China, we hereby present an updated edition of the ‘Catalogue of mammals in China (2024)’. The documentation conducted until the end of December 2024 revealed a total of 58 families, en-compassing 263 genera and comprising 736 valid mammalian species in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in reproductive isolation mechanisms during animal speciation ZHANG Yuxing, WU Hong, YU Li ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (6): 627-643.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150838 Abstract （1531）   HTML （106）    PDF（pc） （4322KB）（2958）       Knowledge map    Save The process of speciation and its mechanism is not only the‘mystery of mysteries’of Darwin, but also a key to understanding the biological diversity in nature, and it is also one of the scientific focuses in the field of evolutionary biology. Speciation refers to the evolutionary process in which a new species diverges from its ancestors, and it is also the process of reproductive isolation or barrier establishment among populations. The exploration and revelation of this process and its inherent genetic mechanism are the key to understanding the phenomenon of biodiversity. By focusing on animal groups, this review systematically describes the ways of reproductive isolation establishment and their molecular mechanisms, then discusses the bottlenecks, challenges and potential opportunities faced by current research on animal reproductive isolations, with a view to providing reference and inspiration for subsequent research on animal speciation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A review of wildlife conservation and management strategies of Sanjiangyuan National Park Tongzuo ZHANG, Feng JIANG, Jingjie ZHANG, Zhenyuan CAI, Hongmei GAO, Haifeng GU, Pengfei SONG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (2): 193-205.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150698 Abstract （2172）   HTML （63）    PDF（pc） （1493KB）（2617）       Knowledge map    Save Sanjiangyuan National Park (SNP) is one of the first and largest national parks in China and the first national park on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It has landmark significance for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and even for China's accelerated construction of national parks as a natural areas protection system. The diversity of wildlife in SNP is high and the proportion of endangered species is large, among which the proportion of mammals and birds under threat is 32.26% and 19.90%, respectively. SNP also harbors abundant national key protected species and rare species endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, including 46.77% of mammals endemic to China or the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and 7.65% of birds endemic to China. Its rich biodiversity has conservation value of national and even global significance. We briefly reviewed the progress and achievements of global wildlife conservation research, analyzed the causes of wildlife endangerment in SNP, and proposed several wildlife conservation and management strategies, such as strengthening the monitoring of wildlife dynamics in SNP, innovating habitat protection techniques, establishing wildlife migration corridors and refuges, conducting research on the balanced management of grass and livestock, disease control, human-animal conflict, and establishing wildlife gene resource bank. There strategies will provide useful guarantees for the achievement of strict protection of ecological environment, harmonious coexistence between human and nature, as well as regional sustainable development strategic needs in SNP. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Population size and distribution of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in Ailao Mountain, Chuxiong Prefecture, Yunnan Province LI Genhui, QIN Zhongyi, LU Lixiong, GAO Wenjun, LUO Wenfu, LI Han, LI Yuwu, YIN Cunquan, XU Ping, YIN Guanghua, LI Fabao, NIU Xiaowei, JIANG Xuelong ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (5): 513-522.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150749 Abstract （1551）   HTML （112）    PDF（pc） （5140KB）（2317）       Knowledge map    Save From November to December 2020, we conducted the second field survey on the population and distribution of the western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in Ailao Mountain, Chuxiong Prefecture, Yunnan by interviews and loud morning calls counting method. The survey recorded 61 groups and 14 individuals of western black crested gibbon, a total of about 270 individuals in the National Nature Reserve and its surrounding state forest areas. The gibbon population was mainly found (59 groups and 13 individuals) from the central part of Chuxiong City to the south part of Shuangbai County, while from the central to the north part of Nanhua County it was represented by a small isolated population (two groups and one individual). Compared with the previous survey in 2005, the population of the western black crested gibbon in Ailao Mountains, Chuxiong Prefecture increased significantly but still facing threats from population isolation and human disturbance such as grazing by cattle and goats. According to the current population and distribution pattern, we propose to conduct long-term population dynamic monitoring for concentrated populations, regular and irregular patrolling for isolated and marginal distributed groups, habitat assessment and restoration, and assign the groups in state forests managed by national nature reserve management and protection bureau for protection and conservation of western black crested gibbons in Ailao Mountains, Chuxiong Prefecture, Yunnan. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Habitat suitability analysis for four wild ungulates in Sanjiangyuan National Park under different climate change scenarios WANG Zihan, WANG Dong, HOU Luyi, LI Quanbang, LI Qiqin, WEI Haijuan, LIAN Xinming ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 602-614.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150963 Abstract （433）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （13432KB）（2297）       Knowledge map    Save Climate change and human activities have direct or indirect impacts on the distribution and abundance of species, particularly on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Wild ungulates are vital components of the ecosystem, with their habitat and living conditions playing a decisive role in maintaining ecological balance and stability. Predicting the effects of climate change on their distribution range can provide a scientific basis and reference for the conservation of wild ungulates and habitat restoration in key areas. This study specifically focuses on four species of wild ungulates in Sanjiangyuan National Park, Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata), Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), kiang (Equus kiang), and wild yak (Bos mutus). By utilizing the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS software, we conducted an analysis to determine the potential geographical distribution of these four species. Subsequently, we predicted dynamic changes in their habitat suitability and geographical range under two scenarios: low and high carbon emissions for the 2050s and 2070s. The findings revealed that the suitable habitat area for Tibetan gazelle accounted for 52. 22% of the total park area, while corresponding proportions for Tibetan antelope, kiang, and wild yak were 13. 71%, 19. 23%, and 9. 22% respectively. Multiple variables influenced the distribution of these four species. Notably, precipitation-related factors significantly impacted habitat selection by Tibetan gazelle and antelope populations and the antelope demonstrated some adaptability to human activities as well. In the face of future climate change, all four wild ungulates are experiencing a decline in suitable habitats, with the Tibetan antelope being particularly affected by the highest carbon emission concentration scenario. Furthermore, there is a noticeable trend among these species to migrate towards higher latitudes. Although the Sanjiangyuan National Park has encompassed most of the habitats for the four ungulate species, it remains essential to develop tailored protection and management strategies for each species. Specifically, proactive measures such as vegetation restoration should be implemented in habitats that have been or may become damaged to enhance the ecological environment’s quality and provide a more suitable living space for these wild ungulates. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of deep learning in wildlife conservation ZHONG Junjie, NIU Bing, CHEN Qin, CHEN Xiang, WANG Yan ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (6): 734-744.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150774 Abstract （1441）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （4522KB）（2221）       Knowledge map    Save Wildlife is one of the vital biological resources, but the increasing human activities and environmental degradation pose a severe threat to the survival of wild animals. Deep learning has emerged as a prominent research direction in the field of artificial intelligence and has been widely applied across various disciplines. Its versatility has demonstrated enormous potential in wildlife conservation, particularly in image recognition, monitoring, and audio recognition. This article introduces several common deep learning algorithms, provides an overview of the applications of different deep learning models in wildlife conservation, and analyzes the current issues and challenges, including limited training data, variability of environmental conditions, and the complexity of wildlife behavior. In the future, to employ deep learning for wildlife protection, in addition to addressing challenges such as data acquisition and utilization, and robustness in image recognition against various interferences, it is crucial to develop more robust and efficient deep learning models that cater to the specific requirements of wildlife conservation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Comparative analysis of gut microbial composition and functions of forest musk deer in different breeding centres Feng JIANG, Pengfei SONG, Jingjie ZHANG, Hongmei GAO, Haijing WANG, Zhenyuan CAI, Daoxin LIU, Tongzuo ZHANG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (2): 129-140.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150701 Abstract （2119）   HTML （94）    PDF（pc） （4706KB）（1939）       Knowledge map    Save Intestinal diseases are common in the breeding of forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii, FMD). Gut microbiota has evolved with the host and formed a complex microecosystem with the gastrointestinal tract of animals. To compare the effects of different breeding environments on gut microbial composition and functions of captive FMD, a total of 215 fresh feces samples were collected from 5 different breeding centres in China, and a 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing was performed. The differences in gut microbial composition, diversity, and functions of FMD from different breeding centres were analyzed. The results showed that Firmicutes and Bacteroides were the absolute dominant bacteria phyla in the gut microbiota of FMD fed without compound probiotics from Qilian County, while Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the absolute dominant bacteria in the gut microbiota of FMD fed with compound probiotics from Liangdang County and Feng County. The composition, dominant bacteria phyla, dominant bacteria genera, potential pathogenic bacteria, metabolism-related, and disease-related functions of gut microbiota in FMD from different breeding centres were significantly different. The α diversity and disease-related function enrichment of gut microbiota in FMD from Qilian were significantly lower than those from other breeding centres, and enterotype 2 was dominant, with Firmicutes, UCG-005,and Bacteroides as the marker bacteria. The relative abundance of potential pathogenic bacteria of gut microbiota in FMD from Liangdang and Feng Counties was low. We speculated that the difference in food composition might be the main factor leading to the difference in the gut microbiota of FMD from different breeding centres, and the use of compound probiotics might be an important factor leading to the decrease of α diversity and potential pathogenic bacteria. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the artificial breeding management of FMD, and also have certain significance for the assessment of the artificial breeding environment and the plan of reintroduction in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Some key questions of ecological impacts of free ranging cats LI Zhongqiu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 593-601.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150967 Abstract （792）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （1938KB）（1902）       Knowledge map    Save Domestic cats, originally from the Near East, have proliferated globally alongside human migration, establishing substantial populations of free-ranging cats. These feline populations have profound ecological ramifications for both island and continental ecosystems, encompassing direct predation, fear-mediated indirect predation, competition for resources with predators at the same trophic level, disease transmission, and genetic infiltration. Gaining a thorough understanding of the fundamental biology of free-ranging cats is essential for mitigating these impacts, including their population dynamics, reproductive behaviors, and adaptive strategies. While trap-neuter-return (TNR) is a widely adopted management strategy for free-ranging cats, its necessity and effectiveness in wildlife conservation remain contentious. This paper delves into scientific research areas such as free-ranging cat population assessment, ecological impact evaluation, disease risk, and the cultural and managerial aspects of cats. We also present specific recommendations regarding pet registration, breeding regulations, animal welfare, and shelter policies. We hope that these suggestions will provide scientific evidence and practical guidance for effective free-ranging cat management and the conservation of wildlife in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Population dynamics of wild Asian elephants over the past fifty years TANG Yongjing, YANG Cong, YANG Zicheng, CHEN Fei ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (5): 593-607.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150768 Abstract （1703）   HTML （53）    PDF（pc） （5745KB）（1780）       Knowledge map    Save The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) is the flagship species of tropical forest ecosystems in Asia and plays an important role in increasing species richness and maintaining ecosystem services. Affected by habitat loss and degradation, illegal poaching, and human-elephant conflict, the distribution and population size of the world’s wild Asian elephants have declined significantly compared to the past. In order to explore the distribution, population changes, and current conservation needs of wild Asian elephants, this paper reviews the research on the historical distribution, population dynamics, threat factors, traditional culture, laws and regulations, and conservation action plans of Asian elephants in South and Southeast Asia and China over the past 50 years, and draws the following conclusions: (1) In the past 50 years, the global wild Asian elephant population has shown an early trend of decline and then growth, followed by a continued decline between 1970 - 2000 and gradually increased between 2000 - 2010, and slow growth since 2010. (2) South Asia is an important area for stabilizing the global wild Asian elephant population, mainly due to timely legislative protection, strong traditional culture protection and other factors. The continuous decline of Asian elephant populations in Southeast Asia is mainly affected by deforestation and illegal poaching. The large-scale loss of forest habitat is the main reason for its continuous decline in Indonesia, Borneo, and other regions. The main reasons for the decline in Myanmar and Thailand are illegal poaching and smuggling. (3) The existing habitats in South Asia are relatively concentrated, there are more fragmented habitats in Southeast Asia, and Myanmar has more potential distribution areas. (4) At present, the main threats to wild Asian elephants are habitat loss and degradation, poaching and illegal trade, and human-elephant conflicts. In addition, problems associated with infrastructure construction, cross-border difficulties, and isolated populations cannot be ignored. Scientific and reasonable protection measures should be formulated taking into account the local challenges faced by Asian elephant populations, and on the basis of carrying out sufficient scientific research. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preliminary survey of mammals and birds diversity using camera traps in Yaoshan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province ZHAO Chenguang, YANG Wei, ZHONG Qianjuan, WU Minghui, HU Longqin, DOU Wenli, WU Han, DUAN Yubao ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (5): 642-653.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150760 Abstract （1269）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （4180KB）（1526）       Knowledge map    Save In order to systematically access the species diversity of mammals and birds of Yaoshan National Nature Re serve in Yunnan Province, we deployed 71 infrared cameras from July 2020 to October 2021 in 1 km × 1 km grid area of the reserve according to the altitude zone. During the monitoring period, a total of 17 960 camera days resulted in 8 274 independent and valid photos, including 3 810 mammals, 2 958 birds, 829 livestock, and 677 people. A total of 20 spe cies of mammals, belonging to 6 orders and 12 families, and 72 species of birds, belonging to 7 orders and 20 families, were recorded. Among them, one species is listed as Class Ⅰ and 15 species as Class Ⅱ National Key Protected Wildlife in China, representing 17.39% of total species listed. The five most detected mammal species were Dremomys per nyi, Muntiacus vaginalis, Callosciuru serythraeus, Arctonyx collaris, and Sus scrofa. The five most detected bird species were Chrysolophus amherstiae, Tragopan temminckii, Trochalopteron elliotii, Erythrogenys gravivox, Myophonus caeruleus. Our survey detected 42 species of birds new to the reserve, including Scolopax rusticola, Psittiparus gularis, and Larvivora cyane, and 3 new species of mammals, Martes flavigula, Meles leucurus, and Petaurista caniceps. There are significant differences in bird diversity at different altitudes and habitats (P<0.01), but there are no differences be tween birds in different seasons (P>0.05), and there are significant differences between animals in different seasons (P<0.01). This study provides real image data of birds and mammals from Yaoshan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, not only updates the database of species diversity in this area but also provides an objective basis for scientific protection and precise management of the reserve. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Ontogeny and the influencing factors of bite force and feeding rate of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) SUN Mengmeng, YAN Xiao, LI Feng, TANG Yong, ZHANG Xinxing, DONG Chao, HUANG Shengjie, ZHENG Yuanming, LUO Yong, ZHOU Shiqiang ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 135-145.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150781 Abstract （1555）   HTML （37）    PDF（pc） （3796KB）（1463）       Knowledge map    Save The biting ability of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) holds significant importance in terms of food acquisition and male-male competition. Their distinctive dietary preferences and masticatory system render them an ideal species for investigating bite forces. Nevertheless, current studies have predominantly relied on theoretical assessments derived from panda skull morphology, with no empirical animal experimentation conducted. The present study designed a force transducer specifically tailored for giant pandas, and measured body weight, bite forces, and feeding rate in a sample of 46 individuals from various age groups, with a particular focus on juvenile development. The results showed that bite forces at the tip of the incisor of juvenile giant pandas increased rapidly during the dental transitional period, as well as the feeding rate of bamboo shoots. At the end of the dental transitional phase, the bite forces exerted at the incisor point of juvenile giant pandas continued to display a growing trend, albeit at a decelerated rate. Concurrently, the feeding rate reached a state of equilibrium. The utilization of a logistic model revealed that age explains 87.56% of the variance observed in the feeding rate among juvenile pandas. As for the comparisons of age groups, the median bite force value exhibited an upward trajectory in tandem with increasing age. The bite force of 8-month to 12-month age group was significantly lower than the bite forces of all the other age groups; the bite force of 13-month to 18-month age group was significantly lower than those of sub-adult, adults and geriatric group; however, there was no significant difference between the latter three groups. The adult group has the highest feeding rate of bamboo shoots and carrots, followed successively by the sub-adult group, the geriatric groups and the juvenile group. In summary, our study confirmed for the first time the feasibility of measuring bite forces of giant pandas by using force transducer, recorded the developmental process of bite forces and feeding rate of juvenile giant pandas during the dental transitional period, and discussed the effect of age on bite forces and feeding rate, all of which laying a good foundation for future work of giant pandas’ feeding ecology. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in conservation research of large- and medium-sized terrestrial mammals in China NIE Yonggang, ZHANG Chao, GAO Huayao, LIU Hanqing, XIE Bing ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 559-576.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151101 Abstract （591）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （2124KB）（1439）       Knowledge map    Save As one of the world’s most biodiverse countries, China is home to more than 700 mammal species, including flagship species such as giant pandas, snow leopards, snub-nosed monkeys, and Tibetan antelopes. However, exacerbated by climate change and expanding human activities, many large- and medium-sized mammals face severe survival threats, necessitating systematic conservation research. In recent decades, with continuous advancements in research methodologies and technologies, Chinese scientists have achieved a series of groundbreaking research outcomes in mammalian conservation, providing critical foundations for developing scientific management and protection strategies. This paper systematically reviews research progress in the conservation of China’s large- and medium-sized terrestrial mammals from 2010 to 2025, covering aspects such as behavioral and physiological adaptations, population dynamics and species coexistence mechanisms, gut microbiota-host co-adaptation, disease prevention and control, and genetic and adaptive evolution. Looking ahead, it is essential to strengthen research on holistic ecosystem conservation, promote interdisciplinary integration, and actively develop and apply emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence. By systematically elucidating the impact of environmental changes on large- and medium-sized mammals, these efforts will guide scientifically informed conservation management to address the increasingly severe challenges of biodiversity conservation challenges. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress on ecosystem services provided by bats LIU Yingying, FENG Jiang, JIANG Tinglei ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (2): 137-151.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151009 Abstract （2055）   HTML （18）    PDF（pc） （3126KB）（1362）       Knowledge map    Save Bats play multifaceted roles in ecosystems, profoundly impacting both the environment and human societies through their diverse ecosystem services. This review aims to summarize the current status and future prospects of studies concerning bat ecosystem services, with particular emphasis on their roles in provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. In terms of provisioning services, bats provide valuable resources for agriculture and medicine, particularly bat guano (known as‘Ye Mingsha’), which is an important component in traditional Chinese medicine and can also serve as an efficient organic fertilizer that significantly improves soil quality and crop yields. Additionally, some biological characteristics of bats, such as anticoagulant proteins and antiviral compounds in their saliva, provide an essential basis for new drug development, driving innovation in biotechnology and medicine. In regulating services, insectivorous bats not only reduce agricultural pest populations and pesticide use but also create a‘landscape of fear’through predation risks, altering prey behavior and physiology, thereby further reducing their fitness. Frugivorous bats contribute to plant pollination and seed dispersal, improving crop production sustainability and enhancing ecosystem health. In cultural services, the image of bats holds significant symbolic meaning in both Eastern and Western cultures and contributes to local economies through eco-tourism. In supporting services, bats maintain ecosystem health and stability through seed dispersal, plant pollination, and nutrient cycling. The review also anticipates future research directions, underscoring the importance of protecting bats and their ecosystem services to address challenges posed by global environmental changes and to promote sustainable development in human societies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The activity budget and the influencing factor of a monogamous western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) group Ziqian LI, Yongliang ZHU, Linguo LI, Wei LI, Jianguang YANG, Zhenhua GUAN, Xuelong JIANG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (2): 141-148.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150726 Abstract （1742）   HTML （55）    PDF（pc） （1940KB）（1330）       Knowledge map    Save The behavioral adaptation of primates to high-altitude habitats has long been a topic of interest in primate research, and recent years have seen a growing focus on behavioral differences of the same species across different habitats. The western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) is a National First-Class Protected Wild Animal in China and boasts the largest population of gibbons in the country. While the species is concentrated in the Mt. Ailao and Mt. Wuliang areas of central Yunnan, there are significant differences in their habitats and social organization between the two locations, and limited research has been conducted on Mt. Ailao gibbons. This study presents the first report on the activity budget, diet, and seasonal variations of a monogamous gibbon group in the high-altitude habitat of Mt. Ailao. Between 2014 - 2015, observations totaling 468 hours were recorded using the instantaneous scanning method at 3-minute intervals. Behavioral data showed that moving behavior was the most prevalent at 38.1%, followed by resting at 36.4%, feeding at 23.3%, singing at 1.9%, and other behavior at 1.3%. Food types were identified in 3 784 feeding behaviors, with leaves accounting for 41.1%, fruit for 33.3%, flowers for 21.0%, epiphytes for 3.9%, and other foods for 0.6%. The study found significant differences in the activity and diet of gibbons between the rainy and dry seasons, with increased fruit consumption during the former and an increased proportion of leaves and flowers during the latter. Additionally, the gibbons increased their resting time and reduced feed and move time during the cold and dry season, while they increased move time and reduced rest and feed time during the hot and rainy season, demonstrating energy-conservative behavioral strategies adopted by gibbons in high-altitude habitats. The results also highlight the influence of habitat food distribution patterns on behavioral strategies, as seen in the comparison with Mt. Wuliang. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need for systematic research on more monogamous western black crested gibbon groups to gain a full understanding of the adaptive behavior and evolution of social organization in gibbons. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Estimating the population size of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province using camera-trapping data CHEN Xiaonan, TIAN Jia, LIU Mingzhang, SHEN Yunyi, YU Jianping, LIU Feng, SHEN Xiaoli, LI Sheng ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (5): 523-532.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150785 Abstract （1635）   HTML （73）    PDF（pc） （5317KB）（1330）       Knowledge map    Save Wild boar (Sus scrofa) has high fecundity and strong adaptability to various environments. In recent years, the populations of wild boar in China have been increasing dramatically, causing numerous human-wildlife conflicts primarily due to crop damages and people injuries by the boars. To provide a scientific basis for future planned hunting and population management, we took Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province as an example to estimate the population size of wild boar using camera-trapping data. The camera-trapping data, collected during September and October 2020, contained 964 independent records of wild boar from 429 camera stations with an extensive sampling effort of 23 690 camera days. We used the Royle-Nichols model, combining environmental factors including terrain, vegetation and human impacts and the species’home range parameter, to estimate the population and distribution of wild boars in Kaihua. The results showed that the population size of wild boar within the study area was estimated as 5548 ±2343 (mean ±95% C. I. ), with an average density of 2. 38 ±0. 61 (mean ±SD) ind. /km2, which was negatively associated with altitude and resident density, and slightly positively associated with forest coverage. Based on the results, we suggest that wild boar hunting, as a management measure to control its population, in the study area should be conducted in farmland, plantations, and ecotone areas of forest and farmland, where the boar densities are high. In the future, local administrations and the Qianjiangyuan National Park shall integrate data from the systematically designed camera-trapping network, as well as those from hunting records and other sources, into this management framework, so that the population dynamics model of target species can be continuously updated and improved, and a long-term population dynamics monitoring system can be established. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research advances on spatial memory on animal movement GUO Xiaoyi, WANG Wei, GU Jiayin, JIANG Guangshun ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 224-236.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150787 Abstract （1082）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （1952KB）（1268）       Knowledge map    Save Many animal groups show strong directionality and regularity as they move within home ranges or migrate seasonally over long distances. They can integrate significant spatial cues for destination recognition, navigation, and memory of the types of food available in the habitat, the distribution of food patches and the season of food maturity, and construct spatial cognitive maps, showing a strong spatial memory capacity. This article comprehensively reviews the research methods of captive experiments, field experiments in natural environments, observation and analysis of natural state movement trajectories, and exploration of animal spatial memory in digital virtual experimental environments. The characteristics and application ranges of these research methods are summarized, and future research trends are prospected. The integration of multiple disciplines, multiple application scenarios, and the development of animal spatial memory ecological models have become the main development trends in this field. The study of animal spatial memory can provide new perspectives for in-depth exploration of animal habitat utilization mechanisms, intrinsic movement driving forces, and the maintenance mechanisms of biodiversity. In addition, this research field can also provide scientific basis and reference for wildlife management practices such as endangered species conservation, alleviating human-wildlife conflicts, and improving the welfare of captive animals. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The roles of color signals in the sexual selection of non-human primates LIN Jinhuang, YAO Hui, WU Feng, XIANG Zuofu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (1): 103-117.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150757 Abstract （994）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （1498KB）（1264）       Knowledge map    Save The phenotypic coloration of animals is polychrome which includes plumage, pelage, and skin. It plays an important role in intraspecific communication, predation defense, and thermoregulation. The role of phenotypic coloration in sexual selection deserves to receive considerable critical attention. Non-human primates are an excellent model for investigating the role of phenotypic coloration in sexual selection, owing to their varied and complex pelage and bare skin coloration, mating systems, and visual systems. However, few studies on this subject were conducted in China. Based on a review of studies on the role of phenotypic coloration under sexual pressure in non-human primates, we found that intersexual selection prefers brightly colored individuals due to potential health conditions, while intrasexual color is more likely to represent rank and individual competitive desire. Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are the main study subjects in skin coloration studies. The color signal is analyzed in most studies but pelage coloration is rarely involved. Overall, the physiological mechanisms and genetic expression related to phenotypic coloration need to be further explored. Visual model is a more accurate color signal receiving method than spectroscopy and digital photography, but digital photography is a more convenient and operable method in most of the current research conditions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Characteristics of tetracycline antibiotic resistance genes in intestinal microorganisms and intestinal environment of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys Shuzhen ZOU, Ya LUO, Ming CHENG, Fan WANG, Dayong LI, Di KANG, Yun TANG ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (3): 304-314.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150671 Abstract （1541）   HTML （107）    PDF（pc） （6299KB）（1242）       Knowledge map    Save The gut of wild animals has been shown to be a reservoir for microorganisms that contain antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) are at particular risk for ARGs. The intestinal microbial composition of female and male Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys was determined using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Tetracycline antibiotic resistance genes (T-ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and intestinal enzyme activities and nutrient contents of the monkeys intestinal microorganisms were analyzed. A network model was used to analyze the potential host bacteria of T-ARGs and MGEs. A simple correlative relationship was used to analyze the relationship between the abundances of T-ARGs and MGEs and the intestinal micro?ecological environment. The results showed no significant difference in the absolute abundance of T-ARGs and MGEs between female and male monkey groups. The relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia and Fibrobacteres in the intestines of the female group were significantly lower than those of the male group, while the activities of cellulase and protease content were significantly higher than those of the male group. T-ARGs could be used as an indicator of management risks of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys in the exhibition area, who may face three potential risks. First, opportunistic pathogens in Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys are potential hosts of T-ARGs and there may be a risk of drug resistance in Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys treated with tetracycline antibiotics. Second, lipase activity, protease activity, and cellulase activity can improve the transfer ability of MGEs, which suggests that the method of maintaining intestinal digestive ability of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys in the exhibition area may be contrary to the goal of reducing the transfer ability of T-ARGs. Third, T-ARGs may inhibit proteins being digested and amino acids being absorbed. It is suggested to control the sources of T-ARGs exposure in the exhibition area, in order to ensure the stability of the intestinal micro-ecological environment and to reduce the drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, extra attention should be paid to the individual health of male Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Population viability analysis of Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus) in Dongting Lake, Hunan Province Conglei LI, Shurong TIAN, Yucheng SONG, Hong ZHANG, Dali GAO, Daode YANG, Xiaojie GUI ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (3): 280-292.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150710 Abstract （1665）   HTML （1759）    PDF（pc） （2911KB）（1225）       Knowledge map    Save Population viability analysis is a method of evaluating population size and extinction risk of threatened species, through analysis of factors such as population statistical randomness, environmental randomness, natural disasters, spatial structure of habitats and various management approaches to assess their impacts on threatened species and provide theoretical support for conservation and management strategies.The Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus) population in the Dongting Lake is a naturalized population. Due to low population growth as a result of flooding, and the threat of insularization and inbreeding depression, it is necessary to formulate a conservation action plan to preserve that population. We monitored the population from 2006 to 2020 and analyzed population viability based on the data collected. There were 3 groups of individuals in the area, with a total population size of about 210 individuals. We used the VORTEX model (10.5.5.0) to simulate dynamics of the population for the next 100 years based on various population parameters, including current population status, mating system, carrying capacity, and mortality. Under ideal conditions and assumed carrying capacity of 1 000 individuals, the probability of population extinction is 0, the intrinsic growth rate r is 0.0991 ± 0.0800, the instantaneous growth rate λ is 1.1041 ± 1.1900, the net reproduction rate R0 is 2.006 2, the average generation time of females T is 7.03 years, and average generation time of males T is 8.65 years. The population viability analysis indicated that the coefficient of inbreeding will increase by 8.08%, and expected and observed heterozygosity will decrease by 6.57% and 8.30%, respectively. We found through sensitivity analysis that low birth rate and high fawn mortality caused by flooding would be the main factors influencing population growth, and the probability of population extinction would be positively correlated to the frequency and degree of influence of flooding. Based on these analyses, we provided recommendations on protection and management strategies of the population. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preliminary study on the conflict behavior between sympatric Hainan gibbons and rhesus macaques in the National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest CAI Chenglin, LIU Shuai, LI Ping, QI Xuming, ZHOU Zhaoli, CHEN Yuan, LONG Wenxing ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (1): 129-134.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150855 Abstract （1112）   HTML （25）    PDF（pc） （2455KB）（1220）       Knowledge map    Save Understanding the pattern and the process of interspecific competition among sympatric animals is important, as interspecific competition is a key factor limiting population increase and is of great significance for conservation management. Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) is one of the most endangered primates in the world, currently distributed only in the Bawangling area of National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest, Hainan, China. Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) population, a common species in this area, is growing rapidly in recent years, which may lead to interspecific competition with Hainan gibbons. In this study, we used focal animal sampling and whole-event recording methods to investigate the conflict behavior between one gibbon group (Group E) and one macaque group. Based on the observation of individuals and food patches, we inferred the recorded conflict behavior between these two species was a case of interference competition. Our results provided an important case for understanding the processes and mechanisms of primate interspecific relationships. This study emphasizes that the effects of interspecific competition should be fully recognized in the conservation management of endangered species. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Characteristics of microsatellite distributions in genomes of Hipposideros armiger (Chiroptera) Weiwei SHAO, Fen QIAO, Wei CAI, Zhihua LIN, Li WEI ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (2): 182-192.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150724 Abstract （1522）   HTML （21）    PDF（pc） （1908KB）（1216）       Knowledge map    Save The vertebrate genome is rich in microsatellite information. In this study, the distribution of microsatellite (SSRs) in the complete genome and its genes of Hipposideros armiger (Chiroptera) was analyzed, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) containing microsatellite coding sequence (CDS) were explored. The results showed that the total genome size of H. armiger was 2.24 Gb and contained 497 883 microsatellites. Mononucleotide (173 953 microsatellites) and dinucleotide repeats (222 591 microsatellites) were the most diverse in the genome of H. armiger accounting for 34.94% and 44.71% of whole genome size, with their relative abundance of 77.78 loci/Mb and 99.52 loci/Mb, respectively. The most microsatellite types from mononucleotide repeat to hexanucleotide repeat were (A)n, (AC)n, (TAT)n, (TTTA)n, (AACAA)n and (TATATA)n, with their frequency of 95.14%, 55.25%, 38.41%, 22.17%, 48.68% and 20.30% respectively. The number and abundance of microsatellites were different in both gene regions and intergenic regions. The diversity of microsatellites was highest in intergenic region with 322 666 microsatellites, and its abundance was 2 541.57 loci/Mb, whereas lowest in coding region with 1 461 microsatellites, and its abundance was 461.98 loci/Mb. The distribution characteristics of microsatellites in intergenic region and total genome were similar. Trinucleotide repeat were the most common types of microsatellites in the coding region, while mono-, di- and tri-nucleotide repeat were the most common types of microsatellites in the exons. The positional specificity of microsatellites abundance distributions in 500 bp upstream, exon, intron and 500 bp downstream were 16 400.94 loci/Mb, 972.12 loci/Mb, 2 180.66 loci/Mb and 3 899.89 loci/Mb, respectively. A total of 1 461 microsatellite coding sequences (CDS) were found in the genome of H. armiger, and 1 226 genes were annotated. GO was mainly annotated into 63 functional genes and assigned to 26 439 GO items. The most significant KEGG enrichment was in the signal transduction pathway, which contained 146 genes. The results of this study not only provide a reference for the screening of high-quality microsatellites in H. armiger, it will also provide a reference for genome-wide analysis of microsatellite distribution in other Chiroptera species and the study of their biological functions in the whole genome. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of the nutritional status of vitamins and trace elements in adult male captive giant pandas at different feeding stages Mingxi LI, Huanliu HE, Hao ZHANG, Han LI, Tao DENG, Min CHEN, Hairui WANG, Ying YAO ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (3): 333-341.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150691 Abstract （1862）   HTML （76）    PDF（pc） （1912KB）（1189）       Knowledge map    Save In the wild, giant pandas have access to a broad range of dietary options, however, for captive individuals, dietary options are greatly reduced. Maintaining a balanced diet, which includes the appropriate levels of micronutrients, is essential to the ex-situ conservation of the giant panda. Evaluating the micronutrient status of captive giant pandas at different feeding stages is a necessary step in constructing a scientific feeding strategy for this iconic species. In this study, seven healthy adult captive giant pandas were selected and fed bamboo leaves (bamboo leaf stage) and bamboo shoots (bamboo shoots stage) in turn. Feeding tests were carried out three times during the bamboo leaf stage and twice during the shoot stage. Each feeding test lasted for three days and the interval between each feeding test was 28 days. During the tests, the daily food intake of the giant pandas was recorded, the vitamin content of the bamboo that was provided was measured and corresponding mineral content was referenced so as to compare the daily intake of vitamins and minerals during the different feeding stages. Blood samples were collected at the end of each feeding stage, and the serum levels of 13 vitamins and 10 minerals were determined. In bamboo shoots, the contents of VA, VE, VK1, nicotinic acid, pyridoxal and pyridoxine were lower, while the contents of VB5 and VB12 were higher than those in bamboo leaves (P < 0.05). Compared with the bamboo leaf stage, the daily intakes of VE, VK1, Ca, Fe, Cu and Mn decreased significantly, while the daily intakes of VB5, VB6, VB7, VB12, Mg and Zn increased significantly during the bamboo shoot stage (P < 0.05). Moreover, the serum levels of VB2, Cr and Se were lower, while the levels of VE, VK1, VB5, VB7, VB9 and VB12 were higher during the bamboo shoot stage (P < 0.05). The results showed that feeding different bamboo parts could affect both the intake and serum levels of vitamins and minerals of captive giant pandas. The differences and patterns of micro-nutrition status between different bamboo feeding stages can provide a theoretical basis for the provisioning of bamboo as well as the nutritional supplementation in the daily feeding and management of captive giant pandas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of inorganic elements in the bile of Plateau zokor and Gansu zokor Wen QIN, Chuanhua YANG, Zhenyuan CAI ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (2): 229-234.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150685 Abstract （1455）   HTML （20）    PDF（pc） （1583KB）（1161）       Knowledge map    Save The content of inorganic elements provides an important basis for drug processing and finding substitutes. Inorganic elements, which play an important role in the whole life-history of animals, cannot be synthesized and can only be obtained from the environment. Plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi) and Gansu zokor (E. cansus) are two rodents that live underground for their entire lives. The analysis of inorganic elements in the bile of the two zokor species will not only provide guidance for finding alternatives for cherish medicine bear bile, but also help to explore wildlife medicinal resources. In this study, the contents of inorganic chemical elements in the bile were obtained by wet digestion and detected by an ICAP 6300 inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. An independent sample t-test was used to compare the contents of inorganic chemical elements in the bile of the two species. The linear relationship between the contents of inorganic elements was also analyzed. The results showed that the contents of inorganic elements in the bile of Plateau zokor and Gansu zokor are in different orders. The positive and negative correlation of inorganic elements in the bile of Plateau zokor is different from that of Gansu zokor. The higher content of inorganic elements in the bile of Gansu zokor than that of Plateau zokor may be related to the relatively higher content of inorganic elements in the food of Gansu zokor, and also related to the different synergistic effect of inorganic elements in the bile between the two species. The main inorganic elements in the bile of the two zokor and species are similar to that of bear bile, and the medicinal properties among them also resemble the inorganic element composition. The bile of Plateau zokor and Gansu zokor are preferred to be gas medicine, and also beneficial to the treatment of sports injury and strengthening tendons and bones. Therefore, the bile of the two zokors can be used as a potential substitute for bear bile, our research also benefits to transforming the ‘poison zokors’, which with large amounts of resources, into effective medicinal resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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New records of Crocidura dongyangjiangensis and Crocidura anhuiensis in Jiangxi Province Jiangxiao HU, Yifan XU, Zhian ZOU, Wei ZENG, Jie DAI, Xueyang REN, Hongfeng YAO, Zhongzheng CHEN ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (3): 352-356.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150723 Abstract （1548）   HTML （775）    PDF（pc） （4007KB）（1139）       Knowledge map    Save In June 2022, four specimens of Crocidura were collected from Wuyi Mountain, Yanshan County, Jiangxi Province. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses showed that one specimen is C. dongyangjiangensis, and the other three are C. anhuiensis. Both species are the first records in Jiangxi Province. The specimen of C. dongyangjiangensis exhibits a light gray-brown color, has a small body type head-body length of 63 mm, tail length of 40 mm, cranial length of 16.57 mm, and a narrow skull. These morphological features are consistent with the description of specimens from Dongyangjiang, Zhejiang Province. The maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on Cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene showed a monophyletic group between this specimen and C. dongyangjiangensis, and the genetic distance (p-distance) between them ranged from 0.6% to 1.8%. The other three specimens identified as C.anhuiensis from Jiangxi are medium-sized shrews. They have head-body length of 75 ? 87 mm and tail length of 52 ? 62 mm (68% ? 77% of head-body length), which are consistent with the morphology of the specimens from Huangshan, Anhui Province. The ML tree showed these three specimens formed a monophyletic group with the C. anhuiensis from Anhui, and their genetic difference (p-distance) was 1.2%. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The pellet-decay rate of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Lesser Xing’an Mountains Xuefeng SHAO, Xiaoying PING, Yueyuan LI, Long CHEN, Zhiwen NIE, Yuanman HU, Yuehui LI ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (2): 157-163.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150682 Abstract （1635）   HTML （20）    PDF（pc） （1437KB）（1131）       Knowledge map    Save The pellet-decay rate is the time period during which pellet piles disappeared under natural conditions. Pellet-decay rate is a significant parameter for estimating the population size of deer by using the method of pellet distance sampling, providing the foundation for research on population size. In this study, we aim to answer the question of what is the pellet-decay rate of deer under continental climates in high-latitude temperate zones and solve the time-consuming and labor-consuming problem of revisiting each pellet group at their original positions when pellet piles are scattered due to low density and hidden behavior of those species in China. Within the Lesser Xing’an Mountains (46°28′ - 49°21′N)located in the temperate continental climate zone, we selected the Jianshe forest farm in Tieli Forestry Bureau as study area. In January 2015, we collected 38 groups of fresh pellets from red deer (Cervus elaphus) and moved them to a typical conveniently-revisited red deer habitat characterized by coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and sunny slope, and recorded the original number of pellets in each pile. After that, we made eight visits at certain intervals to record the remaining pellets in each pile and whether each pile was completely decayed. Then, we used logistic binary regression using the R 4.1.2 software to calculate the intercept b0and slope b1 of the model and the MATLAB R2020b software to calculate the pellet-decay rate. The result showed that the average pellet-decay rate of red deer was 646 ± 53 days. In this study, pellet piles were manually moved and set in one place for observation, which provided a feasible way to study the pellet-decay rate in areas with low density of the target population. This study enriched the research on the pellet-decay rate of deer in China, thus alleviating the obstacle of using the pellet-based distance sampling method to estimate the population size. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The activity rhythm and space utilization among six species of ungulates in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China HAN Yimin, XIAO Mei, HE Mengnan, LI Mingfu, HOU Rong, WU Pengcheng, HE Fang, SHEN Limin, HU Jie, CHEN Peng ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (5): 598-610.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150844 Abstract （1413）   HTML （29）    PDF（pc） （5999KB）（1117）       Knowledge map    Save Understanding the temporal and spatial distribution of sympatric species with similar niches is a primary focus in community ecology research. In this study, infrared camera technology was used for monitoring large and medium mammals in the forest ecosystem of Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China, from January to December 2021. A total of 82 camera-trap sites were deployed, resulting in a total of 18 710 days of camera workdays. Kernel density estimation and occupation model were used to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of the six ungulates in the reserve during the cold and warm seasons. The results showed that the daily activity rhythms of the tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) and the Reeves’s muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) showed a high degree of overlap (? ≥ 0.80) in both seasons, while the Chinese takin (Budorcas tibetana), Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus), Chinese serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii), and wild boar (Sus scrofa) exhibited moderate overlap (? value between 0.50 and 0.80). The daily activity patterns of the tufted deer, Reeves’s muntjac, Chinese goral, Chinese takin, and wild boar were bimodal, with cre puscular tendencies, whereas the Chinese serow displayed a predominantly nocturnal and multimodal activity pattern. In the cold season, the Chinese takin had the highest occupancy rate (0.70), while in the warm season, the Chinese goral had the highest occupancy rate (0.96). The Chinese serow had the lowest occupancy rates in both seasons, at 0.18 and 0.19, respectively. Elevation, slope, slope direction, distance to water source, and distance from road were significant factors influencing the spatial distributions of these six ungulate species. The study demonstrates that activity rhythms and spatial utilization of the six ungulate species in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve exhibit seasonal differences. These findings provide preliminary insights into the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of ungulate species in different seasons, offering a scientific basis for the formulation of targeted conservation management strategies in this region. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Dynamic observation of provisioned wild Trachypithecus francoisi in Mayanghe National Nature Reserve, Guizhou ZHANG Peng, YAN Xiugang, SHI Yun, YANG De, WANG Bin, LI Wei, YANG Yuanlu, YANG Zhaohui, WU Guangyang, CAI Zhi, LI Siyao, ZOU Hao, ZHANG Fan ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (6): 753-759.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150707 Abstract （1375）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （2712KB）（1081）       Knowledge map    Save From 2009 to 2021, a direct observation method was used to track and monitor a provisioned group of Trachypithecus francoisi in Mayanghe National Nature Reserve. The observation period covered 1 846 days with an average annual working days of 142. In total, 31 adults (15 males, 16 females) were observed and, in addition, 26 babies were born with a male-female ratio of 1.2∶1 (14 male, 12 female) of which 15 infants survived (7 males, 8 females), a survival rate of 57.7%. For the whole group, the average annual monkey group birth rate was about 22.8% and the annual loss rate was about 11.4%. The number of births exhibited a bimodal distribution, peaking from February to April and from July to October. The average reproductive interval of adult monkeys was 18.7 months but shortened to 16.3 months after the death or disappearance of a newborn. During 2019 -2021, the average growth rate of the group was 11.4%, the number of monkeys had generally stabilized and was self-sustaining. However, as of the end of December 2021, the feeding group had dwindled to just nine individuals (two males and seven females) due to individual deaths, disappearances, and expulsions of some sub-adults. There were no infants or juveniles and insufficient sub-adults. Furthermore, the proportion of middle-aged and elderly individuals was high, resulting in an imbalanced age structure. This study provides basic data related to long-term monitoring of wild Trachypithecus francoisi in Mayanghe National Nature Reserve. This has provided an important basis for follow-up scientific research, educational projects, and monitoring and management of Trachypithecus francoisi in the reserve. Moreover, it has ensured that this flagship species and its habitats are effectively protected and sustainably used, so as to promote the high-quality development of biodiversity protection in this region. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Microhabitat and den site selection of Asiatic black bears in Wangqing National Nature Reserve, Jilin, China DU Hairong, ZHANG Minghai ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 668-680.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151011 Abstract （282）   HTML （0）    PDF（pc） （13658KB）（1064）       Knowledge map    Save In the northeastern region of China, winter is characterized by a snow-covered period that can last up to half a year, with frigid temperatures and scarce food resources. To cope with these harsh environments, Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) hibernate during most of the winter, a period that also coincides with their breeding and early cub-rearing phase. Therefore, hibernation is crucial for the stability of populations in this region, and suitable dens are essential for successful hibernation. This study, conducted between 2015 and 2019 in the Wangqing National Nature Reserve in Jilin Province, identified 24 dens sites through field surveys. Using descriptive statistics, principal component analysis (PCA), and random forest modeling, we examined den structure, microhabitat, and denning habitat to explore the factors influencing den selection and the environmental factors affecting den site choice, thereby revealing the relationship between the microhabitat, denning environment, and den selection. We found that the trees selected for denning were primarily Populus cathayana, indicating a relatively narrow range of tree species compared to other studies. The denning trees had a diameter at breast height (DBH) of approximately (122. 89 ± 13. 60) cm, with den entrances measuring about (39. 26 ± 6. 62) cm in diameter. The orientation of the den entrances fell within the range of solar altitude and was sheltered from the wind, suggesting that temperature plays a significant role in den entrance selection. Entrance orientation accounted for most of the first principal component, and the DBH and entrance size constituted the second principal component. Together, these two components accounted for 0. 85 of the total variance, indicating that entrance orientation, DBH, and entrance size are the primary factors considered in den selection. The main factors influencing den site habitat selection included the distance to rivers, distance to major roads, gross primary productivity (GPP) in October, and distance to human settlements. The ecological significance of these factors suggests that the primary considerations in den site selection are safety, insulation, and access to food resources. This study provides scientific support for the conservation and restoration of denning habitats for Asiatic black bears in northeastern China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A preliminary study of endozoochorous lichen dispersal by golden snubnosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Shennongjia, central China QIN Jianyong, WANG Qin, YAO Hui, YU Yang, XIANG Zuofu ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2025, 45 (5): 717-722.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151081 Abstract （210）   HTML （1）    PDF（pc） （5218KB）（1025）       Knowledge map    Save Golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) mainly feed on leaves, seeds, and fruits. They may also feed on lichens (Usnea diffracta) as staple food when preferred foods are in shortage. Although studies have shown that R. roxellana is a seed disperser, its role as lichen disperser remains unclear. In this study, we cultured fresh fecal samples from wild populations of R. roxellana from Shennongjia, China in the laboratory. We found green algae and ascomycetes, which are mainly composed of lichens, which implies that R. roxellana is a potential disperser of lichen. By feeding captive golden snub-nosed monkeys lichens labeled with non-toxic plastic tabs, we found that the weighted retention time of lichens was (62. 9 ± 7. 0) h (n = 3), suggesting that R. roxellana may be a potential long-distance disperser of lichens given its longer daily travel distance. Therefore, this study significantly increases our understanding of the ecological role of R. roxellana as seed and lichen dispersal vectors in temperate forests, which may contribute to forest restoration and lichen renewal. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Comparison of intestinal microbiota of golden-headed lion tamarins, golden-handed tamarins and cotton-headed tamarins under the same captive environment ZHANG Zeming, YAO Hongyu, WU Nan, ZHAO Lingling, GU Yiru, WANG Yu, WU Hong, ZHAO Dapeng ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2023, 43 (5): 580-592.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150739 Abstract （1340）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （4950KB）（1025）       Knowledge map    Save The composition of intestinal microbiota in animals is directly related to the host species and their living environment. Studies on intestinal microbiota composition of various species living in the same habitat is important for the conservation of species diversity. Both non-damage sampling and 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing were used to investigate the structure, diversity, and functional prediction of intestinal microbiota across three species of New World monkeys (golden-headed lion tamarin Leontopithecus chrysomelas, golden-handed tamarin Saguinus midas, and cottonheaded tamarin Saguinus oedipus) from Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo. The results showed that a total of 14 phyla, 20 classes, 50 orders, 101 families, 231 genera, and 356 species of intestinal flora were obtained from 18 fecal samples collected from the three species. At the phylum level, the common dominant phyla across the three species were Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, the common dominant bacterial genera included Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium. There were significant differences in intestinal microbiota at both the phylum level and the genus level among species, in which the richness of intestinal microbiota in golden-headed lion tamarin was significantly higher than that in the others. This study provides basic data for further investigation on the intestinal microbiota diversity and survival adaptation, and also serves as reference for ex situ management for species conservation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）